Rizal Module 1B PDF

RIZAL MODULE 1-B 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT Time Allotment: 4 hrs Course Instructor: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED Email Address: [email protected] I. COURSE OUTCOMES 1. Analyze the various...

RIZAL MODULE 1-B 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT Time Allotment: 4 hrs Course Instructor: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED Email Address: [email protected] I. COURSE OUTCOMES 1. Analyze the various socio-cultural, political, and economic changes in nineteenth century; 2. Compare the differences and similarities of the 19th century world and Philippines during the time of Rizal and the world and Philippines today using photo collage; and 3. Express feelings about how 19th century world and the Philippines shaped the character of Jose Rizal. II. INTRODUCTION One is said to be greatly influenced by it’s nature or genes and by nurturing or by the care one receives and its surroundings. In this lesson, you will learn how the events in 19 th century both in the world and the Philippines shaped the character of Jose Rizal. III. TEACHING - LEARNING OUTCOMES A. Engage Activity 1. The World and I Describe the condition of the world and the Philippines by listing five (5) important events in the world and in the Philippines from the time you were born until today. Events in the World Events in the Philippines 1. ___________________ 1. ___________________ 2. ___________________ 2. ___________________ 3. ___________________ Angelo Castro 3. ___________________ 4. ___________________ August 5, 2002 4. ___________________ 5. ___________________ 5. ___________________ B. Explore Activity 2. Your Thoughs Reflect on the events that you have listed on activity 1 and answer the following question. 1. How are you affected with the events or conditions of the world and the Philippines from the time you were born? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Do you think the condition of the world had great influence in your upbringing as a person? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Module 1B Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 1 RIZAL C. Explain The World in the 19th Century ⚫ Russia On February 19, 1861, four months before Rizal’s birth in Calamba, the liberal Czar Alexander (1855-1881), to appease the rising discontent of the Russian masses, issued a proclamation emancipating 22,500,000 serfs. When Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, the American Civil War (1861-65) was raging furiously in the United States over the issue of Negro slavery. This titanic conflict, which erupted on April 12, 1861, compelled President Lincoln to issue the famous Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1863 freeing the Negro slaves. ⚫ Mexico On June 1, 1861, just eighteen days before Rizal’s birth, Benito Juarez, a full-blooded Zapotec Indian, was elected President of Mexico. A year after his election (in April 1862) Emperor Napoleon III of the Second French Empire, in an imperialistic desire to secure a colonial stake in Latin America, sent French troops which invaded and conquered Mexico. President Juarez, owing to the raging American Civil War, could not obtain military aid from a friend, President Lincoln, but the said President of Mexico continued to resist the French invaders with the valiant Indian and Mexican freedom fighters. On June 12, 1864, Napoleon III, to consolidate occupation to Mexico, installed Archduke Maximilian of Austria as puppet emperor of Mexico at Mexico City. Finally, after the end of the American Civil War, Juarez, with U.S. support, defeated Maximilian’s French forces in the Battle of Queretaro (May 15, 1867) and executed Emperor Maximilian on June 19, 1867 (Rizal’s sixth birthday anniversary). Thus fizzled out Emperor Napoleon III’s ambition to colonize Latin America, ⚫ Italy and Germany In Rizal’s times two European nations (Italians and Germans) succeeded in unifying their own countries. The Italians under the leadership of Count Cavour and of Garibaldi and the Army of “Red Shirts” drove out the Austrians and French armies from Italy and proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel, with Rome as capital city. The Prussians led by Otto von Bismarck, the “Iron Chancellor”, defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War and established the German Empire on January 18, 1871, with King Wilhelm of Prussia as first Kaiser of the German Empire. With his defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, Emperor Napoleon III’s Second French Empire collapsed, and over its ruins the Third French Republic arose, with Adolph Thiers as first President. ⚫ England The times of Rizal saw the flowering of Western imperialism. England emerged as the world’s leading imperialist power. On account of its invincible navy and magnificent army, England was able to conquer many countries throughout the world and to establish a global colonial empire. Thus the British people during the glorious reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) proudly asserted: “Britannia rules the waves.” By winning the First Opium War (1840-1842) and Second Opium War (1856-1860) against the tottering Chinese Empire under the Manchu dynasty, Britain has acquired the island of Hong Kong (Fragrant Harbor) and the Kowloon Peninsula opposite Hong Kong. In 