Motivational Theories PDF

Motivational Theories I think I can, I think I can, I think I can! Self efficacy "people's' beliefs in their capabilities to produce desired effects by their own actions."...

Motivational Theories I think I can, I think I can, I think I can! Self efficacy "people's' beliefs in their capabilities to produce desired effects by their own actions." -Bandura (1997) 2 “motivation” Movere(latin): to move The process whereby goal- directed activities are energized, directed, and sustained (Schunk, Pintrich, & Meece, 2008) 3 “ วัตถุประสงค์การเรียนรู้ 1.อธิบายทฤษฏีพน้ื ฐานเกีย่ วกับแรงจูงใจทีส่ าํ คัญได้ 2.อธิบายความสัมพันธ์ของการกระตุน้ กับประสิทธิภาพในการทํางานได้ และ ยกตัวอย่างการประยุกต์ใช้ทฤษฏีแรงจูงใจกับการเรียนการทํางานได้ 4 OUTLINE 1. Instinct Theory 2. Drive-reduction Theory 3. Incentive theory 4. Humanistic theory 5. Arousal theory 5 1. Instinct Theory  Sigmund Freud’ theory human behavior was driven by two key forces: the life and death instincts https://www.verywellmind.com/life-and-death-instincts-2795847 7 Konrad Lorenz imprint 9 Herding behavior 10 2. Drive-reduction Theory Behavior originated from physiological needs Hull’s Drive reduction theory A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Drive-reducing Need Drive behaviors For food, water,... Hunger, thirst Eating, drinking Key Terms Drive: Acts of motivation like thirst or hunger that have primarily biological purposes. Homeostasis: The ability of a system or living organism to adjust its internal environment to maintain a stable equilibrium, such as the ability of warm-blooded animals to maintain a constant temperature. 12 Hull’s Drive reduction theory Primary drive Secondary drives innate biological needs not usually necessary usually necessary for survival for survival indirectly satisfies primary drives e.g., thirst, hunger, and desire for sex e.g., the desire for wealth 13 Harry Harlow แม่นุ่ม vs. แม่นม https://youtu.be/OrNBEhzjg8I Contact comfort - physical warmth and emotional security 14 3. Incentive theory people are pulled toward behaviors that lead to rewards and pushed away from actions that might lead to negative consequences Intrinsic Extrinsic Force Force motivated behaviors, are motivated behaviors are performed to receive performed because of the something from others sense of personal satisfaction or avoid certain negative that they bring outcomes 16 Learning Theory Operant (trial & error) conditioning -Skinner, Thorndlike a person or animal attempts to solve a problem by trying different actions until one proves successful. 17 Learning Theory Reinforcement Punishment + Something is added to increase the Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior likelihood of a behavior. Reward Learning Punishment ให้ประกาศณี ยบัตรเรียนดี ถูกจําคุกจากคดีขโมยของ - Something is removed to increase the Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. likelihood of a behavior. Avoidance escaping Omission คาดเข็มขัดนิรภัย ถูกหักเงินค่าจ้างเมื่อทําจานแตก แล้วเสียงเตือนหยุด 18 Learned helplessness Martin Seligman inescapable electric shocks → give up → model of depression 19 The forced swim test https://youtu.be/5dJhY5ERwBE?list=TLPQMDcwMTIwMjKwuUiiWgNxKw Can A, Dao D, Arad M, Terrillion C, Piantadosi S, Gould T. The Mouse Forced Swim Test. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2011;(58). 20 Self-Determination Theory Edward Deci & Richard Ryan https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM C5113774/figure/medu13074-fig-0005/ 22 Vroom’s https://www.info4mystery.com/2016/03/expectancy-theory-of-motivation.html Expectancy Theory a person will choose their behavior based on what they expect the result of that behavior to be. Value ความพึงพอใจทีไ่ ด้จากผลลัพธ์ Instrumentality ทํางานแล้วจะได้ผลลัพธ์นนั ้ จริงไหม Expectancy เราจะสามารถทํางานนัน้ ได้จริงไหม 23 เมือ่ สิ่งที่เรารัก กลายเป็ นงานทีเ่ ราไม่อยากทํา overjustification effect If extrinsic incentives are used to stimulate behaviors, intrinsic motivation for that behavior may decrease over time This can lead to extinguishing the intrinsic motivation and creating a dependence on extrinsic rewards for continued performance (Deci et al., 1999). 