Rizal Midterm Handouts PDF

GE1804 TAKEAWAYS FOR WEEKS 06-07 The Essence of Research in the Study of Rizal The study of the life and works of Jose Rizal is a result of decades of research about Jose Rizal, as well as the study about the conditions of the Phili...

GE1804 TAKEAWAYS FOR WEEKS 06-07 The Essence of Research in the Study of Rizal The study of the life and works of Jose Rizal is a result of decades of research about Jose Rizal, as well as the study about the conditions of the Philippines during the Spanish Colonization. In essence, the life of Jose Rizal and the country's social conditions during the Spanish Colonization are inextricable. Since the term "research" has been mentioned, let us define what it is. Research is a systematic method of investigating and studying materials to establish facts and conclusions. Thus, we establish truths and information based on concrete, substantial evidence. One (1) way of obtaining information is through an interview. An interview is the method of obtaining information through an interchange of questions and answers. The researcher personally asks someone about something, which is reciprocated with information, which can be scrutinized later when corroborated with other pieces of evidence obtained in other means. The Philippines During the Spanish Colonization The Philippines, before it was colonized, had been a thriving civilization, with its own established cultures, traditions, ways of living, religions, and laws. This was also when we had established trade relations with nearby countries, such as China and Indonesia, among others. For the Chinese, we have bartered pearls and other produce for porcelain, jade, and silk, among others being carried in their junk (i.e., trading boat). Each barangay had a datu, the leader, and prime defender of the community. These leaders may not be accommodating towards outsiders, but they were not dictators (as narrated by Filomeno Aguilar). However, when Spain set foot on our native soil, the pre-colonial lifestyle began to dwindle except in some parts of Mindanao. During this time, the colonial government implemented taxation onto the colonized natives and their trade partners. The taxation system can be seen in its established Casta. The casta is divided into sections, which dictated their tax value. Peninsulares Tax-Free Americano Insulares Mestizo de Español Variable Tax Mestizo de Bombay Mestizaje Value Mestizo de Sangley Tornatras Quadrupled Sangley Tax Value Base Tax Indio Value Negrito Filipinos and the Negritos pay only the base value, making them the only ones who pay the minimum amount. The Sangleys are the pure-blooded Chinese who lived in the country. They pay to quadruple the base amount because of their business and labor skills. The mestizaje is the racially ambiguous people who paid tax based on their lineage and status. As an example, if a Sangley businessman had a mestiza de Sangley, daughter, the daughter would pay half as much as her father's tax rate. However, should the 03 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 4  GE1804 mestiza daughter marry an Americano, who paid zero tax alongside the insulares and the peninsulares, her tax would be removed altogether. However, the treatment she would receive from the masses would remain the same. Indians also lived in the country, but they were not part of the casta. Below the blancos (i.e., the "tax-free" casta) were the mestizaje, whose casta were based on their parentage. Mixed blood by nature, their status often fluctuated, and their taxes were the same as the indios (except for the mestizo de Sangleys). Of the four (4) mestizos, the Tornatras were the lowest because they had more than two (2) racial parentages, hinting that the Tornatras had the most intermingling of races. If we are to look at them today, we can use the following celebrities and heroes as examples: NAME IMAGE HERITAGE(S) CASTA Paul Patrick Filipino-German Tornatras Gruenberg (possibly multiracial "Polo Ravales" to his Filipino side) Source: https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1066382/bio Trinidad Spanish (born in the Insulares (Mestizo Hermenigildo Pardo Philippines) de Español in some de Tavera references) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_Pardo_de_Tavera Kristina Bernadette Filipino-Chinese Mestizo de Sangley Aquino "Kris Aquino" Source: https://mydramalist.com/people/20452-kris- aquino Cesar Manhilot Filipino Indio "Cesar Montano" Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Montano 03 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 2 of 4  GE1804 Ramon Bagatsing III Filipino-Indian Mestizo de Bombay "Raymond (surname Filipinized Bagatsing" from Indian Bhagat Singh) Source: http://www.showbizportal.net/2011/10/raymond- bagatsing-assailed-ex-wife-cora.html Jose Protacio Rizal Multiracial Tornatras (however, Mercado y Alonso he was considered Realonda a mestizo de Sangley) Source: https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/12/30/news/top- stories/jose-rizals-prowess-in-sports-legendary/668654/ Along with the establishment of the casta was the implementation of the polo and bandala. Polo is the forced labor imposed upon Filipino men aged 16-60 years. They were required to do skilled labor for 40 days, which was reduced to 15 days. Filipinos can be exempted from this labor in two (2) ways: 1. They had to pay a fine (called a falla); or 2. Work until they paid their debt. Not even death could prevent the debt from growing. If the abled men died, their unpaid debts would be passed on to the next abled men in the family, and so on. If the able person's age was below the requirement, yet their birthday drew close to the recruitment date, then they would render polo nonetheless. The History of Land Ownership and Peasantry in the Philippines During Rizal's education in the Philippines, Paciano provided ample funding for his younger brother to study abroad. This made Rizal a member of the ilustrado, an expatriate whose sole purpose abroad was to study. However, when Rizal arrived and settled in Europe, problems began to rise in Calamba regarding the lands owned by his family. The problems with agrarian ownership have been a long-standing problem in the country, which was more evident during the Spanish Occupation. This was when the local serfs (i.e., the aliping namamahay) were stripped of their lands by the Spaniards, who used these lands for their own. These lands were cultivated by the same natives who were once the former owners. Such problems began to expound when friars became the owners, particularly in Negros and Calamba. In Calamba, the Dominicans began to exploit the natives with their ever-fluctuating tax values. This was viewed by the Calambeños as abusive and began to argue with the abusive Dominicans -- especially when they grabbed the lands owned by the Mercados. They at first appealed to the local government but were ignored due to the influence of the Dominicans in the place. Thus, they prompted Rizal to conduct an investigation, whose reports would be submitted to a local judge connected to Paciano to even the odds. However, in the end, their protestations fell onto deaf ears. 03 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 3 of 4  GE1804 The Cavite Mutiny The Cavite Mutiny was one (1) of the aftermaths of the civil war that erupted in Spain during Queen Isabella II's reign. On 27 February 1767, King Carlos III of Spain ordered the complete expulsion of the sect of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) from Spain and all her colonies. Then Governor-General Raon tried to help the religious order in exchange for bribes. Once the Jesuits destroyed their documents and hid all their possessions, there was a shortage of priests when Raon died before being punished by his successor. Then Manila archbishop Basilio Sancho de Santa Justa spearheaded the conversion and ordainment of Filipinos into the priesthood, which was heavily opposed. This argument came to be known as the secularization issue. Back then, news traveled slowly. When then Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre was still in the country, he received a letter about his reinstatement without knowing about the civil war in Spain. Upon his departure, his liberal program was stunted upon the sudden arrival of Rafael Geronimo Cayetano Izquierdo. Izquierdo noted that he would rule the Philippines "with a cross in one hand and a sword in the other". Thus, with a strict regime, the lives of the Filipinos began to crumble. When the mutiny occurred, the Spanish friars accused Filipino priest Jose Burgos, along with a few other secular priests, to be the masterminds of the event, despite being truly driven by the Filipinos' desires of escaping polo in Cavite, the "Land of the Brave". Due to the friar's influence, three (3) Filipino priests -- Mariano Gomez, Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora -- were implicated in the trial by another fellow Filipino, Francisco Zaldua (Saldua in other references). This event, among many others, paved the way to drive out Spain. REFERENCES: Aguilar, F. (1998). Elusive peasant, weak state: Sharecropping and the changing meaning of debt. In Clash of Spirits: The History of Power and Sugar Planter Hegemony on a Visayan Island, 63-77. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. HD9116 P53 N42 Aguilar, F. (2016). Sugar capitalism: The divergent paths of haciendas on Negros island and the Hacienda de Calamba. In Journal of Southeast Asian Studies Artigas, M. C. (1996). National glories: the events of 1872 (O. D. Corpuz, Trans.). Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Rizal, J. P. (1889). La verdad para todos. In La Solidaridad, 1 (G. Fores-Galzon, Trans.). Pasig: Fundacion Santiago. DS651 S6 1996 Roth, D. M. (1982). Church lands in the agrarian history of Tagalog region. In Philippine social history: Global trade and local transformation (A. W. McCoy & E. de Jesus, Ed.), 131-153. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. HN713 P44 Schumacher, J. (1999). Historical introduction. In Father Jose Burgos: A documentary history with Spanish documents and their translations, 1-32. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. DS675.8 B8 S37 Schumacher, J. (2011). The Cavite mutiny: Towards a definitive history. In Philippine Studies, 59(1), 55-81 Schumacher, J. (2011). The Burgos manifesto: The authentic text and its genuine author. In Philippine Studies, 54(2), 153-304 Wickberg, E. (1964). The Chinese mestizo in Philippine history. In Journal of Southeast Asian History, 5(1), 62-100. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press Wickberg, E. (2000). The Philippine Chinese before 1850. In The Chinese in Philippine Life, 1850-1898, 25-36. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. D666 C5W5 2000 03 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 4 of 4  GE1804 ALL ABOUT CAVITE It is located in the south portion of Luzon island. Tinapa is widely regarded as the one (1) of the products being sold and exported from this place. It owns Corregidor island, one of the naval defenses of the country. It’s been nicknamed “Land of the Brave” and the “History Capital” of the country because of its involvement in our history. Emilio Aguinaldo was here. 03 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 1  GE1804 TAKEAWAYS FOR WEEKS 08-09 The Expatriates We all have our Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) who serve as our expatriates [Gk. ex- ("beyond, outside") + patros ("father"), "beyond the father's abode"], people who work outside the country. There are many reasons why people work abroad, with one most common reason being to support their families because of meager job opportunities in the country. Particularly in our country, we had been sending expatriates since the Spanish Occupation, which can be seen in the ilustrados. The ilustrados, during their tenure abroad, sought and campaigned for reforms in the colonial government. They studied abroad because of the following reasons: 1. The idea of the indios developing anticlerical thoughts was considered a crime. Thus, people who directly opposed the friars were tried and sentenced. This made some prominent people move out of the country to escape persecution, with a prime example being Jose Rizal. He was expatriated by his brother Paciano because Jose earned the wrath of the friars. 2. The advent of industrialization paved the way for more ideas to move from Europe to the other parts of the world, with the opening of the Suez Canal being one (1) of these. Since the Philippines was not educationally liberal, the number of opportunities for those willing to learn and "improve" their social status were slim -- making education in the country deplorable during Rizal's time. This was also the time when politics were being debated and discussed more in classrooms, which became a social taboo, as it "promoted sedition and anarchy" to the young students. Thus, studying outside the Philippines gave them better odds. 3. The governments were beginning to modernize because of the changing times. The ilustrados saw this as an opportunity to campaign their proposed reforms. The ilustrados came from all casta, save for outsiders such as Indians and Muslims. Prominent members include Trinidad Pardo de Tavera (insular), the Lunas (mestizo de Español), and Rizal himself (mestizo de Sangley). There were members who brought renown, such as Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo and Juan Luna, which served as an advantage for their campaign -- that Filipinos and Spaniards could live in harmony, that the common indio can do what the blancos do, as noted by Rizal and his famous phrase in his speech for Hidalgo: "… The Philippines' patriarchal era is passing. The illustrious deeds of its sons are not circumscribed by the home. The oriental chrysalis is [leaving] the cocoon". Deconstructing Noli Me Tangere One (1) of the famous works of Jose Rizal is Noli Me Tangere, where he told the story of Crisostomo Ibarra as he strode through the intrigue and suffering of his brethren and of himself in a society where the friars held absolute dominion over the colonized land -- evident during Rizal's time. The title is a Latin phrase which means, "Touch me not,", while internationally it is titled as, "The Social Cancer", as provided by Charles Derbyshire. Only a few know its origin. The Latin phrase was explained by Rizal as a response by Jesus after Mary Magdalene had touched him, as mentioned in the Bible (David, n.d.). Literally translated as "Don't touch me," it can also be translated as "Don't cling to me." Originally published in 1887 in Europe, it took all of Rizal's money, time, and effort to do this. It was supposed to be a collection of stories made by him and his ilustrado friends that would provide a window to the slice-of-life tales in the Philippines, as well as the social conditions and injustices that were happening back then. But, due to them procrastinating, Rizal was offended and took it upon himself to write the book. 04 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 3  GE1804 The novel has 63 known chapters, but some modern-day books used in junior high schools feature a copy of the novel with an extra hidden chapter explaining the origin of Elias (Rizal, 1887). This is in part of Rizal writing the chapter but left unmarked because he did not know where to place it in the established continuum of Noli Me Tangere. A story can be analyzed by breaking down its components, starting with its characters. Any story contains protagonists and antagonists that builds the narrative. A protagonist is a character that plays an important part in the story regardless of their role, but many interpret it as the "good guys" in the story. There are several protagonists in Noli Me Tangere, with the story centered on Crisostomo Ibarra, an ilustrado who studied abroad and went back home to live his life in the country. As the novel progresses, he was slowly learning of the twisted and horrible tragedies that befell his loved ones. An antagonist is a character that provides conflict to the story, usually assigned to the villains of the story. In Noli Me Tangere, there are various antagonists with varying degrees of villainy. The ones that stand out, however, are the corrupt friars -- mainly the Dominicans and the Franciscans -- and the members of the blancos, which are the top three (3) members of the Spanish casta system. A story's literary style, or genre, is the element that drives a story. It can be based on reality or in a completely made-up world. Noli Me Tangere, as a novel, is considered both as a fiction and satire. Fiction is a genre that describes a story that is not found or based on reality. Fictional stories are the ones that can be a completely made-up world, scenarios, and people, or it can be based on real ones with made-up elements mixed in between. Noli Me Tangere, a fictional novel with some real-life places in the country, is constructed by Rizal by adding a few fictional places and people to represent the small barrios and slice-of-life activities. A satire is a genre that uses exaggeration, humor, irony, or ridicule to expose human stupidity or vices. This is an excellent genre to use if the story revolves around politics or major issues. Noli Me Tangere satirizes the Roman Catholic church, the Colonial government, and the peninsulares. Of course, some stories contain morals and/or qualities that exemplify some aspects of the narrative, which calso be applied in real life. Noli Me Tangere primarily exhibits the following qualities (Schumacher, 1997e) (Panistante, 2014): The Filipina's devotion and influence over a man. This has been exemplified by several Filipinas in the novel, but it has been demonstrated the best by Maria Clara. As the true love of Crisostomo Ibarra, she has shown grace and simple elegance through her actions and words, leaving a strong impression over young men in their place. A deep sense of gratitude. Noli Me Tangere exemplified this trait through the eyes of several poor and indebted characters, particularly Basilio. As he was left orphaned, he was left in the care of Elias until the latter's death, leaving him with wealth that could afford him to study through college. Filipino Common Sense. The novel inadvertently has woken up the Filipinos' sleeping sense of nationalism and, as such, opened their eyes to the bitter reality happening around them. This led us to use our common sense more and be more aware of the current events in the country. So why did Rizal write the novels? Disprove accusations made by Spaniards to Filipinos. The novel depicted Filipinos as seen from the lenses of the freeman, living normal lives and experiencing problems similar to the affluent, if not worse. Express the true social conditions of the country. Since the Age of Exploration has limited forms of communication, many countries do not know what was happening outside their borders. Since the Philippines had been campaigning for recognition in the Cortes Generales and the Real Audiencia, the ilustrados used several means to express the true social conditions of the country, which also include the novels. 