1859, after suppressing the Indian Rebellion and dismantling the Mogul Empire, Queen Victoria imposed the raj (rule) over the subcontinent of India (now consisting of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh). ⚫ Burma By winning the Three Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824-26, 1852, and 1885), Britain conquered Burma. Other lands in Asia which became British colonies were Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Maldives, Aden, Malaya, Singapore, and Egypt. Australia and New Zealand in the South Pacific also became British colonies. Module 1B Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 2 RIZAL The Industrial Revolution and Scientific Revolution ◼ Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution marked a period of development in the latter half of the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies in Europe and America into industrialized, urban ones. Goods that had once been painstakingly crafted by hand started to be produced in mass quantities by machines in factories, thanks to the introduction of new machines and techniques in textiles, iron-making and other industries. Fueled by the game-changing use of steam power, the Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread to the rest of the world, including the United States, by the 1830s and ‘40s. Modern historians often refer to this period as the First Industrial Revol ution, to set it apart from a second period of industrialization that took place from the late 19th to early 20th centuries and saw rapid advances in the steel, electric and automobile industries. ◼ Scientific Revolution The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy), and chemistry transformed societal views about nature. The scientific revolution began in Europe toward the end of the Renaissance period, and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment. While its dates are disputed, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus ‘s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is often cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution. The scientific revolution was built upon the foundation of ancient Greek learning and science in the Middle Ages, as it had been elaborated and further developed by Roman/Byzantine science and medieval Islamic science. The Aristotelian tradition was still an important intellectual framework in the 17th century, although by that time natural philosophers had moved away from much of it. Key scientific ideas dating back to classical antiquity had changed drastically over the years, and in many cases been discredited. The ideas that remained (for example, Aristotle ‘s cosmology, which placed the Earth at the center of a spherical hierarchic cosmos, or the Ptolemaic model of planetary motion) were transformed fundamentally during the scientific revolution. The Philippines during Rizal’s Time During the time of Rizal, the sinister shadows of Spain's decadence darkened Philippine skies. The Filipino people agonized beneath the yoke of Spanish misrule, for they were unfortunate victims of the evils of an unjust, bigoted, and deteriorating colonial power. Among these evils were as follows: Instability of Colonial Administration. The instability of Spanish politics since the turbulent reign of King Ferdinand VII (1808-1833) marked the beginning of political chaos in Spain. The Spanish government underwent frequent changes owing to bitter struggles between the forces of despotism and liberalism and the explosions of the Carlist Wars. From 1834 to 1862, Spain had adopted four constitutions, elected 28 parliaments, and installed no less than 529 ministers with portfolios; followed in subsequent years by party strifes, revolutions, and other political upheavals. Corrupt Colonial Officials. General Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-73), a boastful and ruthless govérnor general, aroused the anger of the Filipinos by executing the innocent Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, the “Martyrs of 1872”. The successor, Admiral Jose Malcampo (1874-77), was a good Moro fighter, but was an inept and weak administrator. General Fernando Primo de Rivera, governor general for two terms (1880-83 and 1897-98), accepted bribes from gambling casinos in Manila which was scandalously permitted to operate. General Valeriano Weyler (1888-91), a cruel and corrupt governor general of Hispanic-German ancestry, arrived in Manila a poor man and returned to Spain a Module 1B Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 3 RIZAL millionaire by receiving huge bribes and gifts of diamonds for his wife from wealthy Chinese who evaded the anti-Chinese law. The Filipinos scornfully called Valeriano Weyler a “tyrant” because of brutally persecuting the Calamba tenants, particularly the family of Dr. Jose Rizal. Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes. To win the support of the overseas colonies during the Napoleonic invasion, Spain granted them representation in the Cortes (Spanish parliament). Accordingly, the Philippines experienced the first period of representation in the Cortes from 1810 to 1813. History demonstrates that the first Philippine delegate, Ventura de los Reyes, took active part in the framing of the Constitution of 1812, Spain’s first democratic constitution, and was one of its 184 signers. This constitution was extended to the Philippines. Another achievement of Delegate De los Reyes was the abolition of the galleon trade. Unfortunately, the representation of the overseas colonies (including the Philippines) in the Spanish Cortes was abolished in 1837. Since then Philippine conditions worsened because there was no means by which the Filipino people could expose the anomalies perpetrated by the colonial officials. