Introduction to Phonology and Phonetics PDF

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY ENG169 – English Morphology and Phonology ARTFRED M. FORTUNATO, LPT. Araullo University PHONEME In linguistics, a phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a language that is c...

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY ENG169 – English Morphology and Phonology ARTFRED M. FORTUNATO, LPT. Araullo University PHONEME In linguistics, a phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinct meaning, such as the s of sing and ALLOPHONES the r of ring. Phonemes are language-specific. In other words, phonemes that are VOWELS AND functionally distinct in English (for example, /b/ and /p/) may not be CONSONANTS so in another language. (Phonemes are customarily written between slashes, thus /b/ and /p/.) Different languages have different CONSONANT phonemes. SOUNDS "Two points need to be stressed: (1) the most important property of VOWEL a phoneme is that it contrasts with the other phonemes in the SOUNDS system, and hence (2) we can only speak of the phoneme of some particular speech variety (a particular accent of a particular ENG169 – English Morphology and Phonology | Araullo University language). PHONEME ALLOPHONES Allophones are phonetic variations - different pronunciations - of the VOWELS AND same phoneme. Using a different allophone does not change CONSONANTS meaning. Example CONSONANT The /l/ sound is pronounced differently in ‘love' and in ‘wool'. These SOUNDS two words contain allophones of the phoneme /l/. VOWEL SOUNDS ENG169 – English Morphology and Phonology | Araullo University PHONEME 1. Aspirated: ph-, th-, tsh-, kh- When you say an aspirated consonant, you can feel a puff of air coming out of your mouth. Try putting your hand in front of your mouth, and say “pass”, “pen” ALLOPHONES or “pink”. 2. Unaspirated: p-, t-, ts-, k- VOWELS AND There isn’t a strong burst of air when you say the Taiwanese p-, t-, ts- or k-. In CONSONANTS English, it only occurs when a “p”, “t”, or “k” follows another consonant, for example, the “p” in “spend”, “spit” or “spill”. CONSONANT SOUNDS 3. Voiced: b-, j-, g- Your vocal cords rev up when you say a voiced consonant. Place your hand over your throat, and slowly say: “bat”, “bell” and “beak”. If you exaggerate the “b” VOWEL sound, like “bbb-bat”, “bbb-bell” and “bbb-beak”, you will feel your vocal cords SOUNDS start vibrating even before you release the obstruction created by your lips. ENG169 – English Morphology and Phonology | Araullo University PHONEME ALLOPHONES Letters and speech sounds are divided into two categories: sounds VOWELS AND where the air is blocked by the lips, tongue, or throat before leaving CONSONANTS the mouth and sounds where the air is not blocked. Consonants represent sounds that are blocked; vowels represent sounds that are CONSONANT not blocked. SOUNDS What do you observe with the difference of vowel and consonant VOWEL sounds SOUNDS ENG169 – English Morphology and Phonology | Araullo University PHONEME ALLOPHONES A consonant sound is a speech sound that is produced by the partial VOWELS AND or complete obstruction of air by the lips, teeth, tongue or throat. The CONSONANTS Collins Dictionary defines a consonant sound as “a sound such as ‘p’, ‘f’, ‘n’, or ‘t’ which you pronounce by stopping the air flowing freely CONSONANT through your mouth”. SOUNDS VOWEL SOUNDS ENG169 – English Morphology and Phonology | Araullo University PHONEME Classification of Consonant Sounds ALLOPHONES Consonant sounds are divided into categories based on two aspects, namely, VOWELS AND CONSONANTS The place of articulation – with reference to the parts of the mouth that are used to pronounce the particular sounds. CONSONANT SOUNDS The manner of articulation – with reference to the movement of air from the lungs and through and out of the nose and mouth. VOWEL SOUNDS ENG169 – English Morphology and Phonology | Araullo University PHONEME Place of Articulation ALLOPHONES Bilabial – the upper lip and lower lip come in complete contact with each other. VOWELS AND Dental – the tip of the tongue touches the teeth mildly. CONSONANTS Labio-dental – the lower lip and the upper teeth come in contact with each other. CONSONANT Palatal – the body of the tongue touches the hard palate. SOUNDS Alveolar – the tip or blade of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge. VOWEL Velar – the body of the tongue comes in contact with the soft SOUNDS palate (also called the velum). Glottal – the vocal cords come into contact and produce friction ENG169 – English Morphology and Phonology | Araullo University PHONEME ALLOPHONES VOWELS AND CONSONANTS CONSONANT SOUNDS VOWEL SOUNDS ENG169 – English Morphology and Phonology | Araullo University PHONEME Manner of Articulation Plosive/Stop – a sound produced by the air being blocked inside the vocal ALLOPHONES tract followed by the release of air from the mouth. (p, b, t) Fricative – a sound produced by positioning the mouth in a particular manner so as to partially block the air coming out of the mouth. (th, t, d) VOWELS AND Affricate – a combination of a plosive and fricative manner, in which CONSONANTS sound is produced by the blocking of air and finally releasing it through a partial passage. (g,j) Nasal – a sound produced when the air passes and escapes through the CONSONANT nose. (m, n, ng) SOUNDS Lateral/Liquid – a sound produced by the air escaping from the mouth and sides of the tongue. (l, r) VOWEL Approximant/Glide – a sound produced when the tip of the tongue SOUNDS slightly touches the alveolar ridge, and the air escapes through the gap between the tongue and the alveolar ridge. (w, y) ENG169 – English Morphology and Phonology | Araullo University PHONEME ALLOPHONES Vowels are letters that represent speech sounds where air leaves the mouth without any blockage by the tongue, lips, or throat. The vowels VOWELS AND in the alphabet are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y. All other letters in the CONSONANTS English alphabet are consonants, which represent speech sounds where air is blocked somehow before leaving the mouth. CONSONANT SOUNDS VOWEL SOUNDS ENG169 – English Morphology and Phonology | Araullo University PHONEME ALLOPHONES VOWELS AND CONSONANTS CONSONANT SOUNDS VOWEL SOUNDS ENG169 – English Morphology and Phonology | Araullo University  Thank you for listening! ENG169 – English Morphology and Phonology ARTFRED M. FORTUNATO, LPT. Araullo University