2.-Phonetics-and-Phonology.pdf

2. Phonetics and Phonology 1. Phonetics vs. Phonology vs. Pronunciation vs. Articulation 2. Vowel vs. Consonant Sounds (Segmentals) 3. Vowels and Diphthongs Front Vowels [i], [I], [eI], [ɛ], [æ] Back Vowels [u], [U], [o], [ɔ] Mid Vowels [a], [ə],[ᴧ], [Ɨ] Diphthongs [aU], [aI], [oI] 4....

2. Phonetics and Phonology 1. Phonetics vs. Phonology vs. Pronunciation vs. Articulation 2. Vowel vs. Consonant Sounds (Segmentals) 3. Vowels and Diphthongs Front Vowels [i], [I], [eI], [ɛ], [æ] Back Vowels [u], [U], [o], [ɔ] Mid Vowels [a], [ə],[ᴧ], [Ɨ] Diphthongs [aU], [aI], [oI] 4. Consonants Place and Manner of Articulation Voice and Voiceless Consonants Bilabial [p], [b], [m], [w] Labiodental [f], [v] Dental [θ], [ð] Alveolar [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l] Palatal ʃ], [Ʒ], [tʃ], [dƷ], [r], [j] Velar and Glottal [k], [g], [ŋ], [h] 5. Suprasegmentals Pitch and Tone Rate and Resonance Intonation and Emphasis Juncture Enunciation Effective Voice and Paralanguage Elements  Phonetics and Phonology 1. Phonetics vs. Phonology vs. Pronunciation vs. Articulation Phonetics and phonology are fundamental areas of linguistics that explore the sounds of human speech from different perspectives. Articulation and pronunciation are key elements of effective communication, focusing on how sounds are produced and used in speech. Understanding the distinctions and interactions between these concepts is crucial for comprehending the complexities of language sound systems and improving communication skills. Attribute Phonetics Phonology Articulation Pronunciation The study of the The study of how The physical How speech sounds physical sounds of sounds function production of speech are produced, human speech within a particular sounds including correct Definition language placement and movement of the articulators Individual sounds Sound patterns Primarily on the Primarily on the and their and rules within a movement and correct sounds and Focus articulation language coordination of the stress patterns of speech organs words Phonemes, Phonemes, Includes the Includes the correct phones, and syllables, and production of pronunciation of Units of features stress patterns individual speech individual words, Analysis sounds, sound stress patterns, and combinations, and intonation transitions between sounds To describe and To understand the Requires Requires classify speech systematic coordination of the understanding and sounds organization of lips, tongue, teeth, reproducing the Goal sounds in jaw, and vocal cords sounds, rhythm, and language melody of a language Observation and Analysis of sound Can be improved Can be improved analysis of speech patterns and rules through exercises through listening, Methodology sounds and drills focusing on imitation, and specific sounds and practice of correct sound combinations word pronunciation  Provides Reveals how Crucial for clear and Essential for foundational sounds interact intelligible speech effective knowledge of how and create communication and Importance sounds are meaning within a comprehension produced and language perceived Descriptive and Analytical skills to Coordination of Reproducing correct analytical skills to understand sound speech organs sounds, stress, and study speech systems and intonation Skills sounds patterns Focuses on the Involves Can be improved Improved through technical aspects understanding and with targeted active listening and of sound applying linguistic practice practice in natural Training production and rules contexts perception 2. Vowel vs. Consonant Sounds (Segmentals) Vowels and consonants, collectively known as segmentals, form the core of pronunciation in oral communication. Their accurate production is crucial for clear and intelligible speech. Understanding the distinctions between these two categories of speech sounds is fundamental to pronunciation teaching and linguistic analysis. Attribute Vowel Sounds Consonant Sounds Definition A speech sound is produced without A speech sound is produced with partial significant friction in the vocal tract, or complete closure in the vocal tract, with vocal cords vibrating. resulting in constriction or blockage of airflow. Articulation It is produced with an open vocal tract; Produced with some degree of closure or no contact exists between lips, teeth, or constriction in the vocal tract, involving tongue. contact between lips, teeth, or tongue. Sound Involves no obstruction; the airflow is Involves obstruction; airflow is restricted Production unobstructed and smooth. or blocked at some point in the vocal tract. Features Includes height (high, mid, low), Includes place of articulation (where in backness (front, central, back), and the vocal tract the constriction occurs), roundedness (rounded, unrounded). manner of articulation (how the airflow is  constricted), and voicing (whether the vocal cords vibrate). Examples /i/ (as in "see"), /æ/ (as in "cat"), /u/ (as /p/ (as in "pat"), /t/ (as in "top"), /s/ (as in in "boot") "sit") English Alphabet Five vowels: a, e, I, o, u; 'y' can act as 21 consonants in the English alphabet; a vowel in words like "cry" and "fly" 24 distinct consonant sounds. 