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos. Since the adoption of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and other constitutions in succeeding years, the people of Spain enjoyed freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of association, and other human rights (except freedom of religion). The Spaniards ardently guarded these rights so that no Spanish monarch dared abolish them. Strangely enough, the Spanish authorities who cherished these human rights or constitutional liberties in Spain denied them to the Filipinos in Asia. No Equality Before the Law. The Spanish colonial authorities, who were Christians, did not implement Christ’s precept of fellow personhood of all humans under one God. Especially during the last decades of Hispanic rule, they arrogantly regarded the brown-skinned Filipinos as inferior beings, not their fellow Christians to be protected but rather as their majesty’s subjects to be exploited. To their imperialist way of thinking, brown Filipinos and white Spaniards may be equal before God, but not before the law and certainly not in practice. Racial Discrimination. With the unchristian attitude, many Spaniards and their mestizo satellites derisively called the brown-skinned and flat-nosed' Filipinos “Indios” (Indians). During Rizal’s time a white skin, a high nose, and Castilian lineage were a badge of vaunted superiority. Hence, a Spaniard or a mestizo, no matter how stupid or mongrelborn, always enjoyed political and social prestige in the community. Racial prejudice was prevalent everywhere -in government offices, in the courts of justice, in the armed forces, in the social circles, and even in the educational institutions and in the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Frailocracy. Owing to the Spanish political philosophy of union of Church and State, there arose a unique form of government in Hispanic Philippines called “frailocracy” (frailocracia so named because it was “a government by friars”). History discloses that since the days of the Spanish conquest, the friars (Augustinians, Dominicans, and Franciscans) controlled the religious and educational life of the Philippines, and later in the19th century they came to acquire tremendous political power. The friars practically ruled the Philippines through a facade of civil government. The colonial authorities, from the governor general down to the alcaldes mayores, were under the control of the friars. Forced Labor. Known as 'the polo”, it was the compulsory labor imposed by the Spanish colonial authorities on , adult Fllipino males in the construction of churches, schools, hospitals; building and repair of roads and bridges; the building of ships in the shipyards; “and other public works. Originally, Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old were obliged to render forced labor for 40 days a year. The Guardia Civil. The last hated symbol of Spanish tyranny was the Guardia Civil (Constabulary) which was created by the Royal Decree of February 12, 1852, as amended by the Royal Decree of March 24, 1888, for the purpose of maintaining in the peace and order in the Philippines. It was patterned after the famous and well-disciplined Guardia Civil in Module 1B Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 4 RIZAL Spain. While it is true that the Guardia Civil in the Philippines had rendered meritorious services in suppressing the bandits in the provinces, they later became infamous for their abuses, such as maltreating innocent people, looting their carabaos, chickens, and valuable belongings, and raping helpless women. Both officers (Spaniards) and men (natives) were untrained and undisciplined, unlike the Guardia Civil in Spain who were respected and well- liked by the populace. D. Elaborate Activity 3. Analysis (15 pts) Base on the readings above, analyze the various socio-cultural, political, and economic changes in nineteenth century in the Philippines and in the world. List down at least two (2) important events or changes in the different aspects using the retrieval below. Various Aspect World Philippines Socio-cultural Changes Political Changes Economic Changes IV. ASSESSMENT E. Evaluate. Activity 3. Collage Making (30 points) Show the the differences and similarities of the 19th century world and Philippines during the time of Rizal and the world and Philippines today using photos. Use at least five (5) photos which best shows the events in each time frame. Add caption if necessary. 19th Century World and The World and Philippines Philippines Today Module 1B Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 5 RIZAL Activity 4. Shaping Rizal (15 points) What are the important events in 19th century in the world or Philippines that you think greatly influenced Jose Rizal. Include a brief explanation in each one. Important Events in the 19th Century Brief Explanation ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ Module 1B Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED 6