Summary

This document details anatomical terms, positions, planes, and directions. It explains how to study anatomy, including different methods such as gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and surface anatomy. The document examines the human body organization and its components

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General Anatomy Anatomical Terms Objectives Define anatomy and its methods of study. Describe the human body organization the anatomical position Explain different anatomical terms ; positions, planes, direction and movements Anatomy Definition: It is the...

General Anatomy Anatomical Terms Objectives Define anatomy and its methods of study. Describe the human body organization the anatomical position Explain different anatomical terms ; positions, planes, direction and movements Anatomy Definition: It is the science dealing with the study of the structure, arrangement and geography of the human body. How to study anatomy (Methods to study anatomy):  Gross Anatomy (macroscopic): It is the study of anatomy on cadavers, by the naked eye. Microscopic anatomy: Study of anatomy using microscope Surface anatomy: The study of position and outlines of a structure within the body in relation to the external surface of the body. Living anatomy: Study of anatomy on livings using hand (palpation), eye (inspection), stethoscope (auscultation) and endoscopes. Radiological anatomy: using X ray; Plain or contrast and new methods like; CT & MRI. Clinical (Applied) anatomy: The study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body as it relates to the practice of medicine and other health sciences. Surgical Anatomy: The anatomy of surgical exposures and incisions. Human body organization Terms Related to Position Anatomical position: It is the standard position of the human body which is used for the description of anatomy; In which: 1.The body is standing erect, 2. The eyes looking forwards, 3.The upper limbs are straight by the sides of the trunk with the palms facing forward 4. The feet are close together.  Supine position: The body lies down on the back, with the face looking upwards.  Prone position: The body lies down on the front with the face looking downwards. Terms Related to Planes  Median plane (Median sagittal plane): It is a vertical antero-posterior plane, passing through the center of the body, which divides the body into two equal right and left halves.  Paramedian sagittal plane: It is any vertical plane parallel to the median plane, that divides the body into unequal right and left portions.  Coronal plane (Frontal): It is side to side vertical plane, which divides the body into anterior and posterior parts; it lies at right angles to the median plane.  Transverse plane (Horizontal): It is the plane of cross-sectioning of the body; it lies at right angles to the median and coronal planes, dividing the body into upper & lower parts. Terms Related to Directions Anterior (Ventral): x Posterior (Dorsal) Superior (cranial): x Inferior (caudal) Medial: x Lateral Proximal: x Distal Superficial x Deep  Right: x Left: Terms Related to Movement Flexion: x Extension: Abduction: x Adduction: Rotation: medial and lateral rotation Circumduction Pronation: x Supination  Inversion: x Eversion Protraction: x Retraction Flexion: (bending) of a joint or limb. Extension: It is straightening of part or limb Adduction: It is the movement of the limb towards the median plane. Abduction: The movement away from the median plane. Rotation: It is the turning movement of the body or part around its long axis; rotation can be medial or inward and lateral or outward rotation. Circumduction: It is the movement of the limb or part of it, in a circular direction; it occurs by the succession of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction movements. Pronation: It is the rotation of the forearm to direct the palm of the hand backwards. Supination: It is the rotation of the forearm to direct the palm forwards. Inversion: It is the turning inwards of the foot with elevation of its inner margin; to direct the sole medially. Eversion: It is turning outwards of the foot with elevation of its outer (external) margin, to direct the sole laterally. References 1. Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Region, 10th Ed. , Lawrence E. Wineski. Philadelphia – Baltimore – New York – London – Buenos Aires – Hong Kong – Sydney – Tokyo. 2. Text Book of Anatomy, Second edition by Vishram Singh. 3. Color Atlas of Anatomy, photographic study of human body, seventh edition. Wolters Kluwer – Lippincott – Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia – Baltimore – New York – London – Buenos Aires – Hong Kong – Sydney – Tokyo.

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