'Y' can also act as a consonant, e.g., in "yellow". Syllable Vowels typically form the nucleus of Consonants can form the onset or coda Formation syllables. of syllables; they depend on vowels to create syllables. Acoustic Generally, it has a steady, pure sound Often characterized by dynamic changes Properties quality. in sound due to constriction. Phonological Different vowel sounds can change the Different consonant sounds can change Function meaning of words, e.g., "beat" vs. "bit". word meanings, e.g., "chair" vs. "charade". MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VOWELS AND CONSONANTS The difference in the production of speech sounds while pronouncing is a significant difference between vowels and consonants. The speech sound of a vowel is unconstrained, while the speech sound of a consonant is constricted to a certain extent by the vocal cords and followed by partial or complete closure of the vocal tract. 1. Vowels produce speech sounds without any restriction in the vocal cord, whereas consonants produce speech sounds with a constriction in the vocal cord. 2. In vowels, there’s no disturbance due to mouth, teeth, and lips touching each other, whereas, in consonants, there’s disturbance due to mouth, teeth, and lips touching each other. 3. In the English alphabet, there are five vowels, while there are 21 consonants. 4. The vowel is the most significant element of the syllable, whereas the consonants rely on the vowel to create the syllable 5. There is a total of 20 vowel sounds in English, and there are a total of 24 consonant sounds. 6. ‘y’ is considered as a vowel and consonant in English. ‘Y’ produces different speech sounds in several words that seem like vowels or consonants.  3. Vowels and Diphthongs In phonetics, vowels and diphthongs are crucial components of spoken language. Vowels are categorized by their position in the mouth and tongue height, while diphthongs are complex vowel sounds that glide from one vowel to another within the same syllable. Category Explanation Vowel Sounds Examples Front Vowels Produced with the [i], [I], [eI], [ɛ], [æ] - [i] as in "see" tongue positioned - [I] as in "sit" towards the front - [eI] as in "day" of the mouth. - [ɛ] as in "bet" - [æ] as in "cat" Back Vowels Produced with the [u], [U], [o], [ɔ] - [u] as in "boot" tongue positioned - [U] as in "book" towards the back - [o] as in "go" of the mouth. - [ɔ] as in "thought" Mid Vowels Produced with the [a], [ə], [ᴧ], [Ɨ] - [a] as in "father" tongue positioned - [ə] as in "sofa" midway between (schwa) high and low or - [ᴧ] as in "cup" front and back. - [Ɨ] as in "bird" Diphthongs Complex vowel [aU], [aI], [oI] - [aU] as in "how" sounds that begin - [aI] as in "buy" with one vowel - [oI] as in "coin" sound and glide into another within the same syllable.  4. Consonants Place and Manner of Articulation Consonants are classified based on where and how airflow is constricted in the vocal tract. This organizer breaks down consonants into categories based on their place and manner of articulation. Place of Manner of Consonants Examples Description Articulation Articulation Bilabial Stop (Plosive) [p], [b] [p] - "pat" Produced by bringing both lips [b] - "bat" together and releasing air. Nasal [m] [m] - "mat" Produced by closing the lips and allowing air to escape through the nose. Glide [w] [w] - "win" Produced by rounding the lips and slightly narrowing the vocal tract. Labiodental Fricative [f], [v] [f] - "fine" Produced by touching the bottom lip [v] - "vine" to the upper teeth and allowing air to flow through. Dental Fricative [θ], [ð] [θ] - "think" Produced by placing the tip of the [ð] - "this" tongue between the teeth and allowing air to flow through. Alveolar Stop (Plosive) [t], [d] [t] - "top" Produced by raising the tongue to the [d] - "dog" alveolar ridge and releasing air. Nasal [n] [n] - "no" Produced by closing the tongue against the alveolar ridge and allowing air to escape through the nose. Fricative [s], [z] [s] - "see" Produced by raising the tongue to the [z] - "zoo" alveolar ridge, creating a narrow passage for the air. Lateral [l] [l] - "light" Produced by raising the tongue to the alveolar ridge and allowing air to flow around the sides of the tongue. Retroflex [r] [r] - "red" Produced by curling the tip of the tongue back behind the alveolar ridge or