Body Language: Gustorics and Silence PDF

Body Language Week 4.5, Gustorics and Silence Prof. Rashmi Gaur Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Roorkee 1  Gustorics Studies how tast...

Body Language Week 4.5, Gustorics and Silence Prof. Rashmi Gaur Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Roorkee 1  Gustorics Studies how taste is used to communicate Food is more than simply a tool for survival. Important in inter- cultural communication and Diaspora Criticism (Image: Roland Barthes has commented that food is a situation, closely https://www.slideshare.net/j anettie/langampconnectivity) associated with culture Nevana Stajcic, “Understanding Culture: Food as a Means of Communication”, has quoted Claude Lévi-Strauss and Mary Douglas who suggest that we can view food as adhering to the same practices as language This commonality is underscored because food is a code that can express patterns about social relationships. (Barthes, “Toward a Psychosociology of Contemporary Food Consumption” in Carole Counihan & Penny Van Esterik, Food and Culture, New York: Routledge, 2008, pp. 2224) 2  Nevana Stajcic comments: – What we consume, how we acquire it, who prepares it, who is at the table, and who eats first is a form of communication that is rich with meaning. Beyond merely nourishing the body, what we eat and with whom we eat can inspire and strengthen the bonds between individuals, communities, and even countries Food certainly serves as means for communication: – Status, attitude, levels of formality, tradition, ambience, welcome, close bonding, care – Can communicate pleasure, displeasure or warning What exactly does food communicate. How do we understand this communication Food is multidimensional: shapes us, our identity, society, nation. What we eat and how we prepare it is an essential part of who we are as a people Also, how it is presented in words and images: – Coffee is associated more with the idea of taking a break As significant as dress, color codes etc. Helps us achieve collective self-esteem and group solidarity (Source: Nevana Stajcic, PL ISSN 0239-8818 HEMISPHERES No. 28°, 2013) 3  Class: – Tomato, basil and mozzarella cheese on a pizza Napolitana signify a taste in Italy, while frozen pizza in a supermarket signifies a fast and cheap home meal (Hall et al.) Societal and cultural Preferences: – Seaweed may be a great source of protein, but most Americans do not have the taste for it the way Japanese do – Some people may be surprised to know that Americans eat corn-on-the- (Image: https://www.amazon.com/Among- Cultures-Communication-Bradford- cob, which in China is purely a food for swines Hall-ebook/dp/B075JML44W) – Common in American food to have sugar. In France sugar does not have similar role Food is an intriguing and discerning lens of communicative analysis (Hall, Bradford J. et al. Among Cultures: The Challenge of Communication. Routledge, 2017.) 4  The universal need for food ties individuals and groups together. Its preferences and regimes change over/through time, imparting historical, geographic and migratory clues, as well as national identities Unshakably linked to both ritual and culture – Ritual is the voluntary performance of appropriately patterned behavior to symbolically effect or participate in the serious life – Rituals involving food are the axes of every important event in our lives, birthdays, weddings, holidays and funerals. Within ritual contexts, food often stands in for expressions of life, love, happiness or grief. Media portrayal: the movie Namesake Food as culture is related to tradition and nostalgia, with the rhetorical repertoire of aesthetics, identity, uniqueness If food as a commodity is related to industry and consumption, it is also important in gendering of space in different cultural milieus: domestic kitchens 5  Multi-faceted dimensions involving the anthropological, sociological and psychological aspects They all clearly emerge in food communication and representation, both in written and iconic texts, also on TV, in movies, popular literature and mass media From the perspective of communication studies, food has and continues to be an important symbol in our creation of meaning Professional settings: food functions symbolically as a communicative practice by which we create, manage and share meanings with others Gastronomic tradition is dependent upon culture, and it is an unavoidable and promising tool for learning about cultural differences 6  Because food is strongly related to territory and national identity, talking, writing and representing food inevitably raises important cultural issues in international contexts. It tells us something about a culture’s approach to life Understanding culture, habits, rituals and tradition can be explored through food and the way others perceive it Food communication has an everydayness Increasingly becoming a part of literary criticism and communication studies in the context of NVCs Global village and inter-racial work places 7  Silence Silence is also being studied as part of NVCs. Vocal absence of words, subtle yet resonant. Conventional form of wisdom Multiple connotations in professional interactions: – Guilty, ignorance, nuanced opposition, complex hesitation or simple (Image: http://www.lmschairman.org/2012/07/po lack of interest pe-benedict-silence-is-means-of.html) – Awkward, embarrassing and negative: speaker deliberately holding speech back – Positive silence indicates confidence, respect, focus and maturity Cultural differences Edward T. Hall: U.S. and British societies are word-cultures while many other societies rely more on open non-verbal cues and signs – including silence. Contextual meaning is important 8  Silence is also considered as a non-violent communication, unlike some gestures, postures and hand movements which are used to exhibit aggression Positive interpretations: – Interpreted as a sign of respect or a desire to leave an option to the other. Attempt to focus before replying, can help us in planning the answer. Strategy for audience control, signaling emphasis. Marking particular discourse types and conversational styles. Conventionally respected in Eastern cultures Negative interpretations: – Concealment of truth, fib. Interpreted as a sign of impoliteness, hostility, dumbness, failure to provide an expected response. Western bias in favor or speech rather than silence Longer silences during communication are an effective tool and in different situations can be used to get the other person to share additional information, particularly in superior-subordinate interactions. Convey thoughtfulness or even hesitation 9  Constraints and Boundaries Body Language is culture specific Race Gender We may tend to rely upon categories and classes in stead of responding to individual during the processes of our interaction. It results in: Reference Group Beliefs Cognitive Dissonance Professional work places should avoid stereotyping in terms of connotations of body language 10  Controlling our body language Positive body language enhances communication by indicating interest, openness, enthusiasm and a willingness to listen Negative body language may not only impair professional image, but also leave an impact on our mood, stress levels and self-esteem Learning to exhibit a controlled and positive body language is valuable Control does not suggest being deceptive Several aspects of body language are like old habits which can be unlearnt Though, our body language is mainly unconscious, we can identify some negative habits and can learn to replace them 11  Foucault, non-economist analysis of power, Panopticism In his second lecture at the College de France in 1976 Foucault questions how power is exercised -- In order to understand the mechanisms of power Foucault states that we have a triangle of power, right and knowledge – Mentioned two rules. The first relates to the rules of right that formally delimit power and the second relates to the effects of truth or knowledge produced and transmitted by power, and which in turn reproduce this power Discipline and training can reconstruct it to produce new gestures, actions, habits and skills, and ultimately new kinds of people Idea reinforced by recent scientific researches 12  Steps: Awareness: to consciously review our own mannerisms, postures, gestures, gait, facial expressions, tonality etc. and identify areas that require change Preparation of videos and photographs Study others: may emulate gestures of people who have positive body language Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) – Research in the 1970s by Richard Bandler and John Grinder. Modeling behavioral patterns to obtain excellence – NLP delves into the relationship between the mind(neuro) and language (linguistics) offering how this interaction impacts our behavior (programming) – Contributes to a person’s perception and ability to read others and in molding communication skills, verbal as well as nonverbal Effective tool 13  Steps : Mirroring: studying the posture, tone of voice etc. and micro expressions transmitted by the person to whom you're talking, and then subtly mimicking them Start by changing smaller aspects: position of legs, a specific hand gesture, slouching, remembering to have smiles and better eye contact Practice and imagine situations where a specific kinesic aspect can be used Relax and have a better control over your emotions in public Avoid empty sounds and pauses: Filling our answers with verbal pauses such as um, uh, like, and basically communicates that we are not prepared Also avoid annoying distractions such as clearing our throats repeatedly or sighing deeply 14  Controlling body language: How politicians make gestures when react to https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jMhrz_7XZE events Analyzing Putin’s body language (Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jMhrz_7XZE) 15  Body language is interpreted in clusters: Whether it is Inclusive/Non-inclusive, Face-to-face/Parallel or congruent/incongruent – Words, Sentences, Paragraphs – Dimension of time: avoiding hasty conclusions – Awareness about cContexts and cultural frameworks Though NVCs can be studied individually in terms of separate encoding and decoding processes, the dynamic nature of nonverbal communication is best studied during interactions 3. 