Phonetics vs Phonology PDF

Phonetics Vs. Phonology There are two fields or subdisciplines in linguistics concerned pronunciation and sound, namely phonetics and phonology. Both of them describe and analyze speech from a different perspective  Phonetics Phonology The study of speech soun...

Phonetics Vs. Phonology There are two fields or subdisciplines in linguistics concerned pronunciation and sound, namely phonetics and phonology. Both of them describe and analyze speech from a different perspective  Phonetics Phonology The study of speech sounds The study of sound systems Descriptive analytical General Particular Classificatory Systematic Study the production, Study different patterns of transmission and reception of sounds in different sounds languages In order to understand phonology, one must have a grasp of the basic concepts of PHONETICS, the study of the inventory of all SPEECH SOUNDS which humans are capable of producing. Mr. Saleh Elrishi ► The study of speech sounds can be approached from various angles. ►These are reflected by the three major branches of phonetics: (a) ACOUSTIC PHONETICS: the study of the physical properties of speech sounds using laboratory instruments; (b) AUDITORY PHONETICS: the study of speech perception; (c) ARTICULATORY PHONETICS: the study of speech production.  The sounds can be described form three main views: Acoustics Auditory phonetics phonetics Articulatory phonetics Mr. Saleh Elrishi Mr. Saleh Elrishi Mr. Saleh Elrishi  Physiology of speech Production The production of any speech sound involves the movement of the airstream. Speech organs Phonetics Transcript Each language has a variety of sounds Spelling vs. Pronunciation IPA  Phonetics Transcript Sounds and letters are not in one-to-one relation. i.e. one letter may be pronounced in different ways. e.g. The letter (u) - is pronounced /i/ in ‘busy’ - is pronounced /ʌ/ in ‘cut’ Speech sounds , therefore, should be represented by special phonetics symbols where each and every sound is represented by one and only one phonetics symbol, and each and every phonetic symbol represents one and only one speech sound. The phonetic chart of these symbols is called International Phonetic Alphabets (IPA). IPA is a regular, consistent, and economical system of notation necessary for describing sounds. Mr. Saleh Elrishi  Vowels vs. Consonants Speech sounds are also classified into two major categories: vowel & consonant The first two letters of the English alphabet are A and B. A is a vowel. (To say A you open your mouth ) B is a consonant. (To say B you close your mouth ) In general, when you say a vowel you do not block the flow of air. They are produced by the passage of air through the larynx and the vocal tract (THEY CAN FORM THE NUCLEUS OF A SYLLABLE ) But when you say a consonant, you block the flow of air. They are generally produced by the modification of an airstream exhaled from the lungs (THEY CAN FORM THE NUCLEUS OF A SYLLABLE). Mr. Saleh Elrishi Vowels In the production of vowel sounds, the passage of the airstream is relatively unobstructed Vowels are characterized as: 1. Short vs. long (i: - i) 2. High – mid – low (tongue position) 3. Front – central – back (tongue advancement) 4. Roundness (the degree of the lips-rounding) Tongue advancement Front central Back Tongue High i: (i) u: u position Mid e ɛ ʌ (ə( ɔ: ɔ Low ǣ a Mr. Saleh Elrishi Consonants In order to form consonant, the airstream must be obstructed somewhere and somehow in the vocal tract Therefore, these sounds can be classified in terms of: 1. Place of articulation (dimension specifies where in the vocal tract the construction is) 2. Manner of articulation (dimension specifies how narrow the construction is. Whether air flowing through the nose, and whether the tongue is dropped down on one side). 3. Voicing (parameter specifies whether the vocal folds are vibrating) Mr. Saleh Elrishi  1. Place of articulation Bilabial Lips are pressed together (p) , (m) Labiodental The lower lip is pressed to the upper teeth (f) , (v) Interdental The tip of the tongue is placed between the (ð), (Ɵ) teeth Alveolar The tip of the tongue is placed against the (d), (t), (n) alveolar ridge. (s), (z) Palatal The midsection of the tongue is pressed (Ʒ), (ʤ) against the hard palate Velar The midsection of the tongue is pressed (k), (g), (ɳ) the soft palate Glottal Partially open (h) Mr. Saleh Elrishi  2. Manner of articulation Stops Every plosive is a stop, but not vice versa. We may have stops, which are not plosives. (plosives) Plosives involve complete closure at some point in the vocal tract. -two lips. P/b -blade of the tongue pressing against the alveolar ridge. t/d -back of the tongue pressing the velum. k/g Fricative Frictions are the results of incomplete closure at some point in the vocal tract. f/v/s/z Voice Affricative are a combination of sounds. There is complete closure as for plosive which is followed by a slow release with friction as for fricative. Chop/ judge The air does continue through the nose, but there is a Nasal blockage of the airflow in the oral cavity. Mr. Saleh Elrishi  3. Voiced and voiceless sounds The state of vocal cords during speech permits us to classify sounds into two large classes: 1. Voiced: if the vocal cords are almost closed, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate. ( b/m/d) 2. Voicless: if the vocal cords are apart, the airstream may pass freely through the larynx. ( p/t/k/s) Mr. Saleh Elrishi Mr. Saleh Elrishi  The production of consonants involves four major parameters which can be varied independently of each other to create different kinds of consonant. The four parameters are: (a) THE AIRSTREAM MECHANISM This refers to the way in which the moving body of air that provides the power for speech production is generated and the direction in which it moves. (b) THE STATE OF THE GLOTTIS Voiceless sounds are produced when there is a wide open glottis, with a big space between the vocal cords; voiced sounds are produced when the vocal cords are close together so that the air has to force its way through them, making them vibrate in the process. (c) THE PLACE OF ARTICULATION This refers to the place in the vocal tract where the airstream is obstructed in the production of a consonant (d) THE MANNER OF ARTICULATION This refers to the way in which the airstream is interfered with in producing a consonant.  The relationship between Phonetics and Phonology The relationship between phonetics and phonology is a complex one, but we might initially approach phonology as narrowed-down phonetics. Therefore, In order to understand phonology, one must have a grasp of the basic concepts of PHONETICS, the study of the inventory of all SPEECH SOUNDS which humans are capable of producing. Phonetics deals with concrete, physical manifestations of speech sounds; Phonology with abstract, psychological manifestations – indeed, more generally, with the nature of human language and the genetic endowment which makes it possible