Module 2. Conditions in the Philippines During 19th Century PDF

CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 1 CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Appraise the link between the individual and society 2. Analyze the various social, political, e...

CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 1 CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Appraise the link between the individual and society 2. Analyze the various social, political, economic, and cultural changes that occurred in the nineteenth century 3. State the concept of liberal ideas as opposed to the conservative ideas 4. Point out the countries where its people tried to change the political and social situations of those countries 5. Understand Jose Rizal in the context of his times and discuss the direction of the changes. “Though the origins and development of Filipino nationalism cannot be understood simply by studying Rizal and his nationalist thought, neither can it be understood without giving him central attention.” - J. Schumacher, 1991 The Spanish Colonial Government Organizational Structure swhistlesoft.com  CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 2 Throughout Philippine history, the name Dr. Jose Rizal occupied a permanent place in the lives of every Filipino. His life and his works had brought great impact in the making of our country’s own history and eventually to the formation of our national identity. His writings, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo were viewed by many historians as the guiding force which united the Filipinos towards a common cause. At the young age of 35 he was shot dead in Bagumbayan, a martyr act that later on placed him in a pedestal and made him deserved all kinds of veneration. For the Filipinos, his martyrdom in 1896 is something that no one should forget, making him the national hero through a “consensus” decision. But who could have thought that a sickly boy born in Calamba, Laguna and raised from a well-educated and distinguished family will turn to be the most celebrated Filipino hero? Many history writers and biographers agreed that Jose Rizal could have the necessary traits in becoming a hero. He is a versatile genius with innate talents in every field. If to describe Rizal’s abilities, a long list will tell that he was an architect, artists, businessman, cartoonist, educator, economist, ethnologist, scientific farmer, historian, inventor, journalist, linguist who able to master 22 languages and other native dialects, musician, mythologist, nationalist, naturalist, novelist, ophthalmic surgeon, poet, propagandist, psychologist, scientist, sculptor, sociologist, and theologian. With all these incredible talents on him, we may wonder how his genomic features are formed. His parents, Don Francisco and Donya Teodora may possibly have the best genes to contribute. His uncles Gregorio, Manuel and Jose Alberto could be really supportive that they influenced the young Rizal in honing his skills in arts and sports and ought him developed a habit of reading, while his brother Paciano turned to be an effective social influencer. While Rizal may have been molded into an excellent human being, his experiences as a child in Calamba, as a student in Manila and Madrid and a foreigner living in Europe for years had pushed him to hold his pen and used this for a greater cause. Rizal lived in the later part of 19th century, a time when the idea of “freedom” was prohibited and which was something to be fought for. When he was 11 years old, he heard about the three Filipino priests who were sentenced to death, charged them of a crime they never did. His mother Donya Teodora was imprisoned for two years in the town of Sta. Cruz in Laguna for a crime she also never did. When he was a student in the University of Santo Tomas, he saw how the Dominican Rizal Monument in Sta. Cruz, priests discriminated Filipino students. He then saw how Laguna, one of the tallest Rizal monuments in the world. Filipinos were being treated as slaves in their own land and he never thought that men could really be free until he went to Madrid. Rizal’s hope for the Filipinos during his time was to also experience the form of  CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 3 freedom and liberty he had seen while in Europe. These experiences had made his eyes more open and could have inspired him to even dedicate his own life for his fellowmen. Rizal became an icon of heroism among the Filipinos and immortalizing him in books and literatures were deemed necessary to pay respect and express gratitude for all his contributions and sacrifices. As a Filipino, maybe the least that we can do is to read Rizal, his life and his works, and learn, be inspired and lived from all the lessons we could get from it. Though, in able to do this we should have a better grasp of Rizal’s life and to have a better appreciation of him, we should also consider and understand how he had lived his life. How did Rizal become the hero we knew? What forces made him involved himself in the national struggle? To answer these queries, we should understand first the period when Rizal had lived. In a sociological point of view, to understand human behavior and to find out why people do