4. 1. 2. (Image: http://www.livingwithfaith.org/blog/spiritual-posture-the-right-way-to-walk-stand-and-sit https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/photo/group-of-people-talking-at-cocktail-party-high-res-stock-photography/200473421-003 https://westsidetoastmasters.com/resources/book_of_body_language/chap12.html Pease p. 260) 16  This NPTEL Online Certification Course on Body Language has attempted to delineate the nuanced details of body Language that indeed is an omnipresent phenomenon of everyday as well as professional life Over the weeks, different modules explain what does body language communicate What types of messages do we send, share with others nonverbally and under what circumstances their impact matters Explained and evaluated the significance of body language vis-a-vis sense of space, touch, time, smell, and facial expressions and appearance; moreover also focuses on the emerging area of exploration, namely, gustorics, silence and digital body language Refer to context specified in the beginning Limitations 17  References Barthes, “Toward a Psychosociology of Contemporary Food Consumption.” Food and Culture, edited by Carole Counihan & Penny Van Esterik, New York: Routledge, 2008. Calero, Henry H. The Power of Nonverbal Communication: How you Act is More Important that What You Say. Silver Lake Publishing, 2005. Giddens, Anthony, and Philip, W. Sutton. “Gender and Sexuality.” Sociology: Seventh Edition. Polity, 2015, pp. 621-670) Guffey, Mary Ellen & Dana Loewy. Essentials of Business Communication. Cengage Learning, 2012. Hall, Bradford J. et al. Among Cultures: The Challenge of Communication. Routledge, 2017. Lewis, Hedwig. Body Language: A Guide for Professionals. SAGE Publications India, 2012. Non-Verbal Communication, ifa.amu.edu.pl/~krynicki/my_pres/my_pres_17.htm. Stajcic, Nevana. Understanding Culture: Food as a Means of Communication. HEMISPHERES, 2013. 19  Body Language Week 4.4, Digital Body Language Prof. Rashmi Gaur Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Roorkee 1  Changing Contours Interventions of technique and media are changing contours of conventional understanding of Body Language Spurred a featuring of regular columns in its earlier phase: influencing professional settings and media Conventional personalization has become inadequate in the current AI based use of networking platforms In the realm of computer-mediated-communication (CMC), digital body language (DBL) has become indispensable for developing insight into user sentiment at mass scale, and benchmarking it DBL improves the digital experience: renewed interest in studying it in the light of new technological immediacy NLP: Positive and Negative Body behaviors 2  Emotions and mind sets revealed through body language pass on valuable indication in terms of feedback and is the basis of many professional sectors: involuntary eye contact, hand gestures, voice etc. suggest interest, curiosity etc. The digitalized age has not killed these aids to the transference of meaning – it has only digitalized it by providing different sets of cues for affective and intelligible communication DBL initially tracks how a person behaves while browsing the pages and helps us to know whether the website users are bored or engaged or frustrated Joseph B. Walther, most of the theories on CMC reduce NVCs to a “black box”, assuming that all non-verbal cues lead to a variety of functions which are isomorphic: Suggesting that “nonverbal cues are tied directly and exclusively to communicative social functions, such that the absence of such cues precludes functional effects from occurring” (“ Nonverbal Dynamics in Computer-Mediated Communication, or ☺ And the Net ’s with You, ☺ and You ☺ Alone”) 3  The early CMC theories stressed the negative facets of communication without nonverbal cues, assuming one-to –one correspondence in NVCs and its associated social functions Social presence theory: Short, Williams and Christie, 1976 Started with shifts from FtoF to video/audio conferencing, many cues start becoming absent: proxemics, haptics and even kinesics. These cues help us in registering a social presence that is associated with levels of warmth, friendliness or its absence Lack of Social Contact hypothesis : Kiesler, Siegel, McGuire etc in 1980s NVCs in FtoF communication establish a social context of interaction which helps participants to infer and perform normative behavior Without it, participants are de-individualized and may behave in self-obsessed and aberrant ways Media richness theory: Daft & Lengel, 1984, 1986 Multiple cues make messages/information richer and unequivocal; and facilitate its comprehension 4  The austere black box theories changed into adaptive models of hyperpersonal CMC and Social Information Processing (SIP) theories (Walther). According to these theories, users exploit or work through the relative lack of nonverbal cues The cue that remains dominant in CMC: Chronemics Reintroducing Cues: Emoticons, Avatars and Video, Anthropomorphic Icons Body Language conventionally believed that one sends external messages through body behavior. Sensory perceptions strengthen communication Scientists now have found support for the idea that our body language also sends messages internally. It can be used not only to influence others, but also to influence and reshape our own attitudes. Links between body and the brain NLP, Neuro-Linguistic Programming, focuses on how mind and body influence each other (Source: http://www.bodylanguageexpert.co.uk/change bodylanguagechangeattitude.html) 5  Hesse, Werner and Altman (1988) pointed out that temporal dynamics play an important role in CMC Chronemics of e-mail are significant nonverbal cues as all users check the time stamps The time it takes the receiver to form and post reply to an e-mail enables the receiver to form opinions. Researchers suggest that it is more often rather negative: – Biased attributions for delay in responses – Assuming personal failures instead of situational. Can erode initial trust Textual Paralanguage: Emoticons : originated in Japan in 1990s, now have a pervasive presence. Convey emotions/tone of voice in on-line communication – For example, asterisks around words and phrases to convey a physical touch or movement, *high five*, *wink*. use of complex punctuation combination to convey gestures such as a shrug (¯\_( )_/¯) – writing in all CAPS is equivalent to shouting 6  Digital Body Language “Digital body language” is the catch phrase coined in 2009 by Stevens Woods, co-founder and Chief Technology Officer at Eloqua, to describe trackable patterns in online behavior of customers (Zook & Smith p. 323) Steven Woods (2009): Digital body language is an art and science that revolves around detecting and (Image: https://www.amazon.com/Digital-Body- understanding prospective buyer’s signals and intentions Language-Steven- Woods/dp/0979988551) to better communicate with them The transition that began a decade ago with the arrival of the internet and its many new sources of information, requires a significant rethinking on the part of marketers, sales professionals, and the organizations they serve 7  Digital body language refers to every interaction and gesture a user makes on a website or app – Ranging from how fast and at which angles they move their mouse, where they click, hover, and scroll; to device rotations, the rate at which they tap, where they pinch, and more Concerns started with sales! Increasing on-line sales and feedback systems – Companies and salespeople started to realize the significance of (Image: “capturing, understanding and processing the subtle signals” that https://www.d2demand.com/webinar- digital-body-posture) are part of the online marketing process what is called digital body language – Tracking prospects’ social media posts, downloads, search history, official and personal blogs– create a digital profile The digital profile provides an increasing ability to objectively and more fully understand the prospective buyer, his purchasing inclinations, intentions, concerns, objections etc. 8  Through analysis of this information, one can detect a person’s interest, intentions, and concerns about a product/issue Result in more meaningful questions/campaigns 2007-survey