Phonology Past Paper PDF
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This document contains examples and exercises on Wug testing and pluralization, demonstrating the concept of linguistic knowledge, as well as the phonetic environment. These examples can be used for linguistics study.
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Wug Testing Singular (in IPA) wug shola flot huz klup [wʌg] [ʃolə] [flat] [hʌz] [klʌp] Plural (in IPA) [wʌgz] [ʃoləz] [flats] [hʌzɪz] [klʌps] o You know how to pluralize novel words—although the plural –s can be realized in three different ways, speakers have clear intuitions about when to use ea...
Wug Testing Singular (in IPA) wug shola flot huz klup [wʌg] [ʃolə] [flat] [hʌz] [klʌp] Plural (in IPA) [wʌgz] [ʃoləz] [flats] [hʌzɪz] [klʌps] o You know how to pluralize novel words—although the plural –s can be realized in three different ways, speakers have clear intuitions about when to use each realization. o Phonologists investigate this type of knowledge—speakers’ knowledge about sound patterns and sound distribution within their own language. This knowledge is often implicit. 7 Back to the Plurals The behavior of the plural –s is predictable. We can predict which of the 3 forms will appear in any given phonetic environment. Let’s look at our list of plurals again to see if we can identify the relevant environment. A [kæbz] [dagz] [kɔjnz] [lodz] B [kæts] [bæks] [kʌfs] [skræps] C [ræʃɪz] [rezɪz] [lɛʤɪz] [pæʧɪz] 8 Back to the Plurals FIRST: list the actual sounds that [z], [s], and [ɪz] appear after. [-z] : [b], [g], [n], [d] [-s]: [t], [k], [f], [p] [-ɪz]: [ʃ], [z], [ʧ][ʤ] A [kæbz] [dagz] [kɔjnz] [lodz] B [kæts] [bæks] [kʌfs] [skræps] C [ræʃɪz] [rezɪz] [lɛʤɪz] [pæʧɪz] 9 Back to the Plurals NEXT: determine which feature(s) each group of sounds has in common. This allows us to make some generalizations regarding the plural –s. Groups (a) and (b) are fairly easy. A [kæbz] [dagz] [kɔjnz] [lodz] + Voice B [kæts] [bæks] [kʌfs] [skræps] -Voice 10 Back to the Plurals To categorize the sounds in group (c), we need to go back to phonetics. The sounds [z], [ʃ], [ʧ], and [ʤ] belong to a special class of sounds called sibilants (also includes [s] and [ʒ]). Sibilants are sounds that have a buzzing, hissy quality. sibilants [-ɪz] appears after A [kæbz] [dagz] [kɔɪnz] [lodz] + Voice B [kæts] [bæks] [kʌfs] [skræps] -Voice C [ræʃɪz] [rezɪz] [lɛʤɪz] [pæʧɪz] Sibilant