what they do, we should look at the social location, the corners in life that people occupy because of where they are located in a society. Sociologist C. Wright Mills (1959) put it this way: “The sociological imagination enables us to grasp the connection between history and biography.” By history, Mills meant that each society is located in a broad stream of events. By biography, Mills referred to our experiences, which give us orientations to life. In short, people don’t do what they do because they inherited some internal mechanism, such as instincts. Rather, external influences—our experiences become part of our thinking and motivation. In short, the societies in which we grow up, and our particular location in that society, lie at the center of what we do and how we think (Henslin, 2010). “One of the ironies of the cult rendered to Rizal as a national hero is that often his words, rather than his thoughts, have been invoked without any consideration of the historical context in which they were spoken or of the issues they addressed. Without an understanding of that milieu one can scarcely understand Rizal’s enduring importance to the Filipino people or the relevance of his ideas and ideals today” (Schumacher, 1991). Borrowing a phrase used by Renato Constantino in a different context, it has often been “veneration without understanding,” hence, no veneration at all. In this chapter, we will discuss the nineteenth century Philippines under Rizal’s context as explained by John Schumacher in his essay “Rizal in the Context of the 19th Century Philippines.” This essay was included in Schumacher’s collection of writings, The Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth Century Filipino Nationalism published in 1991by the Ateneo de Manila University Press. Essays collected in this book were centered on the emergence of the Filipino national consciousness in the second half of 19th century and the process underwent on how Filipinos were formed into a nation. Moreover, the purpose of the discussion is to single out some major economic, political, cultural and religious developments of the nineteenth century that influenced Rizal’s growth as a nationalist and conditioned the evolution of his thought. These varied aspects of development will be discussed  CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 4 separately elucidating our country’s historical conditions during the last years of Spanish colonization. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT As stated in Schumacher’s essay, the highpoint of the nationalist movement in the late 19th century could hardly be possible without the economic growth which took place in 19th century Philippines, particularly after 1830. The Philippine foreign trade from year 1825 to 1895 had risen significantly with the total trade (combined exports and imports) amounting to 2,800,000 pesos in 1825 and rose to 62,000,000 pesos in 1895. The growth of an export economy in those years Figures for Philippine foreign trade for the beginning, middle and end of 19th brought increasing prosperity century. Source: Schumacher, p.17 to the Filipino middle and upper classes as well as to the Western merchants who are chiefly British and American who organized it. This brought to the Philippines both the machinery and the consumer goods which the industrialized economies of the West could supply. The prosperity which the new export economy had brought to some may be illustrated by the case of Rizal’s Chinese ancestor Domingo Lam-co. When he had come to the Binan hacienda in mid-18th century, the average holding of an inquilino was 2.9 hectares; after Rizal’s father had moved to the Calamba hacienda, the Rizal family in the 1890s rented from the hacienda over 390 hectares. Philippine exports were agricultural products. Those who controlled large rice, sugar and abaca growing lands in Central Luzon, Batangas, parts of the Bikol region, Negros and Panay profited the most. These included not only the Filipino hacenderos and the friar orders owning large haciendas but also the inquilinos of the friar haciendas. Many of these inquilinos were equivalently hacenderos in their own right, passing on from one generation to the next the lands they rented from the friar hacienda, and farming them by means of their share-tenants or kasama.  CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 5 But rising prosperity on haciendas ownership had brought friction between inquilinos and owners of haciendas as lands grew in value and rents were raised. A combination of traditional methods and modernizing efficiency led to disputes arguing who should reap the larger part of the fruits of the economic boom. Eventually, this would lead to a questioning of the friar’s rights to the haciendas. In this case, it would The Hacienda de Calamba, one of the haciendas not be the kasama or the share-tenants who would acquired by the Dominicans in 1833. challenge friar ownership during this time, but the Source: haciendadecalamba.blogspot.com prosperous inquilinos. Their motive would be as much political as economic—to weaken the friars’ influence in Philippine political life. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS Modernizing Filipinos saw the colonial policies of Spain as not only the causes of the existing economic prosperity, but increasingly as positive hindrances preventing further progress and even threatening what had already been achieved. Schumacher described how the instability of the Spanish government and the tendency of corruption and incompetency of the Spanish officials during the 19th century had affected colonial governance especially in the Philippines. In Spain, the Liberals succeeded Conservatives at irregular intervals as one or the other proved incapable of coping with the problems of governing the nation. The unsteadiness of these governments made it impossible to develop any inconsistent policy for the overseas colonies. Worse, both parties used the Philippines as a handy dumping ground to reward party hangers-on with jobs. Hence, each change of government brought another whole new mob of job-seekers to the Philippines, ready to line their pockets with Filipino money before they would be replaced by still others. Filipinos were then deprived of those few positions they had formerly held in the bureaucracy while the vast majority of Spanish bureaucrats had no interest in, or even knowledge of, the country they were supposed to be governing.  CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 6 Governor-Generals of the Philippines from 1850-1898: Observed how often the transition occurred within 5 years. From 1895-1898, the country was ran by 6 Governor-Generals. Source: https://wiki2.org/en/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines  CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 7 Far worse in many ways than the corruption of the government was its inability to provide for basic needs of public works, schools, peace and order, and other prerequisites to even a semi-modern economy. Created to rid the provinces of the bands of tulisanes, the Guardia Civil not only failed to achieve this end but became an oppressive force in the provinces, harassing farmers and using their position for personal profit, as Rizal depicts so vividly in his novels. The antiquated system of taxation in effect actually penalized modernization, and the taxes never found their way into the roads, bridges, and other public works needed for agricultural progress. With this recurring system that was both exploitative and incapable of producing benefits for the Cover of Noli Me Tangere: A helmet of colony, liberal nationalists and even conservative upper- Guardia Civil is drawn near the legs and below Rizal’s signature. Beside the helmet class Filipinos increasingly no longer found any compelling is a whip. Could these be Rizal’s motive for maintaining the Spanish colonial regime, as it representation in his novel of the abuses and cruelties of those in authority during became more and more clear that reforms would not be his time? forthcoming. CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Another key factor in the emergence of nationalism in the late 19th century as explained by Schumacher was the cultural development following the rapid spread of education from about 1860. Here he described how secondary schools run by the Jesuits and universities able to convey to their students without direct intention the ideas of patriotism. He also mentioned how the experiences of Filipino students in Spain able to stirred the needs in reform and action. Interestingly, Schumacher also explained the importance of history and heritage in the propagation of nationalist thoughts as viewed by Rizal. The Return of the Jesuits and What We Owe from Them It has become a commonplace to speak of the role of ideas learned by the European educated ilustrados in the emergence of the nationalist movement. But in many respects, the spread of higher education among middle and lower –middle class Filipinos who could not afford to go abroad was more important for propagating the liberal and progressive ideas written about from Europe by Rizal or Del Pilar. One of the major influences on the educational developments of the 19th century was the return of the Jesuits. This was recognized by Rizal as he wrote in his novel a line from Filosofo Tasio’s character in which “the Philippines owes the Jesuits the beginnings of the Natural Sciences, soul of the 19th century.” Jesuits are members of the Society of Jesus (S.J.), a Roman Catholic order of religious men founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola, noted for its educational, missionary and  CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 8 charitable works. The Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines and the rest of the Spanish empire in 1768 and they finally returned in 1859 to take charge of the evangelization of Mindanao with ideas and methods new to the Philippine educational system. The Jesuits opened the Escuela Normal de Maestros in 1865 to provide Spanish- speaking teachers for the new primary school system. The Escuela Normal represented a hope of progress in the minds of many Filipinos, just as it would be opposed by those for whom modern education for Filipinos posed a danger to the continuance of Spanish rule. In effect graduates of the Normal School met opposition from many parish priests. The Jesuits were also tasked by the Ayuntamiento or city council to