conducted by Knowledge Storm and Marketing Sherpa, acknowledged the changing sales world. It found that: – 93% of the customers felt online information was just as valuable as (Image: https://lightbulbmoment.info/2018/04/04/ any other means, such as publications what-is-digital-body-language/) – 84% of the customers use one of the major search engines to begin their exploration for information – Nearly 75% of the buyers gather the majority of their purchasing information online – Also, four fifths of the customers use the web at least once a week to search for new information (Source: "Digital Body Language" ) 9  Apprehensions about digital body language for learning and development Technology-enabled communications and earning transactions bring about some changes also Professions and services are shifting to digital modalities: convenient, quick, cost-effective Classroom situations: traditionally eye contact and (Image: https://lightbulbmoment.info/2018/04/04/wh proxemics have been important tools of feedback for at-is-digital-body-language/) instructors Digitization may result in lesser real-time engagements, affecting opportunity to read and adapt to the body language in a classroom Lack of comfort/competence in its use 10  Digital Body Language (Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrctUCPLgOY) 11  Computer Reads Body Language Real-time detector understands hand gestures, tracks multiple people ‘Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute have enabled a computer to understand body poses and movements of multiple people from video in real time - including, for the first time, the pose of each individual's hands and fingers’ (Spice 2017) – This new method was developed with the help of the Panoptic Studio — a two-story dome embedded with 500 video cameras — and ‘the insights gained from experiments in that facility now make it possible to detect the pose of a group of people using a single camera and a laptop’ The Panopticon, an architectural design put forth by Jeremy Bentham in the mid- 19th Century for prisons, insane asylums, schools, hospitals, and factories – Progressive modern democratic state needed a System to regulate its citizens, which was different from medieval tortures and dungeons 12  The Panopticon offered a powerful and sophisticated internalized coercion, which was achieved through the constant observation of prisoners – Constant observation acted as a control mechanism; a consciousness of constant surveillance is internalized – Also cited by Foucault as one of the techniques and regulatory modes of power/knowledge to explore the relationship between systems of social control and people in a disciplinary situation (Image; – the power-knowledge concept https://www.brown.edu/Departments/J oukowsky_Institute/courses/13things/7 Interesting that for the smart mass scale reading of body 121.html) language, the same metaphor/design is being used These methods for tracking 2-D human form/motion open up new ways for people and machines to interact – Detecting the nuances of nonverbal communication between individuals will allow robots to serve in social spaces 13  On-line Foot Prints It has become a favorite tool of recruiters. Connectivity of different on-line sites creates an inescapable digital personality. Positive Body Language on Social Media Use of hashtags on twitter etc. Quick or delayed response to messages Time of day when social media is being used (Image: http://11044257asg1.blogspot.com/2017 Links and people one follows. Types of messages shared /02/q22-digital-footprints-can-be- construed.html How often one links different media platforms about oneself – For e.g., retweeting old tweets, connecting fb posts with linkedin Respect for others –through likes and shares 14  During an Interview on Skype During the interview, it is important to think about your social interaction and body language Short time frame of a Skype interview Try to develop a good relationship with the interviewer/s as quickly as possible Use of positive body language: smiling, sitting up straight (Image: https://www.hyattfennell.com/single- and making eye contact, enthusiastic voice post/2016/03/22/Presenting-a-Clear- Picture-in-Your-Skype-Interview) Having an enthusiastic response to a question will keep the interviewer interested in what you have to say, as you do not want to lose their attention Ensure connectivity, keep papers, note-book handy For further reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQwanxQmFnc 15  Tips & training for making presentation through Skype (Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQwanxQmFnc) 16  References Change Your Body Language, Change Your Attitude, www.bodylanguageexpert.co.uk/changebodylanguagechangeattitude.html Hesse, Bradford & Werner, Carol & Altman, Irwin. (1988). Temporal aspects of computer-mediated communication. Computers in Human Behavior. 4. 147–165. 10.1016/0747-5632(88)90023-4. Kiesler, Sara. “Social Psychological Aspects of Computer-Mediated Communication.” American Psychologist, vol. 39, no. 10,1984, pp. 1123—1134. Korte, Barbara. “Rational and Purpose.” Body Language in Literature. University of Toronto Press, 1997 Media Richness Theory, campus-adr.net/ODRModule/media_richness_theory.html. Pelham, Libby. "Digital Body Language." Body Language. 22 May 2012. Web.. “The Rise of the Nonverbal in Social Media.” The Rise of the Nonverbal in Social Media | BizEd Magazine, bized.aacsb.edu/articles/2017/07/rise-of-nonverbal-in-social-media "Skype Interview Tips - Telegraph Jobs Advice". Telegraph Jobs, 2019, https://jobs.telegraph.co.uk/article/skype-interview-tips. “Social Presence Theory.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Mar. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_presence_theory 18  Spice, Byron. "Carnegie Mellon University." Computer Reads Body Language. Web. 5 Jan2019.. Steven , Woods. Digital Body Language. New Year Publishing, 2009, pp.41-56. Walther, Joseph B. “Nonverbal Dynamics in Computer-Mediated Communication or: (And the Net: ('S with You, :) and You :) Alone.” The SAGE Handbook of Nonverbal Communication, edited by Valerie Manusov & Miles L. Patterson. Valerie Manusov & Miles L. Patterson. Zook, Ze & PR Smith. Marketing Communications: Offline and Online Integration, Engagement and Analytics. Kogan Page Publishers, 2016. 19  Body Language, Week 4.3, Chromatics, Olfactics & Physical Appearance Prof. Rashmi Gaur Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Roorkee 1  What is Chromatics? Chromatics: communication of messages through colors, a vital aspect of nonverbal communication Visual sense can be used in an active as well as passive manner Colours have cultural meanings. They conjure different (Image: https://www.alamy.com/stock traits and perceptions in different cultures -photo/chromatics.html) – May mean one thing in the US, but something different in Asia or Africa – E.g., in US you wear black when in mourning, in India white – In Hong Kong traditional bridal dresses are red, in Poland white – In Chile a yellow roses means “I do not like you”, in US the opposite (Source: http://ifa.amu.edu.pl/~krynicki/my_pres/my_pres_17.htm) 2  Color holds power in business and professional worlds: A brand’s logo and visual identity comprise a number of visual cues, such as shapes, symbols, numbers and words. But the component that people remember most is color. Color increases brand recognition by up to 80% Colors have emotional as well as practical value in business contexts. On an emotional level color affects how consumers feel when they look at a brand, while on a practical level it can help a brand stand out in the crowd – “A number of studies on the relationship between color and branding reveal that up to 90% of snap judgments made about products can be based on color alone, – Colors influence how consumers view the ‘personality’ of the brand in question – Relationship between brands and color hinges on the perceived appropriateness of the color being the right ‘fit’ for a particular brand” Source: https://www.canva.com/learn/color-meanings-symbolism/ 3  Colors of clothing, products, packaging or gifts send intended or unintended messages, especially when people communicate cross-culturally (Hellriegel & Slocum p. 274) Significant also within the work cultures: reflect upon the work culture of an organization and its corporate identity Natalie Boyd has commented on cultural associations of color in business packaging in the United States* Warm colors, such as red, orange and yellow, increase (Image: https://www.google.com/search?q=Chromatics%2Bculture%2Buse+of+ anxiety, arousal and appetite. Fast food chains often colors&tbm=isch&source=univ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj2mq_- sqnhAhWJbisKHXmyAlsQsAR6BAgJEAE&biw=625&bih=635#imgdii=s84b gMcyVhw4YM:&imgrc=1ZySxVsXISs8ZM: choose color combinations of red and yellow because these colors increase appetite. Conversely, cool colors produce a calming effect and stimulate thinking *Ref: https://www.howdesign.com/resources-education/online-design-courses-education/what-do- colors-mean-in-different-cultures/ 4  Colors also impact the mood of an individual and signal these attitudes/feelings to the viewer Aesthetically pleasing use of color contributes to the happiness and stimulation of