24 Motivating 25 4. Humanistic theory  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs more basic needs must be satisfied before it is possible to meet higher needs. the realizing of one’s full potential Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370–396; Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper 27 Ten universal values (S. Schwartz, 1 9 9 2 ) Power Social status, prestige, Universalism Social justice and control, and dominance tolerance Achievement Personal success Benevolence Promoting the welfare of others Hedonism Pleasure and self- Tradition Respect for traditions gratification and customs Stimulation Exciting life Conformity Obedience Self-direction Independence, creativity, Security Safety, harmony, and freedom welfare 28 What are your core values? Power Universalism Achievement Benevolence Hedonism Tradition Stimulation Conformity Self-direction Security 29 Conformity Conformity is the most general concept and refers to any change in behavior caused by another person or group; the individual acted in some way because of influence from others. Solomon Asch conformity experiments 32 33 34 Sense of belonging humans have a fundamental motivation to be accepted into relationships with others and to be a part of social groups 35  The attention of the crowd can motivate the artist. https://youtu.be/Zs6wcVHWn70?t=213 36 Herzberg’s Motivation Two-Factor Theory Satisfier (Motivators) Dissatisfiers (Hygiene factors) Performance and achievement Salary Recognition Working conditions Job status The physical workspace Responsibility Relationship with colleagues Opportunities for advancement Relationship with supervisor Personal growth Quality of supervisor The work itself Policies and rules Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. (1959). The motivation to work. New York: John Wiley and Sons; Herzberg, F. (1965). The motivation to work among Finnish supervisors. Personnel Psychology, 18, 393–402. 37  Adam’s Equity Theory Adams' Equity Theory-Job motivation * Source: Chapman, 2002, based on Adams, 1963 39  Adam’s Equity Theory Other’s My outcomes outcomes = My inputs Other’s inputs The greater the magnitude of the perceived inequity, the greater the motivation to act to reduce the tension Adams' Equity Theory-Job motivation * Source: Chapman, 2002, based on Adams, 1963 40  Adam’s Equity Theory Equity sensitivity ความไวต่อความไม่เท่าเทียม ○ ความไวต่อการได้รบั reward Organizational justice ○ การเข้าถึงทรัพยากร ○ การปฏิบตั ิ ต่อพนักงานจากบริษทั ○ การสื่อสารที่เท่าเทียม Adams' Equity Theory-Job motivation * Source: Chapman, 2002, based on Adams, 1963 41  Social Loafing people are prone to exert less effort when working collectively as part of a group compared to performing a task alone Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Hoffman, R (2020, June 22). Social loafing: definition, examples and theory. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/social-loafing.html 44 5. Arousal theory Motivation is to achieve and maintain preferred levels of stimulation 46 Mesolimbic pathway The Reward Center: Dopamine pathways regulation of reward nucleus accumbens, VTA, frontal cortex 47 Optimal functioning hypothesis (Hanin, 1989) Performance is maximized at the optimal level of arousal, and it tapers off during under- and over-arousal 4 8 Yerkes-Dodson law For easy tasks, a higher level of arousal generally increases performance; for harder tasks, a lower level of arousal is better. 49 Mihaly Cxikszent’s Flow a person performing an activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and enjoyment in the process of the activity 51  Elements of the flow experience ความสมดุลย์ของความสามารถและความท้าทายของงาน ความรูส้ กึ รวมเป็ นหนึ่งกับสิง่ ทีท่ าํ เป้ าหมายชัดเจน มีสมาธิอยูบ่ นงานทีก่ าํ ลังทํา ความรูส้ กึ ว่าควบคุมได้ เปลีย่ นเวลาเป็ นผลงาน รูส้ กึ ถึงคุณค่าภายใน The Oxford handbook of human motivation / edited by Richard M. Ryan 52  Job Characteristics Model Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 159–170. 54 Satisfaction & Engagement Harter et al., (2002) observed that employee engagement means that the worker: Knows what is expected of him Feels the need to work Feels fulfilled at work Has opportunities to do his best Thinks himself to be a part of something significant Has opportunities to learn and develop 55 Temporal Motivation Theory the impact of time and deadlines on our motivation to complete tasks. motivation tends to change over time: early in the semester he may be more motivated to socialize with friends; later in the semester, school work takes precedence. 56 Locke’s Goal Setting Theory if you set the right goals, then you can increase both motivation and productivity. Clarity Challenge Commitment Feedback Task complexity 57 58 Q&A 59