Introduction to Anatomy PDF

ANATOMY  Definition of anatomy Anatomy: is the science that studies the structures of the body & the relationship of its constituent parts to each other. 💡 most anatomical terms are derived from Latin and Greek. 💡 anatomy is a Greek word =to cut up, or dissect ...

ANATOMY  Definition of anatomy Anatomy: is the science that studies the structures of the body & the relationship of its constituent parts to each other. 💡 most anatomical terms are derived from Latin and Greek. 💡 anatomy is a Greek word =to cut up, or dissect  Levels of anatomy 1⃣ Gross Anatomy 🔴 is the study of body structures visible to the naked eye. 🔴 This can be done in two ways: 📌 Systemic Pattern: where an entire system (like the gastrointestinal system) is studied at different regions. 📌 Regional pattern: where the body is studied in regions; each region containing parts of different systems. 2⃣ Surface Anatomy 🔴 is the study of the external body features & relates them to internal structures.  3⃣ Anatomical Imaging 🔴 involves the use of different imaging techniques (e.g. X-ray) to reveal inner structures without dissection. 4⃣ Microscopical Anatomy 🔴 involves the study of tissues (Histology) & cells (Cytology) with the aid of a microscope. 5⃣ developmental Anatomy 🔴 the branch of anatomy that studies structural changes of an individual from fertilization to maturity. 6⃣ The comparative Anatomy 🔴 the comparative study of the body structures of different species of animals in order to understand the adaptive changes they have undergone in the course of evolution from common ancestors 7⃣ Clinical anatomy 🔴 emphasizes application of anatomical knowledge to the practice of medicine. 8⃣ Endoscopic anatomy 🔴 the study of the internal structures of the body as seen through an endoscope, a medical device with a camera and light. 🔴 This allows doctors to view and examine areas inside the body, like the digestive tract and airways. 💢 all of the following study techniques are 💢 applied anatomy (clinical part of anatomical imaging except : anatomy) means: A)x-ray A)studying structural changes of individual from B)Ct-scan fertilisation to maturity. C)MRI B)application of anatomical knowledge to the D)microscopic practice of medicine. E)Ultrasound C)studying anatomy using microscope. D)studying anatomy using imaging techniques 🔥 The study of anatomy in a regional pattern is the most useful way for medical students. The body is divided into the following regions: ▪ Upper limb anatomy ▪ Lower limb anatomy ▪ Thorax anatomy ▪ Head and Neck anatomy ▪ Abdomen and Pelvis anatomy  The anatomical position 🔴 The anatomical position: This position is the standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of structures. 🔴 All descriptions of human body are based on this position. 1⃣ Standing upright 2⃣ Feet together 3⃣ Hands by the side 4⃣ Face Looking forward 5⃣ Mouth is closed 6⃣ Facial expression is neutral 7⃣ Palms face forward with the fingers straight 8⃣ Toes point forward 💢 which one of the following is false regarding anatomical position: A)standing upright B)toes pointing forward C)hands hanging at the side D)palm facing medially E)feet together  Anatomical planes 🔴 anatomical plane:- is a hypothetical (imaginary) plane used to transect the body, in order to describe the location of structures. 1. coronal(frontal) plane: Oriented vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts. 2. sagittal plane: Oriented vertically and divides the body into right and left parts. 📌 median (med-sagittal, median sagittal) plane: Oriented vertically passing longitudinally through the body, divides the body into equal right and left halves apparently. 📌 parasagittal(para-median) plane : Are planes running parallel to the median plane (to the right & to the left). 3.transverse, horizontal, or axial planes: Divide the body into superior and inferior parts 💢 axial plane divides the body into : Note A)superior & inferior Radiologists refer to B)medial & lateral transverse planes as C)right & left axial plane. D)equal right & left the thigh can be separated from the trunk using this plane: A)sagittal plane B)coronal plane C)horizontal plane D)oblique plane E)non of the above  Anatomical sections 1. Longitudinal section: Run length wise or parallel to the axis of the body or of any of its parts. 2. Transverse section (cross section) are slices of the body or its parts that are cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body or of any of its parts. 3. Oblique section: Are slices of the body or any of its parts that are not cut along the previously listed anatomical planes.  Terms of relationship These are terms used to describe the location of structures relative to the body as a whole or to other structures 1- Anterior & posterior: describe the position of structures relative to the ‘front’ and the ‘back’ of the body. 🔥 Anterior; nearer to the front 🔥 Posterior; nearer to the back Rostral is often used 💡 In the trunk (ventral-dorsal) instead of anterior 💡 In the palm (palmar-dorsal) when describing parts of the brain. 🥳 the trunk includes: 📌 Anteriorly:- 1⃣ Thorax 2⃣ Abdomen 3⃣ Pelvis 📌 Posteriorly:- 1⃣ Back 2- Superior and inferior : Describe structures in reference to the vertical axis of the body. 🔥 Superior; nearer to the head. 🔥 Inferior ; nearer to the sole. 💡 Superior (sup.) can be replaced by cephalic or cranial. 💡 Inferior (inf.) can be replaced by caudal. 3- Medial and lateral: describe the position of structures relative to the median plane. 🔥 Medial; nearer to the median plane. ▪ in the forearm it's replaced by ulnar ▪ in the leg it's replaced by tibial. 🔥 Lateral; away from the median plane. ▪ in the forearm it's replaced by radial ▪ in the leg it's replaced by fibular.  4- Proximal & distal: used with reference to the origin (root) or attachment of a structure, particularly in the limbs. 🔥 Proximal; nearer to origin. 🔥 Distal; away from origin. 