the workforce as it interjects variety, creates energy, provides focus or defines social interaction Also has specific physical or psychological effects. – Choosing inadequate colors may impact employees by causing eyestrain, headache and fatigue – A research conducted by color psychologist Dr. David Lewis found that 80 percent employees believe that the color of their surrounding has a significant impact on their emotions and performance – This perception can lead to better creativity and innovation (Verma p. 109) 5  Colors have psychological associations and communicative value – For example, performers feel more relaxed in green rooms, weightlifters do their best in blue gyms Individual choice and our selection of colours speaks something of our personality, our attitude, and our mindset (Image: Andrea Mountford, a color psychologist, comments that http://materialicious.com/2014/04/nti- office-by-liong-lie-architects.html) wearing the right colors at work is extremely important. They make a positive impact on colleagues and bosses and can also enhance career (Verma p. 109) Suitable colors for professional contexts 6  Professional Implications Darker colors convey authority, whereas lighter shades project an approachable image – According to researchers and image consultants, the appropriate professional attire for both men and women is in black or navy blue. Black is often associated with traits like authority, aggression, or power (Martin & Chaney p.75) Studies have also found patterns and relationships (Image: https://atailoredsuit.com/mens-suit- between uniform color and employee/customer behaviors colors.html) Industries take advantage of the subliminal effects of color psychology to build and reinforce their brand images, messages, and goals, as color triggers subconscious and deeply rooted emotional responses in how people think, make choices 7  A study of Creighton University (1999) found that colors have a substantial role in both employees’ efficiency and emotions in the workplace – It found that employees in blue uniform feel calm and are more hopeful about their work - this mindset allows them to remain more engaged throughout the day Various industries have different images and goals they hope to achieve. Their choice of uniform colors conveys (Source & Image: “Uniform Color Psychology: Sending Subtle Messages.”) particular sets of subliminal messages: – Doctors, medical staff, lab workers – white to create a sense of sanitation and sterility – McDonald’s has long used yellow and red combination—to capture red’s associated traits of excitement and yellow’s conveyed feelings of warmth and happiness (Source “Uniform Color Psychology: Sending Subtle Messages.”) 8  What do Colors Symbolize in General? / Source: https://visme.co/blog/how-to-choose-a-color-scheme 9  Cultural Interpretations Multiple associations of colors Red: In China it is associated with good luck, but symbolizes bad luck to many Koreans. In France and the United Kingdom, it is perceived as masculine. In Japan it is associated with happiness. In Ghana it is associated with (Image: sadness. In some other African countries it is associated https://www.sciencedirect.com/s with witchcraft and death (Martin & Chaney) cience/article/pii/B97801239428 69000020) In affiliative situations, people wearing red clothing are perceived to be more attractive than those dressed in other colors. However, in achievement situations, red is associated with negative or avoidant responses 10  In intellectual achievement contexts in which one’s competence is evaluated, red is associated with failure and green with success (Richards & Flink p. 1684). But normal associations with energy and passion remain vivid in people’s perception Rebeca Gross* has analyzed some brand colors to prove it – Kombi sells warm winter clothing suitable for the Canadian climate. Its brand identity uses red to evoke that feeling of warmth and heat as well as drawing on the colors of the Canadian flag The visual identity the Swedish Democratic Youth League uses is red as it is strongly tied to political affiliations In Sweden, red is the color of the Democratic Party, derived from its Image: traditional symbol of a red rose https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/se- *Rebeca Gross. https://www.canva.com/learn/color-meanings- pol.html#socialdemokraterna symbolism/ 11  Blue may have a positive connotation when used to represent peace and tranquility associated with the blue of the sky or the sea. In most countries blue is viewed as a masculine color; except in Iran, where blue is considered undesirable – In other situations, blue may have a negative connotation when used to suggest sadness, depression. “To be in the blues” expresses melancholia The brand identity for Wo Hing General Store draws on a rich visual language that combines vibrant blue with light blue. It Source and image: Rebeca Gross. https://www.canva.com/learn/col pays homage to the bright lights of Asia while portraying a or-meanings-symbolism/ calmer space and atmosphere Siegfried is a life coaching company that is all about communication and leadership. Blue in its advertisements conveys Siegfried’s professionalism, dependability, strength and vibrancy 12  Green: Brighter, lighter greens indicate growth, vitality and renewal; while darker, richer greens represent prestige, wealth and abundance This business card for Albahaca Restaurant looks good enough to eat! With a vibrant green image of the restaurant’s namesake herb, the brand is fresh, healthy and full of vitality Branding by Kokoro & Moi to promoting a street food festival in Helsinki, also used green. The fluorescent green communicates both the neon lights of Asia’s night markets as well as the fresh and experimental food being served (Rebeca Gross) 13  Black is associated with power, exclusivity, sophistication and high technology. But may also be considered funereal and thus evokes feelings of sadness – Often used in metallic or glossy shades, contrasted with bold colors in brand advertisements for suggestions of power and exclusivity White suggests purity and innocence and has been used Source and image: https://www.canva.com/learn/color- successfully in marketing soaps as well as bridal gowns. meanings-symbolism/ Also suggests mourning. Used when brand personality is about simplicity, purity and transparency Customs: In Brazil, should avoid wearing green and yellow – These are the colors of the Brazilian flag, and people of Brazil do not wear them. This is different from the American practice in which flag colors can be used for any product (Martin & Chaney p.76) Religious symbolism : Saffron in Hinduism, Green in Islam 14  Color-in-Context Theory: is a broad model of color and psychological functioning that explains and predicts relations between color and its affect, cognition and behavior – Color is a nonlexical visual stimulus that can symbolically convey various types of information – It is associated with psychologically relevant meanings - beyond intrinsic and appraisals of pleasantness/unpleasantness. Our brain automatically, implicitly, processes these John Gage, Color and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction (1999): color is a contingent, historical occurrence whose meaning, like language, lies in the particular contexts in which it is experienced and interpreted Elliot and Maier (2012) suggest that a color’s meaning is interpreted in the environment in which it is encountered – Contexts that affect color perceptions include additional visual information, such as the shape or texture of the object on which the color is seen 15  How Colors Affect Your Personal & Professional Lives (Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKTa7tFqNks) 16  Olfactics Olfactics is communication through smell and scent: a much neglected and less studied aspect of body language Scent plays a role in social functioning and has a psychological significance – Pleasant scents serve to attract, and unpleasant ones repel others Related with memory (Image: https://www.google.co.in/search?q=Olfactics%2Bimages&tbm= – Associated with old memories, helps to retain an experience in isch&source=hp&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZ_t7g5azhAhVJsI8KHbv WC2sQ7Al6BAgJEA0&biw=853&bih=636#imgrc=eWuPX0B7ag7 dQM: totality Can also act as a warning system Some cultures are more smell conscious than others Cultural variations 17  In developed countries, people spend billions of dollars on scent. Societies like the United States and United Kingdom tend to be very uncomfortable with body odors and smells – In America, for instance, many people tend to consider body odor offensive and will avoid talking to someone who has body odor; and daily use scent, cologne, deodorant, aftershave apart from a lot of antiseptics and sanitizers to avoid it – In contrast, Arabs are much more accepting of body odors and (Image:https://indianexpress.com/article/lif estyle/fashion/rules-of-wearing-a-perfume- consider them natural (Cullen & Parboteeah p. 567) that-every-man-must-know-5235207/) People’s smell preferences are not universal and vary across cultures Similar to other nonverbal codes, olfactics can impact intercultural communication and one’s willingness to engage (Jackson pp. 120-121) 18  One’s scent is influenced