Anatomical Language, Orientation Terms & Organization of the Body PDF

Anatomical Language, Orientation terms & Organization of the Body Human Biology I 1st year MD AUCoM Dr. Anastasiya Spaska 2023 Learning Outcomes (by the end of this lecture students will be able to): 1. Understand use of anatomical language and standard t...

Anatomical Language, Orientation terms & Organization of the Body Human Biology I 1st year MD AUCoM Dr. Anastasiya Spaska 2023 Learning Outcomes (by the end of this lecture students will be able to): 1. Understand use of anatomical language and standard terminology. 2. List levels of organization of living things. 3. List systems of organs in the human body and organs which belong to each. 4. Describe standard anatomical position, name and locate regions of the body and divisions of the back. 5. Imagine body planes and sections of the body. Apply directional terms to describe position of the body parts. 6. Locate internal organs in 4 abdominal quadrants. Name 9 abdominal regions. 7. Describe body cavities and locate organs which can be found in each.  Anatomical Language Largely Greek or Latin origin E.g Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi slip > runs - next to the nose - - *In human anatomy, there are 7000+ terms that need to be learned. 3. Levels of Organization of the Human body Cells are the smallest units of living things Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common structure, function and origin Organ is a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function for the body Systems are group of organs that work together to accomplish a common function Oganism level represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to promote life. *What is life? *Which functions have living things?  Homework # Body systems Organs 1 Integumentary skin , hair , fingernails 2 Skeletal bones , cartilage , joints 3 Muscular Skeletal muscles 4 Nervous brain , spinal cord , nerves tonsils testes 5 Endocrine , ovaries , pituitary , , Pineal , pancreas Iglands ( 6 Cardiovascular heart , blood vessels vessels, 7 Lymphatic lymph nodes , lymphatic spleen trachea 8 Respiratory lungs , larynx , pharynx , 9 Digestive stomach , small and large intestines Pancreas 10 Urinary bladder , ureter , kidneys urethra test uterus 11 Reproductive ovary , is ,  Anatomical Position & Regions of the Body Locate the regions: the trunk - of the body Axial Regions: I 2 3 7 Appendicular Regions: 4 ↳ parts S hanging out from the body Thorax: Gk. Breastplate, chest Abdomen: L. belly Pelvis: L. basin 5  Regions of the body Regional Terms: Anatomical Terms: Head Cephalic(cranial & facial) Neck Cervical Armpit Axillary Buttock Gluteal Chest Thoracic Knee (anterior) Patellar Breast Mammary Wrist Carpal Regions of the body  Divisions of the Back Cervical Vertebrae (C1–C7) Thoracic Vertebrae (T1–T12) Lumbar Vertebrae (L1–L5) Sacrum Coccyx 11  Body Planes Frontal or Coronal (through heart) front and back portions Sagittal (through umbilicus) right and left portions (medial & lateral) Midsagittal – equalright & left Transverse(Axial) (through umbilicus) Cuts across body Superior (Cranial,Cephalic) Inferior (Caudal) Oblique plane (any other direction)  Directions Cranial: Gk-upper part of head Caudal: L-tail Dorsum: L-back Ventral: L-belly Ventral vs. Dorsal Anterior vs. Posterior Superior vs. Inferior Cranial vs. Caudal Superficial vs. Deep Medial vs. Lateral Distal vs. Proximal 12 Supine vs. Prone Plantar vs. Dorsum  Abdominal Quadrants Median plane: from xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis, splits the abdomen vertically in half Transumbilical plane: horizontal line that runs at the level of the umbilicus 8 *McBurney’spoint? point that lies one-third of the distance laterally on a line drawn from the umbilicus to the right anterior superior iliac spine. It corresponds to the location of the base of the appendix ORGAN LOCATION  Abdominal Regions 1.right hypochondrium 2.epigastrium 3. left hypochondrium Identified from right to left 4.right lumbar 5. umbilical 6. left lumbar Move from top to bottom 7.right inguinal 8.hypogastrium 9. left inguinal One row at atime subcostal plane: below the ribs. intertubercular plane: inferior transverse plane running inferior to the navel parasagittal planes that run down the middle of the clavicle bones Abdominal Regions  Abdominal Regions Right Hypochondriac : liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of small and large intestine Epigastric : portions of the liver, stomach, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, and adrenals Left Hypochondriac : spleen, large/small intestines, left kidney, pancreas, stomach, tip of the liver Right Lumbar : portions of the ascending colon, small intestine, right kidney Umbilical : duodenum, small intestine, transverse colon Left Lumbar : parts of the descending colon, small intestine, and left kidney Right Iliac : appendix, cecum, ascending colon, small intestine Hypogastric : gall bladder, portions of the sigmoid colon, small intestine, reproductive organs Left Iliac : parts of the sigmoid colon, descending colon, small intestine  Why is it important to identify quadrants and abdominal regions? Example of differential diagnostics to abdominal pain: *not for memorizing  Body Cavities Dorsal Cavity: 1. Cranial (meninges) Contain brain 2. Spinal (meninges) Contain spinal cord Ventral cavity: 1. Thoracic Diaphragm muscle 2. Abdominopelvic *Primary retroperitonealorgans: kidneys, ureters  Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal cavity (peritoneum) Contains digestive organs + kidneys Pelvic cavity Contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, rectum Thoracic cavity: Pleural cavity Contain lungs Mediastinum - Space between the pleural sacs, contains heart (pericardium), oesophagus, trachea, thymus  Takeaway questions If you were dissecting a cadaver and wanted to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, which type of section would you make? transverse The brain is_______ superior to the spinal cord What do you think might happen if fluid were to build up excessively in pleural cavity? Which body cavity does the needle enter in a lumbar puncture? abdominal cavity