bunched up behind it. Palatal Fricative [ʃ], [Ʒ] [ʃ] - "ship" Produced by raising the front part of [Ʒ]"measure" the tongue to the hard palate. Affricate [tʃ], [dʒ] [tʃ] - "chat" Produced by combining a stop with a [dʒ] - "judge" fricative, starting with a complete closure and releasing into a fricative. Glide [j] [j] - "yes" Produced by raising the middle part of the tongue towards the hard palate. Velar Stop (Plosive) [k], [g] [k] - "cat" Produced by raising the back of the [g] - "go" tongue to the soft palate and releasing air. Nasal [ŋ] [ŋ] - "sing" Produced by closing the back of the tongue against the velum and allowing air to escape through the nose. Glottal Fricative [h] [h] - "hat" Produced by allowing air to flow through the open glottis. Stop (Plosive) [ʔ] [ʔ] - "uh-oh" Produced by stopping the airflow completely at the glottis and then releasing it. NOTE: Place of Articulation: Refers to the specific location in the vocal tract where constriction occurs. Manner of Articulation: Refers to how the airflow is constricted or obstructed to produce different sounds.  Voice and Voiceless Consonants Phoneticists, who study the sound of the human voice, divide consonants into two types: voiced and voiceless. Voiced consonants require vocal cords to produce distinct sounds, while voiceless consonants do not. Both types use breath, lips, teeth, and the upper palate to further modify speech. This guide explains the differences between voiced and voiceless consonants, offers tips for using them, and discusses how the vocal quality of consonants may change depending on surrounding words and letters. Voiced Consonants Voiced consonants are produced by vibrating the vocal cords. Place a finger on your throat to identify a voiced consonant while pronouncing the sound. If you feel a vibration, the consonant is voiced. Examples of Voiced Consonants are B, D, G, J, L, M, N, Ng, R, Sz, Th (as in "then"), V, W, Y, and Z. Words with Voiced Consonants: traveled lived changed gloves dreams wheels shells exchanged listened started globes organized Note: Ng, Sz, and Th are common sounds produced by blending two consonants phonetically. Voiceless Consonants Voiceless consonants are produced without vocal cord vibration. The airflow and articulation of the lips, teeth, and tongue create the sound. Examples of Voiceless Consonants are Ch, F, K, P, S, Sh, T, and Th (as in "thing"). Words with Voiceless Consonants: washed books coats seats watched dropped carts Vowels Vowel sounds (A, E, I, O, U) and diphthongs (combinations of two vowel sounds) are all voiced. This includes the letter Y when pronounced like a long E. Examples: city, pity, gritty Changing Voice Consonants can change their vocal quality based on the surrounding letters. A notable example is the past simple form of regular verbs: ✓ Voiceless Ending: If "ed" follows a voiceless consonant (e.g., K), it is pronounced as a voiceless T. Examples: parked, barked, marked. ✓ Voiced Ending: If "ed" follows a voiced consonant (e.g., B or V), it is pronounced as a voiced D. Examples: robbed, thrived, shoved. ✓ Vowel Ending: If "ed" follows a vowel sound, it is pronounced as a voiced D since vowels are always voiced. Examples: freed, fried, lied. ✓ Exception: If "ed" follows T, it is pronounced as a voiced "id" sound. Examples: dotted, rotted, plotted. Plural Forms: If the consonant before S is voiced, S is pronounced as a Z. Examples: chairs, machines, and bags If the consonant before S is voiceless, S is pronounced as a voiceless consonant. Examples: bats, parks, pipes.  5. Suprasegmentals Pitch and Tone Rate and Resonance Intonation and Emphasis Juncture Enunciation Effective Voice and Paralang uage Elements Suprasegmentals Description Examples Pitch and Tone Pitch: Highness or Pitch: Rising in questions ("Are lowness of the voice you coming?") Tone: Quality or Tone: Excited vs. serious tone character of the voice Rate and Resonance Rate: Speed of speech Rate: Fast (excitement) vs. Resonance: Quality slow (clarity) affected by vocal tract Resonance: Nasal in "sing" vs. clear in "cat" Intonation and Emphasis Intonation: Pitch Intonation: Rising for variation across questions ("Are you okay?") phrases Emphasis: “I want the RED Emphasis: Stress on apple” specific words Juncture Joining or separating Liaison: Smooth connection (“I sounds have [w]already eaten”) Pause: Breaks (“Let’s eat, Grandma”) Enunciation Clarity and precision in Formal Speech: Clear speech articulation (example: presentations) Informal Speech: Casual articulation (example: conversations) Effective Voice and Effective Voice: Effective Voice: Volume Paralanguage Overall quality control, tone modulation Paralanguage: Non- Paralanguage: Pauses, sighs, verbal elements laughter (e.g., a sigh to express frustration)