💡 example: the arm is proximal to the hand. the hand is distal to the arm.  5- Superficial & deep: Used to describe the relative positions of structures with respect to the surface of the body (skin). 🔥 Superficial; nearer to surface 🔥 Deep; away from surface. 6- External & internal: Used to describe the position in relation to the center of an organ. Just like a compass, the above terms can be combined, e.g. anteromedial, posteroinferior ….. etc. 💡 Example: the ears are posterolateral to the nose. Fill in the blanks: 💢 The arm is ……………. To the chest 💢 If the ear is posterolateral to the nose, then the nose is……………… to the ear. 💢 In the anatomical position the palms are directed………………. Turning the forearm so that the palm is facing backwards is called……………………. 💢 The angular movement that moves the thigh away from the midline is called…………………….. 💢 Turning the head to the side is………………………………. Of the neck  Body Positions 📌 Prone position: When the body is lying on the face. 📌 Supine position: When the body is lying on the back. 📌 Lateral decubitus position: The body is lying on one side. Terms of laterality 1- Bilateral: Paired structures present on both sides (kidneys) 2- Unilateral: Unpaired structure present on one side (spleen) 3- Ipsilateral: Relating things to the same side of the body 4- Contralateral: Relating things to different side of the body Unilateral Bilateral Ipsilateral Contralateral  💢 if the ear is posterolateral to the nose, 💢 the trunk includes all except: then the nose relation to the ear is : A)anterolateral A)chest B)posteromedial B)abdomen C)inferomedial C)pelvis D)anteromedial D)back E)medial E)arm term “anterior” can be replaced by which 💢 the true relation of the forearm to anatomical term when studying the anatomy of the brain: the arm is : A)caudal A)proximal B)rostral B)distal C)cephalic C)anterior D)cranial E)superior D)posterior E)non of the above 💢 in the forearm, which anatomical term can be used instead of “medial” 💢 supine position means: A)ulnar A)the body is lying on the B)radial back C)tibial B)the body is lying on one side D)fibular C)the body is lying on the face E)palmer D)non of the above Exam:1 Introduction 💢 which of the following statements 💢 which of the following statements describe contralateral: describe kidneys: A)unilateral A)relating things to different side of the B)bilateral body C)ipsilateral B)relating things to the same side of the D)contralateral body C)paired structures present on both sides D)unpaired structures present on one side E)non of the above  Terms of movement 1- Flexion and extension Flexion: Indicates a decrease in the angle between the bones or parts of the body. Extension: Indicates an increase or straightening the angle between the bones or parts of the body. 🔥 In the trunk and neck lateral flexion refers to bending the neck or trunk to the right or left. 🔘 Flexion involves movement in an anterior direction. 🔘 Extension usually occurs in a posterior direction. 🔥 The knee joint is exceptional in that flexion of the knee involves posterior movement and extension involves anterior movement.  2- Adduction and abduction Adduction: Means moving toward the median plane. Abduction: Means moving away from the median plane. Abduction Adduction 🔥 In the hand : 📌 adducting the fingers is to bring them together to the line of the middle finger. 📌 abducting the fingers is spreading them apart from the middle finger. 🔥 In the foot the line of adduction and abduction of the toes is the second toe. Abduction Adduction  3- Medial and lateral rotation Medial rotation: (Internal rotation) brings the anterior surface closer to the median plane. Lateral rotation:(External rotation) takes the anterior surface away from the median plane. 4- pronation and supination Pronation: Your palm or forearm faces down Supination: Your palm or forearm faces up 5- eversion and inversion Eversion: Moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane , turning the sole laterally Inversion: Moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane , (facing the sole medially) 6- Circumduction Is a conical rotatory movement creating an arc around a longitudinal axis and represents the combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction. 7-elevation and depression Elevation: raises or moves a part superiorly, as in elevating the shoulders. Depression: lowers or moves a part inferiorly, as in depressing the shoulders. 8-dorsiflexion and planterflexion Dorsiflexion: describes flexion at the ankle joint. Plantarflexion: bends the foot and toes toward the ground. 9-opposition and reposition Opposition: is the thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger. Reposition: Is the thumb movement from opposition back to its anatomical position. 10-protraction and retraction protraction(protrusion): is a movement anteriorly (forward) as in protruding the mandible (chin) or tongue. retraction (retrusion) : is a movement posteriorly (backward), as in retruding the mandible or tongue.  adduction & abduction of the shoulder turning the forearm so that the palm is occur in which anatomical plane: facing backwards is called: A)sagittal plane A)pronation B)coronal plane B)supination C)oblique plane C)adduction D)horizontal plane D)lateral rotation E)axial plane E)non of the above the angular movement that moves the lateral flexion of the head occurs in which thigh away from the midline is called: anatomical plane: A)flexion A)coronal plane B)extension B)sagittal plane C)eversion C)horizontal plane D)adduction D)median plane E)abduction E)oblique plane circumduction is : returning the elevated “shrugged” shoulder to its anatomical position is called: A)extension, flexion, abduction, medial rotation A)depression of the shoulder B)flexion, extension, abduction, lateral rotation B)protraction of the shoulder C)flexion, abduction, extension, adduction C)retraction of the shoulder D)medial rotation D)elevation of the shoulder E)abduction, extension, adduction, lateral rotation E)medial rotation of the shoulder