by: – Natural body odor, habits (hygiene, use of perfume), activities (sweat-inducing exercise), health (certain illnesses have an odor) Smell is not just a biological and psychological experience, it is also a social and cultural phenomenon determining our preferences, aversions as well as position, social class, status and power (Synott) (Image: – For example, wearing an expensive perfume, cologne or after-shave http://iamsharlottjasminmontoya.blogspot.c om/2012/03/non-verbal- can signal status and wealth. The strong odor of sweat, on the other communication.html) hand, can indicate manual labor and a lower financial status – Smell can be used effectively to create a good nonverbal impression - the perfume that one uses in critical situations like job interviews creates an impression (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-2235-1_54) 19  Western notions of aesthetically pleasing fragrances are by no means universal For the cattle-raising Dassanetch of Ethiopia, no scent is more beautiful than the odor of cows – The association of this scent with social status and fertility is such that men wash their hands in cattle urine and smear their bodies with manure, while the women rub butter into their heads, shoulders and breasts to make themselves smell better and come across as more attractive For the Dogon of Mali the scent of onion is the most attractive fragrance a young man or woman can wear. They rub fried onions all over their bodies as a highly desirable perfume For the African Bushmen, the loveliest fragrance is that of rain. They would probably regard the olfactory preferences of almost all other cultures, including the Western tastes, as distinctly lacking in subtlety ( http://www.sirc.org/publik/smell_culture.html) 20  Arab countries have a complex aesthetics of scent Women use a wide range of scents to perfume different parts of their bodies – In the United Arab Emirates, musk, rose and saffron are first rubbed over the entire body (which must be scrupulously clean). Hair is perfumed with a blend of walnut or sesame oil and ambergris or jasmine …. Ambergris and narcissus are among the scents used on the neck Perfumes are only used, however, in private situations – When a woman is in company of other women, or husband and close family. To wear perfume in public or in the company of men is to be ‘like an adulteress’ ( http://www.sirc.org/publik/smell_culture.html) Jelena Djordjevic, a French clinical Neuro-Psychologist, "Even basic processes, such as smelling a scent, are influenced by where we come from and what we know” ( Source: Djordjevic , Sniffing out cultural differences: Olfactory perception influenced by background and semantic information https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/ 2016/11/161121163143.htm) 21  The complexities of personal odor are the subject of sophisticated classification systems in many other cultures The average member of the Amazonian Desana community, for example, will readily explain that an individual’s unique odor – oma seriri – is a combination of natural personal odor, odors acquired through the food he or she eats, odors caused by emotions and periodic odors related to fertility Not only is their assessment of the components of personal body odor scientifically accurate, but, unlike Western scientists, the Desana are able to describe each of the smells involved in minute and vivid detail (Source: http://www.sirc.org/publik/smell_culture.html) 22  Industries are based around our preoccupations of smells and odors – We put on perfumes or colognes and deodorants, clean ourselves with scented soaps, freshen our breath with mouthwash, spray our homes with scented sprays, and burn scented candles in an effort to increase perceptions of attractiveness by enhancing our smell as well as the smell of our home or surroundings (Gamble p.159) In Japan, fragrance is used in the workplace. The architectural and construction firm Shimizu has developed computerized techniques to deliver scents through air-conditioning ducts to enhance efficiency and reduce stress among office workers Advertisers believe that smell is important. British stores use smells such as freshly dried linen, chocolate, and musk in the air-conditioning system to put customers in a happy mood for their products Smell has a commercial presence Source: Jandt, Fred Emund. An Introduction to Intercultural Communication: Identities in a Global Community, SAGE, 2010. 23  Physical Appearance and Artifacts Appearance and body language reveal a lot. Most of us notice another person’s physical appearance and body language before we notice anything else Correct outfit and accessories can help us to elicit specific and targeted results The nonverbal artifacts which we choose and carry (Image: https://mashable.com/2014/11/17/body- on/around us, convey profound messages and encourage a language-job-interview/#zqFsgUzTmiq6) particular impression in the viewer. Also conveys clues about our social and economic status The idea extends beyond the business world Soccer players, political leaders, bikers: have their own codes of dress, hair-do and accessories 24  These issues which were traditionally studied by ethnologists, are now being taken up in intercultural and business communication Accessories symbolize self-concept – Our clothes, tattoos, cell phone cover, briefcases, purses, even eyeglasses etc. communicate our choices and decisions which in turn are based on our feelings and emotions – May project gender, position, class/status, personality, affiliation with a group/sect – Accessories need to be clean and in good repair. A frayed belt, scuffed shoes, and a banged up briefcase look unkempt, as if you can’t be bothered to look after them – You’re sending out the message that you don’t care about them enough to maintain them well. This may be interpreted as someone who’s lazy and can’t be bothered! (Kuhnke p.190) – Enables us to form opinions about the communication needs and modify dialogue The underlying factor is appropriateness within an environment – where communication unfolds. Requires awareness, sensitivity and empathy 25  Interestingly , fabrics have a language of their own – Cashmere and cotton, for example, suggest that the wearer is sophisticated and well-to-do – “Hard” materials, like leather, suggest belligerence We can tell a lot about someone's personality, politics, status, age and income just from looking at a photo of their shoes Image:https://www.woolovers.com/outlet/cashmere- and-cotton Studies also indicate that a http://bukmark.info/boiled-leather-jacket/boiled- leather-jacket-express professional dress increases confidence and gives people a broader perspective (Image: https://oureverydaylife.com/how-to-keep-your-neck- tie-from-slipping-12566772.html https://www.mathiaslefevre.com/you-can-tell-a-gentleman-by-his- shoes/) 26  Tattoos represent a specific form of body language. A permanent decoration to body - a self-brand, scars that speak and yet demand no reply: assertions of what is, frozen in the flesh (Bergh p. 588) A distinction has been drawn between fashion, “ as characterized by continual and systematic change”, and those more fixed modes of dress or appearance – like (Image: tattoos - which are relatively static, conservative and https://www.yelp.com/biz_photos/body- language-tattoo-astoria) resistant to change Considered as anti-fashion, which creates an illusion of social and cultural affiliations and stability Recognition of context for effective communication: Mahatma Gandhi, the half-naked fakir! 27  References Bergh , Luna. "Tattooing as Memrial Pragmemes." Pragmemes and Theories of Language Use. Springer, 2017, pp. 585-600. Cullen, John B & K. Praveen Parboteeah. Multinational Management. Cengage Learning, 2013. Dimitrius, Jo-Ellan. Reading People: How to Understand People and Predict Their Behaviour Anytime, Anyplace. Random House, 2008. Elliot, Andrew J, and Markus A Maier. “Color-in-Context Theory.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, edited by Patricia Devine, Ashby Plant. Academic Press, 2012, pp. 61-126. Gamble. Communication Works (With Cd). Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 1996. Gross, Rebecca. “Color Meaning and Symbolism: How to Use the Power of Color in Your Branding – Learn.” Learn, Canva, 18 Mar. 2019, www.canva.com/learn/color-meanings-symbolism/. Hellriegel, Don and John W. Slocum. Organizational Behavior. Cengage, 2010. Jackson, Jane. Introducing Language and Intercultural Communication. Routledge, 2014. Jandt, Fred Emund. An Introduction to Intercultural Communication: Identities in a Global Community. SAGE, 2010. Kuhnke, Elizabeth. Body Language for Dummies. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2007. 29  References Martin, Jeanette S., and Lillian H. Chaney. Global Business Etiquette: a Guide to International Communication and Customs. Praeger, 2012. Non-Verbal Communication, ifa.amu.edu.pl/~krynicki/my_pres/my_pres_17.htm. Richards, Adams S, and Edward L Fink. “Attributional Chromatics: How Does the Color of Written Communication Affect Interpersonal Perceptions?” International Journal of Communication, vol. 11, 2017 pp. 1683–1704., doi:1932–8036/20170005. “Sniffing out Cultural Differences.” ScienceDaily, ScienceDaily, 21 Nov. 2016, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161121163143.htm. Synnott, A. (1991), A sociology of smell. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 28: 437-459. doi:10.1111/j.1755-618X.1991.tb00164.x “The Smell Report.” The Smell Report - Culture. www.sirc.org/publik/smell_culture.html. Verma, Shalini. Business Communication: Essential Starategies for 21st Century Managers, 2nd Edition. Vikas Publishing House, 2014 “Uniform Color Psychology: Sending Subtle Messages.”Uniform Nations, UniformNations, www.uniformnations.com/laundry-services-uniform- services-articles/uniform-color-psychology-subliminal- company-message/. “What Do Colors Mean in Different Cultures?” HOW Design, 14 Feb. 2017, www.howdesign.com/resources- education/online-design-courses-education/what-do-colors-mean-in-different-cultures/. 30  Body Language Week 4.2, Chronemics Prof. Rashmi Gaur Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Roorkee 1  Chronemics Time is an abstract concept, described in figures of speech: – “time is on your side,” “time well spent,” “time to kill,” “time on your hands,” “don’t waste time,” “quality time” (West & Turner p. 171) Chronemics: the study of a person’s use of time, a subcategory which emerged out of the study of NVCs – Anthropology, Organizational Behavior, Business Communication – Communication based study of time: how people perceive and (Image: https://www.google.com/search?q=konark%2Bimages&tbm=isch& source=univ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHwqytjaLhAhUJLI8KHarACE4Q7 structure time in their dialogues and relationships with others, react Al6BAgGEBs&biw=773&bih=909 to it; and thus send non verbal messages through it. – The way we value time will be reflected in our nonverbal communication in terms of spending time, wasting time, postponing time, minimal use of time, maximum use of time, etc. Cultural and individual variations 2  As Homo temporalis, we have a complex temporal identity, a composite of personal levels of time experiencing All forms of nonverbal, as well as verbal, messages have their own temporalities: – beginnings and endings, startings and stoppings, zeros and ones, befores and afters Chronemics provides for a more dynamic study of professional interactions with emotional connotations related with time amongst people Studies of Chronemics developed from interdisciplinary time literature and research reports in biology, anthropology, sociology, and psychology The contribution of a number of scholars has to be acknowledged as far as the development of Chronemics is concerned, or before the word chronemics was coined 3  Philosophical perspectives were developed by E. Robert Kely, better known as E.R.Clay, and carried further by William James (1842-1910) and George Herbert Mead (1863-1931): leading developers of the study of human acts and presentness Harold Innis (1894-1952), a Canadian communicologist, published Changing Concepts of Time in 1952 Marshall McLuhan (1911-1980) discussed time and human communication in several works In 1952 only, Edward T. Hall (1914-2009), under the auspices of the U.S State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, wrote an early work entitled The Process of Change Hall was to write periodically about time and sociocultural relations over the next four decades 4  The actual term Chronemics was coined in 1972 by Fernando Poyatos, a Canadian linguist and semiotician In dealing with the communication system of the speaker-actor, Poyatos briefly discussed a chronemics that concerned conceptions and the handling of time as a biopsychological and cultural element of social interactions He assumed time to depend on something changing, and suggested chronemics as a semiotics of time, in “Paralanguage- to-Chronemics”, in “Cross-Cultural Study of Paralinguistic “Alternants” in Face-to-Face Interaction,” in 1975 As examples for chronemically significant aspects in communication, he included the cross-cultural differences in the duration of ordinary social visits, response latency among different cultural groups when a question has been asked or a decision is to be made, conversational silences and pauses as part of cultural chronemics Source:https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5xQLYIkyRAIC&pg=PA267&lpg=PA267&dq=Fernando+ Poyatos%2Btime%2Bchronemics&source=bl&ots=8Qss7TRP0z&sig=ACfU3U0awtkkSQDnRygxxvgLuEfyugXv _A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8qaSio67hAhWGfH0KHYkvBtMQ6AEwCXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q= Fernando%20Poyatos%2Btime%2Bchronemics&f=false 5  In line with this observation, Andy Lucking & Thies Pfeifer suggest that since temporal experience depends on the changing of something, chronemics is probably best conceived of as a kind of paralinguistic or supra-segmental feature* Tom Bruneau developed the first article on time and nonverbal communication in 1974 and attempted to define chronemics and outlined its characteristics in 1977 Since these early works, a number of texts on nonverbal communication have increased commentaries about chronemics (Littlejohn & Foss p. 100) (*Source: Lücking, Andy & Thies Pfeiffer. Framing Multimodal Technical Communication. Handbook of Technical Communication, edited by Alexander Mehler, Laurent Romary. Walter de Gruyter, 2012, pp. 599-600) 6  Three Time Systems Edward T. Hall is recognized for his renowned three time systems: Technical, Formal and Informal Technical time is the scientific measurement of time, associated with the precision of keeping time (West & Turner p. 171) Image: Formal time is the time that society formally teaches: http://mashar.ibmdatamanagement.co/formal- time/ https://cosmic-watch.com/scientific-perception- – For example, in the United States, the clock and the calendar are of-time/ our units of formal time. We also know that when it is 1 a.m., it is usually time to sleep, and at 1 p.m. we find ourselves at work or school – Further, in the United States, our arrangement of time is fixed and rather methodical (West & Turner p. 171) 7  Informal time: includes three concepts: duration, punctuality, and activity Duration pertains to how long we allocate for a particular event – In our schedules, we may earmark forty minutes for a particular agenda item – Some of our estimates are less precise. For instance, what does it mean when we respond “be there right away” ? Does that mean we will be there in ten minutes, one hour, or as long as it takes you? Punctuality is the promptness associated with keeping time – We’re said to be punctual when we arrive for an appointment at the designated time – Despite the value placed on punctuality in the United States, friends may arrive late to lunch, physicians to appointments, and politicians to rallies – Some people are habitually tardy Activity is a chronemic value. Our use and management of time is defined culturally 8  Other aspects: willingness to wait, interactions, status, power perceptions Affects lifestyle, work culture, communication The Dance of life: The Other Dimension of Time (1983) and Understanding Cultural Differences (1990) Time is the most difficult and enigmatic characteristic of culture to absorb – Societies encourage people to “use time wisely”. Simultaneously, we are asked not to be too obsessive about it The function of time in different cultures has been approached from many different angles with very different results Hall treats time as a language, a thread which runs through cultures It is an organizer and also a message system, reveling how people treat each other and which things they value 9  Hall suggests that human concepts of time grew out of the natural rhythms associated with daily, monthly, and annual cycles – From the beginning humans have been tied to growing seasons and were dependent on the forces and rhythms of nature. Out of this background two time systems evolved—one as an expression of our biological clocks, the other of the solar, lunar, and annual cycles. These systems will be described under the headings "Time As Structure" and "Time as Communication.“ Though the hidden dimensions of time remain to be exceedingly complex, basic time systems can be termed as possessing Monochronic and Polychronic Orientation – Although these polarized patterns cannot be applied rigidly to all cultures, a given culture will have a tendency to lean more towards one mode than the other Additionally, ethnic groups within a culture may have predispositions towards one mode even though the ideal of the majority culture is in the opposing mode – Hall categorizes Northern European and American cultures as monochronic and Mediterranean cultures as polychronic. Source: http://teaching.up.edu/bus511/xculture/Hall%20and%20Hall%201990,%20ch1.pdf 10 Differences between monochronic and polychronic orientations Monochronic Polychronic Linear Nonlinear Clock-oriented People-oriented (Image: Short term orientation Long-term orientation https://thejennjournal.blogspot.com/2019/ 02/2719-week-5-cultural-differences.html) Precision Flow Monochronic cultures are based primarily on clock time, whereas polychromic cultures are typically based on people time (McCool p.9) 11  Both orientations towards time have several interesting characteristics Monochronic orientation assumes a linear order of things, which means tasks are completed in a sequential fashion For any sequential arrangement ‘AB’, instance A must begin and end prior to instance B Monochronic cultures value tools and systems that increase focus, tend to be sequential, adhere to a structured, defined schedule, work to reduce distractions during planned interactions and agenda, value time as a commodity – to be earned and used, saved or lost Nonverbal cues: plans ahead to schedule things/meetings, punctual, pushes through the agenda so as to finish on time, prefers one thing at a time USA, Germany, Scandinavian countries, Japan 12  USA: Monochronic perceptions are a learned product : arbitrary and imposed Traced to the days of Industrial revolution (1760-1820/40) in Europe and the USA – Factory life required the labor force to be on hand and in place at an appointed hour, whistles and bells counting the hours Monochronic cultures, place a paramount value on schedules, tasks and "getting the job done.”Edward T. Hall suggests that in the American business world, the schedule is “sacred” and time is tangible Because monochronic time concentrates on one thing at time, people who are governed by it don't like to be interrupted. 