take over the municipal primary school in 1859. They renamed it Ateneo Municipal and opened it to Filipino students as well as the Spaniards for whom it had been founded. By 1865 it had been transformed into a secondary school that offered a level of instruction beyond the The Ateneo Municipal de Manila and the Saint Ignacio’s Church in official requirements and more Intramuros during the time of Rizal (back view). Source: ateneo.edu approximated today’s college than highschool. It was in the secondary schools that the ideas of nationalism were to awake, even among those who had never gone to Europe. Rizal wrote in his Memorias that through his studies of literature, science and philosophy “the eyes of my intelligence opened a little, and my heart began to cherish nobler sentiments.” Also, during his fifth year at the Ateneo, he mentioned that through these studies “my patriotic sentiments greatly developed.” It was not that the Ateneo taught nationalism or the liberal principles of progress but in imparting to its students a humanistic education in literature, science, and philosophy, in inculcating principles of human dignity and justice and the equality of all men, it effectively undermined the foundations of the Spanish colonial regime, even without the Spanish Jesuits wishing to do so. As early as 1843, the Spanish A class in session at the old-style classroom at the official Juan de la Matta had proposed the closing Ateneo Municipal. Source: philippinestudies.net of these institutions as being “nurseries… of subversive ideas.” Though the accusation of subversion was often rashly bestowed on Filipinos, it is clear that the university was communicating something that stirred up the sparks of nationalism.  CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 9 Filipino Students in Spain Nonetheless, a major factor in giving nationalism the form it actually took was the experience of Filipino students in Spain. Seeing the liberties enjoyed in the Peninsula, they became all the more conscious of the servitude which their people suffered. On the other hand, the more perceptive saw the backwardness of Spain in comparison with other European countries, the corruption and futility of the Spanish political system, and the system’s Jose Rizal at the center beside Marcelo del Pilar in Madrid, inability to promote even the welfare of Spain, Spain. Source: news.abs-cbn.com much less that of her colonies. Many who came to Europe still in hope of reform and modernization in the Philippines came to realize that this could never be achieved under Spanish rule and that the Filipinos must look to themselves. As Rizal would say, “umasa sa sariling lakas,” turning his back on Europe and returning to his own country to carry on the struggle here. History and Heritage as Tools in the Realization of Nationalist Ideals One final cultural factor involved in the rise of nationalism was the interest in the Filipino past, largely inspired by the European, especially German, preoccupation with history and ethnology. In the German universities of the 19th century, modern historical method was examining the origins not only of the European nations themselves, but of other peoples as well. Rizal was the principal though the only Filipino who see the importance of such historical investigation for the creation of a national consciousness among his countrymen. Father Jose Burgos had already emphasized the need for Filipinos to look to their heritage, and it was from him that Rizal had learned that concern. In his edition of Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Rizal outlined the process by which he had come to seek a foundation for his nationalism in the historical past and emphasizes the importance of history to the national task. In his annotations to the book, Rizal seeks out all the evidence of a Filipino civilization before the coming of the Spaniards and tries to show how the intervening Jose Rizal, Annotating Antonio de Morga's Sucesos three centuries have meant decline rather than de las Islas Filipinas. This first edition of Rizal's Morga progress. At the same time, he emphasizes Filipino is being offered at a Philippine auction in September 2014. Source: salcedoauctions.com values, contrasting them with the Spanish and extolling the accomplishments of his people. If from  CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 10 a scientific historical point of view, Rizal proves too much and veers toward the opposite distortion from that of friars who had denied all civilization to the pre-Hispanic Filipinos, he did lay a historical foundation in his Morga and other essays for a national consciousness and pride in the race which was to prove important for the future. Rizal’s annotation of Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas will be discussed and analyzed in the succeeding chapters. RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT Schumacher mentioned in his essay the influence of both friar priest and Filipino clergy in the development of nationalist thoughts during this period. Though they had played completely different roles in the pursuit of national identity, their presence stimulated the demand for equality and justice among the Filipinos. Also, Schumacher asserted