04 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 2 of 3  GE1804 Express the plight of the Filipinos. Since the majority of indios could not afford to speak out in public nor travel abroad to escape persecution, the Filipinos were living in conditions filled with strife, injustices, and hardships. Those that do either were executed in public or went abroad, as in the case of some ilustrados. Expose the wrongdoings of the friars. Some of the friars had been known to use their religious influences to manipulate things to go to their favor, such as using religious teachings to gain more resources. The ilustrados wanted to expose these villainous and heinous acts committed by some members of the church; thus, they also used the novels to expose them. Another thing a literary material can be used is to spread awareness and nationalism. Andres Bonifacio, as a bourgeois, was well-versed in Western thinking and literature because of his work in the British trade and in the books he read. When he scoured Noli Me Tangere, he was moved and stirred to do something about the injustices that were happening to his fellowmen (Mañebog, 2013). When he formed the Katipunan, he composed and published the very first Kartilya ng Katipunan. Emilio Jacinto later revised it, to Bonifacio's delight and approval. Marcelo del Pilar, upon learning that Noli Me Tangere was to be banned for publication in the Philippines, wrote a counter article to the one written by Fr. Jose Rodriguez. Rodriguez wrote "Caingat Cayo! (Beware)", an article that supposedly tried to denounce Noli Me Tangere's credibility as a novel. As retaliation, del Pilar wrote "Caiigat Cayo! (Be slippery as an eel)", which satirizes Rodriguez's article while adding a few insults to their practices in the church (Schumacher, 1997c). Lualhati Bautista wrote the novel Dekada '70, which retold the story of Martial Law through the eyes of a family who was caught up in the corruption and abuse of power during Marcos' regime. This and other similar stories and/or novels serve as a reminder to us of the darker times in Philippine history. REFERENCES: Anderson, B. (2008). Why Counting Counts: A Study of Forms of Consciousness and Problems of Language in Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press David, R. (n.d.). Noli Me Tangere. In Opinions, Philippine Daily Inquirer. Lifted and modified from https://opinion.inquirer.net/4582/noli- me-tangere Hau, C. (2000). The Fiction of a Knowable Community. In Necessary Fictions: Philippine Literature and the Nation. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press Joaquin, N. (2005). Why was the Rizal Hero a Creole? In A Question of Heroes. Mandaluyong City: Anvil La Solidaridad (1889). Our Aims. Barcelona: Author. Lamarque, P. (2006). The intentional fallacy. In Literary Theory and Criticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press Mañebog, J. D. G. (2013). The collaboration between Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio. Lifted and modified from https://ourhappyschool.com/ap-social-studies/collaboration-between-jose-rizal-and-andres-bonifacio Moises, A. (n.d.). Bonifacio and Rizal: Of oil and water and men of conviction. Retrieved from https://philippines-atbp.jimdo.com/about- alex-moises-andres-bonifacio-tribute-part-iii-1/ Panistante, C. (2014). Aims of Noli Me Tangere. Lifted and modified from https://prezi.com/hd_loag9lspj/aims-of-noli-me-tangere/ Paraiso, B. A. C. (2011). Jose Rizal, suspected spy, deciphered. Retrieved from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/7951/jose-rizal- suspected-spy-deciphered Rizal, J. P. (1887). Noli Me Tangere (P. H. Poblete, Trans.). Retrieved from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20228/20228-h/20228- h.htm Rizal, J. P. (2011). Rizal's toast to Luna and Hidalgo. Retrieved from http://malacanang.gov.ph/4071-jose-rizals-homage-to-luna-and- hidalgo/ Rizal, J. P. (1890). To his excellency, Ms. Vicente Barrantes. In La Solidaridad. Barcelona: La Solidaridad Schumacher, J. N. (1997a). Del Pilar as delegate in Barcelona of "The Propaganda". In The Propaganda Movement: 1880-1895; The Creators of a Filipino Consciousness, the Makers of the Revolution. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press Schumacher, J. N. (1997b). Early student activities in Spain. In The Propaganda Movement: 1880-1895; The Creators of a Filipino Consciousness, the Makers of the Revolution. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press Schumacher, J. N. (1997c). Journalism and politics. In The Propaganda Movement: 1880-1895; The Creators of a Filipino Consciousness, the Makers of the Revolution. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press Schumacher, J. N. (1997d). The new Filipino newspaper in Barcelona. In The Propaganda Movement: 1880-1895; The Creators of a Filipino Consciousness, the Makers of the Revolution. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press Schumacher, J. N. (1997e). The "Noli Me Tangere," 1887. In The Propaganda Movement: 1880-1895; The Creators of a Filipino Consciousness, the Makers of the Revolution. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press Simban, A. (2014). Controversy of Noli Me Tangere. Lifted and modified from https://prezi.com/pc2yf7paq05d/controversy-of-noli-me- tangere/ 04 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 3 of 3  GE1804 LCD SLIDES AS HANDOUTS Defining Expatriates and Novels Expatriate An expatriate is someone working outside their home country. o Ex, [Latin] “out” o Patros, [Greek] “father” ▪ Patriotes, [Greek], “someone devoted to his country” About Novels A novel is a longer piece of narrative fiction that is often published as a book and written in prose. o Novus, [Latin] “new” Deconstructing Noli Me Tangere Basic Information Novel Title Noli Me Tangere Publication Year 1887 Chapters 64 (one is hidden) Main Protagonist Crisostomo Ibarra Main Antagonist Corrupt friars and members of the Blancos Literary Style Fiction, Satire Inspiration Expose the social cancers in the Philippines - Filipina devotion and influence over man Emphasis - Gratitude - Filipino common sense o The title Noli Me Tangere is a Latin phrase which means "Touch me not." This has been the common translation known by many, but only a few know its origin. The Latin phrase was explained by Rizal as a response by Jesus after Mary Magdalene had touched him, as mentioned in the Bible (David, n.d.). Literally translated as "Don't touch me," it can also be translated as "Don't cling to me." o Noli Me Tangere is originally published in 1887 in Europe. It took all of Rizal's money, time, and effort to do this. It was supposed to be a collection of stories made by him and his Ilustrado friends that would provide a window to the slice-of-life tales in the Philippines, as well as the social conditions and injustices that were happening back then. But, due to their constant partying and gambling, Rizal himself was offended and took the responsibility himself to write the book (Fernandez, Luna, & Payumo, 2014). o The novel has 63 known chapters, but some modern-day books used in junior high schools feature a copy of the novel with an extra hidden chapter explaining the origin of Elias (Rizal, 1887). This is in part of Rizal writing the chapter but left unmarked because he didn't know where to place it in the established continuum of Noli Me Tangere. o A protagonist is a character that plays a pivotal part in the story regardless of their role, but many interpret it as the "good guys" in the story. There are several protagonists in Noli Me Tangere, but the novel revolves around Crisostomo Ibarra, an Ilustrado who studied abroad and went back home to live his life in the 04 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 2  GE1804 country. As the novel progresses, he was slowly learning of the twisted and horrible tragedies that befell his loved ones. o An antagonist is a character that provides conflict to the story. This is usually attributed to the villains of the story. In Noli Me Tangere, there are various antagonists with varying degrees of villainy. The ones that stand out, however, are the corrupt friars -- mainly the Dominicans and the Franciscans -- and the members of the Blancos, which are the top three (3) members of the Spanish casta system. o A story's literary style, or genre, is the element that drives a story. It can be based on reality or in a completely made-up world. Noli Me Tangere, as a novel, is considered both as a fiction and satire. Fiction is a genre that describes a story that isn't found or based on reality. Fictional stories are the ones that can be a completely made-up world, scenarios, and people, or it can be based on real ones with made-up elements mixed in between. Most TV dramas are fictional in nature. Noli Me Tangere is a fictional novel because it takes some real-life places in the country, but Rizal added a few fictional places and people to represent the small barrios and slice-of-life activities. A satire is a genre that uses exaggeration, humor, irony, or ridicule to expose human stupidity or vices. This is an excellent genre to use if the story revolves around politics or major issues. Noli Me Tangere satirizes the Roman Catholic church, the Colonial government, and the Peninsulares. The Reasons Why Noli was Written Disprove accusations made by Spaniards to Filipinos Express the true social conditions of the country Express the plight of the Filipinos Expose the wrongdoings of the friars The Effects Established the Filipino national identity and consciousness Indirectly influenced the Philippine Revolution Openly expressed the wrongdoings of friars The Controversies Rizal was accused as a German spy The novel was “heretical”, “impious”, and “scandalous” The Calamba Land Dispute The Trials of the Rizal Law 04 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 2 of 2