13  Hall also suggests that monochronic time seals people from one another and, as result, intensifies some relationships while shortchanging others. Time becomes room which some people are allowed to enter, while others are excluded Commitment to regimented schedules conditions people to view those who do not subscribe to the same perception of time as being essentially disrespectful, inefficient or unreliable Hall feels that even though most of the Western cultures are dominated by the monochronic time, it is not natural time; in fact, it seems to violate many of humanity's innate rhythms Source: http://teaching.up.edu/bus511/xculture/Hall%20and%20Hall% 201990,%20ch1.pdf 14  Polychronic orientation follows a nonlinear order in which numerous possibilities are presented – For any two points ‘AB’, A is not necessarily required to finish prior to B Polychronic orientation encourages flux and nonlinearity. Values relations and traditions more than time. There is more emphasis on completing human transactions than on holding to schedules – For example, two polychronic Latins conversing on street corner would likely opt to be late for their next appointment rather than abruptly terminate the conversation before its natural conclusion Nonverbal cues: Non-punctual, uses meetings for building relationships, multi- tasking, flexible with time as well as schedules, tends to go deeper rather than finishing on time Latin American countries, African and Arab countries, some countries and segments in South Asia; rural, agrarian societies, or the ones which follow religious calendars 15  The tendency from a monochronic perspective is to view polychronic time as random or even chaotic Polychronic cultures follow multiple timelines Monochronic cultures are first and foremost Clock cultures In clock-oriented cultures, “time is of the essence” In monochronic cultures, public clocks are usually more (Image: https://www.shutterstock.com/image- accurate, government employees are quicker to vector/differences-perception-time-people- monochronic-polychronics-600876926) complete tasks, and public transportation such as trains are more likely to be on time, emphasis on time bound results in business Concept that it may take years to develop a customer base is foreign to it 16  ) Sense of Punctuality & Various Cultures (Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fz6pl5xo5M) 17  Monochronic Orientation A general trait of clock-oriented cultures is punctuality – Being on time in monochronic cultures means arriving five minutes early or, at the very latest right on time – Clock-oriented cultures place such an emphasis on time that it may result in shuffling someone out of an office to make sure another person can be brought in for an appointment (McCool p. 9) Failing to provide a deliverable on time is more or less Image: https://rotunda.ie/new-antenatal-appointment- system/ chalked up as incompetence in monochronic cultures http://cultureandcivilizationumsa.blogspot.com/2014/0 4/american-lifestyle-i.html?m=0 Polychronic cultures, on the other hand, are people- cultures (McCool p. 9) 18  Polychronic Orientation Clocks don’t rule, punctuality is largely ignored to the rhythm of people – The notion of being on time is rather flexible, since tardiness is often expected and meetings are long lasting – It’s entirely normal in polychronic cultures to be late for appointments (McCool p. 9-10) Unlikely to shuffle visitors away from an office simply to Image: https://study.com/academy/lesson/cultural- greet a new visitor, considered offensive perceptions-of-time-in-organizations- monochronic-and-polychronic-time.html Projects and deliverables are not held to strict timetables A late project doesn’t indicate incompetence, and may even reflect a desire to go above and beyond the customers (McCool p. 10) 19  Cultural Variations in the Perception of time (Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmYL1SlsO2c) 20  In addition to the above, time is also an important cultural dimension to consider when designing global web sites Monochronic users are quick, decisive, and usually task- oriented Polychronic users are slower, emphasize process over results, and prefer to gain a high level of understanding over a practical implementation Image: Orientations towards time also relate to interface https://www.pinterest.com/pin/45788948710 9655701 complexity, multimedia download length, architectures, and search systems (McCool p.10) 21  Perception of Time Perceptions and concept of time vary widely from culture to culture What is considered punctual may change from country to country People who work internationally must have definitions of time The word manana, used in Latin American countries, and the bukra, used in the Middle East, have a similar attitudinal meaning: what cannot be done today will be done tomorrow Time for these cultures is a mixture of past, present, and future rather then a separation of time segments as is true in many U.S. and Northern European countries Do the people in a culture look at time as formal and task oriented, or do they look at times as an opportunity to spend time and develop an interpersonal relationship? 22  In some cultures, superiors make subordinates wait for their appointments to show the superior’s importance and higher rank Power and dignity are shown by arriving late; a tactic often used in Middle Eastern countries In such areas of the world as Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East, time is not important. Being late for an appointment in such areas is normally not considered to be an offensive behavior In Monochronic cultures it is frowned upon.Michael Jackson angered the judge when he arrived late at Santa Barbara County Superior Court on March 10, 2005 in Santa Maria, California, USA (Source: https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Jackson-angers-judge-by-being-late-to-court-2692976.php) 23  In some international situations, the name of a country will be inserted after the meeting time to indicate if one is to assume task time or event time The insertion of a country name allows participants from different cultural backgrounds to understand if the time is fixed or fluid An example of this practice would be, “The meeting (Image: will be at 9 A.M., Malaysian time” for event timing, or https://www.discoveryreport.com/discove r/better_relationships_lesson3.htm) “The meeting will be at 9 A.M., U.S. time” for task- oriented time (Martin & Chaney p. 37) Work time and personal time are separated from one another in a monochronic culture, but not clearly so in a polychronic culture (Martin & Chaney p. 37) 24  Every society and organization has its own time structures The task and event time concepts carry over to how much of the workday is given to company tasks and how much time is given to socializing – In the United States, the division is typically 80 percent task and 20 percent social – In Latin American countries, it is typically 50 percent task and 50 percent social Understanding appropriate connotations of time is important to relationship development in many cultures – In a culture in which relationships are important, such as collectivistic societies, a person from a monochronic society, may have to adjust perception of time Globalization of business is influencing how the concept of time is viewed around the world, particularly at the individual/organization level, more than at the country level. Work culture in offices of the same company, but located in different countries, may follow different patterns 25 ( Differences of attitude between monochronic & Polychronic Individuals (Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vye5VGGIOgM) 26  Time is not only a measuring instrument, but also an indicator of human behavior. Business and other professional activities are planned within time and diverse understandings can cause confusion For an American, time is truly money. In a profit-oriented society, time is a precious, even scarce, commodity. Germans and Swiss link time with their sense of order, tidiness and planning (Image: https://www.businessinsider.com/how-di fferent-cultures-understand-time-2014-5?IR=T) In certain other cultures – Spanish, Italian and Arab - time considerations will usually be subjected to human feelings – "Why are you so angry because I came at 9:30?" he asks his German colleague "Because it says 9:00 in my diary," says the German ““Then why don't you write 9:30 and then we'll both be happy?" is a logical Italian 27  References https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5xQLYIkyRAIC&pg=PA267&lpg=PA267&dq=Fernando+ Poyatos%2Btime%2Bchronemics&source=bl&ots=8Qss7TRP0z&sig=ACfU3U0awtkkSQDnRygxxvgLuEfyugXv _A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8qaSio67hAhWGfH0KHYkvBtMQ6AEwCXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q= Fernando%20Poyatos%2Btime%2Bchronemics&f=false Littlejohn, Stephen W., and Karen A. Foss. Encyclopedia of Communication Theory, Volume 1. SAGE, 2009. Lücking, Andy & Thies Pfeiffer. Framing Multimodal Technical Communication. Handbook of Technical Communication, edited by Alexander Mehler, Laurent Romary. Walter de Gruyter, 2012, pp. 599-600). Martin, Jeanette S., and Lillian H. Chaney. “Socializing.” Global Business Etiquette: A Guide to International Communication and Customs. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. McCool, Matthew. Reaching a Global Online Audience. "O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2007. Mooij, Marieke K. de Global marketing and advertising : understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, Calif, 1998. West, Richard , and Lynn H. Turner. Understanding Interpersonal Communication: Making Choices in Changing Times, Enhanced Edition. Cengage Learning, 2010. 29  Body Language Week 4.1, Paralanguage Prof. Rashmi Gaur Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Roorkee 1  Paralanguage As the name suggests paralanguage exists on the periphery of language. It is what is left and perceived after deducting the verbal content from speech Closely aligned to language, it is a component of meta communication. Its elements - such as voice, speed, pitch, pause, rhythm, volume, stress and tone – may modify (Image: meaning and add nuances to it https://study.com/academy/lesson/paralang uage-definition-examples.html) All oral messages have paralanguage It is often described as the ‘how’ of an utterance and not the ‘what’ part: most often ‘how’ we say something is perhaps more crucial than ‘what’ we say 2  Paralanguage or Paralinguistics, was developed by George L. Trager, an American linguist in the 1950s A close associate of Edward Sapir, Benjamin Lee Whorf and Charles Hockett During the 50s he worked at the Foreign Service Institute of the Department of State to train diplomats before they were posted in different countries. He worked with Edward T. Hall – who worked on Proxemics, and Ray Birdwhistle – who had developed Kinesics Trager worked on using descriptive linguistics as a model for paralanguage, publishing his findings during 1958-1960s His work has laid a foundation for later research, specially in the area investigating interconnections between paralanguage and culture 3  The prefix ‘para-’ means beside, side by side - and denotes activities auxiliary to or derivative of that denoted by the base word; ancillary roles requiring more training Paralanguage is the systematic study of how a speaker verbalizes. While verbal communication consists of the what, the content of words, paralanguage comprises the how, the way/manner in which the speaker speaks Researchers have found that the tone, pitch, quality of (Image: https://www.thoughtco.com/paralingui stics-paralanguage-term-1691568) voice, and the rate of speaking convey emotions that can be accurately judged regardless of the content of the message One can easily make out emotions, feelings, regional and social backgrounds, economic affairs, broad categories of work, also the intellectual level 4  A scene from the movie My Fair Lady (1964), an adaptation of George Bernard Shaw’s play Pygmalion (1912). Shaw’s character Prof Higgins, a Phonetics expert, coaches Eliza, a cockney flower girl, and is able to present her as a duchess within months. Satire on learning a British class by learning proper accent, paralanguage https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJr9SSJKkII 5  Signs of Paralanguage Volume of Voice: Whisper, loud voice, shouting. Is it loud enough? Does it show timidity Speed of Voice: Neither slow nor fast Intonation: Variation of voice or speech; is it a question or exclamation Tone: Tells us about the mood and emotion of the speaker Pronunciation: Background, regional associations, schooling, financial status Articulation: Clarity in the voice suggests competence, confidence Pause: – Temporary- showing uncertainty, hesitation unease – Caesura – planning/control, favor/disfavor, agreement/disagreement Punctuation Marks – Do they work in speech also? Source: https://www.slideshare.net/meet3012/paralinguistics-42525723 6  Voice is important: it conveys the message, and also complements it. It is a way how something is said. By accenting different aspects of an utterance, it modifies the meaning of what is being said and can be a major indication of feelings etc. Monotonous – Bored – Slow Speed, Low Pitch – Depression – High Pitch – Enthusiasm – High Pitch, Long Drawn Out – Disbelief – Ascending Tone – Astonishment – Abrupt Speech - Defensive Paralanguage is used intentionally or unintentionally; it can be complementary, unconscious or learned (Krueger). It can further be divided into three categories: 1. Primary Qualities 2. Modifiers - Qualifiers & Differentiators 3. Alternants 7  1. Primary Qualities Primary Qualities refer to the characteristics of voice that differentiate individuals: – Timbre, resonance, intensity or volume, tempo, pitch (level, intervals, range), intonation range, syllabic duration, voice register and rhythm etc. , differentiated because of the size of the vocal cords, not only by sex and age, but also geographically (Poyatos 2002) These qualities are shaped by biological, physiological, (Image: https://www.tonyrobbins.com/love- relationships/watching-your-tone/) psychological, cultural and social features Basically, Primary Qualities are elements that, while being first considered as indispensable constituents of verbal language, may also modify it or alternate with it as paralinguistic phenomena 8  Voice Voice continues to remain the primary tool of communication despite technological developments The human voice conveys the meaning or message and heightens the importance of the most difficult element of speech delivery - effective articulation and voice modulation – The clearer the voice, the more effectively it will convey the meaning (Image: https://www.slideshare.net/musicolga26/t – The voice can inform us about the speaker’s gender, background, he-human-voice) education, training, attitude, temperament Aspects under discussion: (A) Pitch Variation, (B) Speed of speech, (C ) Pause and (D) Voice Modulation or Waviness 9  Any voice which is used for communication has to be first worked on at a physical level to unleash its full natural potential This stage of voice training aims to create an optimal and healthy voice for broad- casting, singing, acting and speaking’ (Bhardwaj p. 314) (Images: http://www.kalmiagardens.com/four-real-life- tips-that-every-beginner-actor-should-know/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDpxh3-6ftw https://vocalbliss.net/voice-training-for-speakers/) 10 A. Pitch Variation/Tone Pitch refers to the varying intensity of the voice – it refers to what the listener hears as high or low tonal properties, to rising and falling voice patterns (Bhardwaj p. 314) The pitch of the human voice is continuously variable, and is necessary to make speech effective Those who speak in monotones fail to keep the listener’s attention (Image: https://www.wikihow.com/Develop- a-Friendly-Tone-of-Voice) Tone is the phonological correlate of pitch and pitch variation; and can serve different purposes across languages, affecting the meaning of a word 11  A single sequence of sounds can have different meanings depending on the tone pattern with which it is produced - whether it is produced at a continuous high level, a rising or a falling level – Pitch variation expresses the intention of the speaker. Eg., Nervousness or confusion even if other aspects of body language come across as controlled We adjust the pitch of our voice based on the status of who we're talking to (Image: https://digest.bps.org.uk/2017/07/28/we-adjust-the- – Intonation – variations of voice or speech - and stress blend pitch-of-our-voice-based-on-the-status-of-who-were-talking-to/ : https://me.me/i/half-of-my- together. They help us to conclude whether it is a statement or a problems-are-because-ofthe-tone-of-my- 13656098) question or exclamation. Stress on a particular word may alter the meaning –linguistic and deliberate – Tone of the voice tells us about the attitude and feelings of the speaker. These signals are part of the total context of the message. Listener must consider these signals, as well as the words and sentences to fully interpret an utterance 12  B. Speaking Speed: We speak at different speeds on different occasions and also while conveying different parts of a message Speed of speech is measured by the number of spoken words per m