how the Filipino clergy and liberal reformists able to inspire the Propaganda Movement in its initiative to carry the ideals of national identity and rights during their time. The growth of education was producing an ilustrado class, not to be completely identified with the wealthy, as the examples of Mabini and Jacinto show. These ilustrados were increasingly anti-friar at times even anticlerical or anti-Catholic. The reason for this attitude among the ilustrados is to be sought from the intermingling of the political and the religious, a characteristic of the Spanish Glorification of the Immaculate by Francisco Antonio Patronato Real most especially in the latter half of Vallejo: Representation of the two powers, church and state, symbolized by the altar and the throne. the 19th century. Source: artsandculture.google.com The Spanish Friars in Maintaining Spain’s Colonial Power As Spain became less and less willing or able to promote the happiness and prosperity of the Philippines, the Spanish colonial government leaned more heavily on what had always been a mainstay of Spanish rule—the devotion of Filipinos to their Catholic faith. Governor Valeriano Weyler then said, “Religion can and should be in Luzon and the Bisayas a means of government which is to be taken advantage of, and which justifies the necessity of the religious orders.” For this reason, even the most anticlerical of Spanish governors maintained that it was necessary to support the friars by every The Spanish friars of Dominican Order 1875- means. Former governor generals Izquierdo and 1880. Source: thepinoywarrior.com Alaminos, who were both appointed in 1870s, had also their own thoughts on this:  CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 11 Gov. Rafael Izquierdo: “The religious orders have their defects, their vices and their difficulties, but in the Philippines, they have two qualities which from the political point of view are so great and so important that they oblige us to prescind from whatever may be alleged against them. One of these qualities is their unshakeable devotion to Spain; the other is their influence on the natives, which even in the weakened state in which it is today, is still sufficiently great to consider it a preserving factor. Gov. Juan Alaminos: “No one, he felt, could deny their patriotism, “which verges on fanaticism, and they make the Indio believe that only in loving the Spaniards can he save his soul on the next life.” One can see the paradox of Philippine Catholicism at the end of 19th century. On the one hand, the ordinary Filipino who had not gone to Manila or abroad for higher education remained in the traditional religious practices and beliefs of his forefathers and continued to look up to his friar parish priest as father of his people and protector against oppressive government officials. On the other hand, the Filipino ilustrado educated in Europe found the Catholic practice of his day childish and incompatible with modern ideas. For the nationalists, religion had come to signify a means to perpetuate the status quo, to maintain Spanish power in the Philippines. This undeniable influence of friar parish priest had on the ordinary Filipino could explain why the friars inevitably became the main target of the Filipino nationalists including Rizal. Rizal then wrote to Blumentritt: “I wanted to hit the friars since the friars are always making use of religion, not only as shield but also as a weapon, protection, citadel, fortress, armor etc. I was therefore forced to attack their false and superstitious religion in order to combat the enemy who hid behind this religion… God must not serve as shield and protection of abuses, nor must religion.” Jose Burgos and the Filipino Clergy The picture of the religious environment in which 19th century nationalism came to maturity would be incomplete without the Filipino clergy. Just as one cannot understand Bonifacio without knowing Rizal, whose thoughts he imbibed and rephrased in more popular language, so one cannot understand Rizal without knowing the influence of Burgos on him. This was supported by Rizal’s brother Paciano as he mentioned how Jose Burgos had influenced his younger brother: “the man who had opened the eyes of his intelligence, and had made him understand the good and the just, giving him only a handful of ideas, yet these not commonplaces but convictions that had stood up well under the glare of all that he had learned later..."  CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 12 What heritage had Burgos passed on to the next generation? He transformed the century-old dispute between the Spanish friars and the Filipino secular clergy from an intramural ecclesiastical controversy into a clear assertion of Filipino equality with the Spaniard, into a demand for justice to the Filipino. The lack of friars at the beginning of the 19th century led to turning over many parishes to the Filipino priests. But once the number of friars began to increase again after 1825, a series of moves to deprive the Filipinos of the parishes once more succeeded each other for the next fifty years. Fr. Pedro Pelaez attempted to disprove the age-old accusations against the Filipino clergy by showing that they were equal in ability to the friars. When Fr. Pelaez died in the earthquake of 1863, his role in fighting for the rights of the Filipino clergy was taken over by one of his young disciples, Jose Burgos, who published an anonymous pamphlet defending the memory of Pelaez and Father Jose Burgos Source: xiaochua.net calling for justice to the Filipino clergy. With Burgos we see the first articulation of national feeling, of a sense of national identity. In spite of the accusations made against him, there is no evidence that Burgos ever aimed at separation of the Philippines from Spain. Rather, his was the first step, the expression of a sense of those born in the Philippines being one people, with a national identity and national rights, even under the sovereignty of Spain. From this initial articulation of national feeling, Rizal and others would move toward what they had come to see was the only way of maintaining that identity and obtaining those rights—separation from Spain; if need be, by means of a revolution. The Propaganda Movement as “heirs” of Early Allied Movements The Propaganda Movement would be the heir of the movement of the Filipino clergy, and would carry the ideas of national identity articulated by Burgos to their next step and their logical conclusion. The movement which lasted from 1880 to 1895, campaigned for reforms and specifically aimed for the recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain, provision of Spanish citizenship to Filipinos, guarantee of basic freedoms and equal opportunity for Filipinos. Prominent propagandists Members of the Propaganda Movement. Photographed included Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez-Jaena, in Madrid, Spain in 1890. Source: xiaochua.net Mariano Ponce and Marcelo H. del Pilar.  CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 13 The Propagandists would also be heirs to another allied movement—the liberal reformists of the 1860s. These were the “modernizers,” men who desired to bring to the Philippines economic progress, a modern legal system and the “modern liberties’— freedom of the press, of association, of speech, and of worship. Most of the men who appear prominently among the liberal reformists in 1869-72 were criollos, Spaniards born in the Philippines. These criollos had little or no desire to see the Philippines separated from Spain, but rather wished to see the liberties that had been introduced into the Peninsula also extended to Spanish Philippines. When finally, the opportunity came with the outbreak of what was to all evidence a merely local mutiny over local grievances in the garrison of Cavite, within hours all had been arrested. Before the month was over three priests had gone to their death by the garrote, while their colleagues and their reformist allies were on their way to exile in Guam, despite their political influences in Madrid. It is noteworthy that it was the three priests, who were executed, Fr. Mariano Gomes, Fr. Jacinto Zamora and Fr. Jose Burgos not the reformists, lawyers and merchants. Source: xiaochua.net Since the Propaganda Movement was also heir to the liberal reformist tradition, the degree to which the Propagandists were truly nationalists or merely liberal reformists would only be made clear once war had broken out with the Americans and the latter were offering the reforms which had been sought in vain from Spain. To the reformists, the American offer would be enough; it was what they had really been looking for all along. For the nationalists, the struggle would go on till it became hopeless. Faced with a new colonial power, the clergy continued to play its role in the rise of nationalism. Though the initiative in the nationalist movement had passed from the Filipino priests to the young ilustrados in Europe and Manila in the 1880s, the clergy remained a powerful force in the Revolution and the major factor in keeping the masses loyal. FINAL THOUGHTS: Schumacher’s essay led us to reflect the conditions of our country especially in the latter part of 19th century. Economic progress, political reforms, anti-friar sentiments and modernization were pursued and became a struggle for many Filipinos during this time. The experiences of abuse, oppression, inequality and cries of freedom created this period’s reformists, liberals, anticlerical and nationalists. Rizal favored reforms in Philippine society. He opposed the influence of the friars, for he saw them as an obstacle to freedom and to progress. He was devoted to the modernization of his country, so that, as he put it, “she might take her place among the  CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 14 proud nations of Europe.” But what he sought above all was that his country should be free, free from tyrants from abroad or at home, a country where there would not be any tyrants because Filipinos would not allow themselves to be slaves. It was the growth of a free people, proud of its past, working for its future, united in a common set of ideals. This vision made him the center of the nationalist movement of his day and the principal inspiration of the Revolution. We should also not forget the people who had lived and died to influence and inspire Rizal. Borrowing Paulo Coelho’s famous thought from his novel The Alchemist, the universe had possibly conspired for us to have a Jose Rizal. The heartbreaks he felt as a child, his disappointment as a student in Manila and his hardships while in Europe could turn him as the “alay” of his time. So, given a chance to time travel and experience what had Rizal been through, will you make yourself an “alay” too? Let us determine how much you have learned from the lesson. TRUE/FALSE Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write T on the space provided before each number if you think the statement is correct and F if you think the statement is false. _____1. The Chinese played the role agents who could distribute imports in the interior and buy up goods for export during the development of the export crop industry in the Philippines ______2. A world Socialism view founded on ideas of freedom and equality. ______3. The 19th century was commonly depicted as the birth of modern life, as well as the birth of many nation-states around the world ______4. The ship trade going back and forth between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico called Galleon Trade. ______5. This Manila become the trading hub where China, India, Japan and Southeast Asians countries sent their goods to be consolidate for shipping. ______6. The strict discipline used by Spanish friars for the locals to learn fast called Whip and Slash. ______7. Jose Rizal was the most prominent of the illustrados who inspired the craving for freedom and independence with his novels written in Spanish. ______8. The mestizos are highly respected in their respective pueblos or towns, though regarded as filibusteros or rebels by the friars. ______9. Peninsular officials were very few consisting of the governor-general, a few subalterns and top church officials. ______10. The encomienda system of tenancy or the right to use land in exchange for rent.  CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 15 Take time to breath, digest, reflect and analyze before answering. 1. Make a graphic organizer/ table mapping of the changes in the nineteenth- century Philippines, categorizing social, political, economic, cultural changes 2. Watch the film: “Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon?” directed by Eddie Romero (1976). Make a reflection paper about the film with the following guide questions: a. Describe the nineteenth- century Philippines as represented in the film b. Based on your reading and class discussion, what can you say about the film’s representation of the nineteenth century? c. What is the main question that the film seeks to answer? What is your own reflection based on the film and your understanding? REFERENCES: Abbott, W. M. (2014). Demise of Fr John N Schumacher SJ. Retrieved August 03, 2020, from http://ateneo.edu/news/demise-fr-john-n-schumacher-sj C. Wright Mills, “The Promise,” The Sociological Imagination Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959. Nelson, Gloria Luz. “Mga Pananaw Hinggil sa Ugnayan ng Talambuhay at Lipunan,” in Diestro, D. et al. Si Heneral Paciano Rizal sa Kasaysayang Pilipino. Los Banos: UPLB Sentro ng Wikang Filipino, 206. P. Sztompka. “Great Individuals as Agencies of Change” in The Sociology of Social Change. Wiley, 1993. Film: “Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon?” directed by Eddie Romero (1976) Schumacher, John. “Rizal in the Context of the 19th Century Philippines” in The Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth-Century Filipino Nationalism. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1991.  CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 16 NAME:___________________________________ DATE:__________________ COURESE/ YEAR/SECTION:________________ EXPLORE IT OUT 2 COMO ESTA, FELIPINAS? Using the readings on the Philippines in the 19th century. List down one relevant insights/concepts and analyze/explain these changes that occurred in the Philippines under the following aspects: Political, Economic, Educational, Religious and Socio-Cultural Aspect. Write your answer on the columns provided. Example: Socio-cultural Aspect a. Urbanidad (use of fine manners) Indios which was also derogatory remark among the natives where taught that using barehands while eating is barbaric and they should use ‘kubyertos’, eat and chew slowly without sound. Fine manners is also observed through appropriate clothes worn for different occasion…(expound as much as possible) Needs Exemplary Quality Adequate Improvement 4 pts 3 pts 2 pts 1 pt Content Answers are Answers are Answers are not Answers are 4 pts comprehensive, accurate and comprehensive or partial or accurate and complete. complete. Key completely stated. incomplete. Key Key ideas are clearly points are stated and Key points are points are not stated, explained, and supported. addressed, but not clear. Question not well supported. well supported. adequately answered. Organization Well organized, Organization is Inadequate Organization and 4 pts coherently developed, mostly clear and organization or structure detract and easy to follow. easy to follow. development. from the answer. Structure of the answer is not easy to follow. Political Economic Educational Religious Socio-Cultural Aspect CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19TH CENTURY | 17