12 Gen Chem PDF

PROPERTIES OF MATTER PHASE CHANGES OF MATTER PHYSICAL PROPERTY – characteristic or trait of matter that can be observed or perceived with our senses easily without changing its chemical composition. Ex. Appearance,...

PROPERTIES OF MATTER PHASE CHANGES OF MATTER PHYSICAL PROPERTY – characteristic or trait of matter that can be observed or perceived with our senses easily without changing its chemical composition. Ex. Appearance, Color, Texture, Odor 2 TYPES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 1. INTENSIVE PROPERTY – substance-specific properties that do not depend on the amount of the substance. 2. EXTENSIVE PROPERTY – depends on the amount of substance of the material. Whenever the amount of substance changes, the extensive property also changes. ENDOTHERMIC – heat is absorbed / red arrows Melting - ice cream Ex. of Intensive Property Ex. of Extensive Property Evaporation - boiling Sublimation - fire extinguisher Density Mass EXOTHERMIC – heat is released / blue arrows Color Freezing - ice cube Luster Condensation - cloud formation Weight Conductivity Deposition - frosting, snow Hardness CLASSICFICATIONS OF MATTER Boiling, Freezing, Melting Volume Point Ductility Malleability Length Diffusion DUCTILITY is the ability of substance to be stretched into wire. Ex. Ductility of copper wire MALLEABILITY is the ability of substance to be hammered or transformed into thin sheet. Ex. Malleability of the copper metal DIFFUSION PURE SUBSTANCE – consists of only one type of is the ability of matter to be scattered or spread out. substance, with uniform and consistent chemical composition throughout. It cannot be separated into simpler substances Ex. Diffusion of ink by physical means. CHEMICAL PROPERTY Ex. Salt, Pure water, Diamond, Gold – a material that undergo chemical change in its chemical 2 TYPES OF PURE SUBSTANCE composition. 1. ELEMENTS - substances that consist of only one type Ex. Flammability, Toxicity, Reactivity, Oxidation States, of atom and cannot be broken down further by chemical Salt Formation means. Ex. Hydrogen, Sodium, Oxygen, Carbon PHYSICAL PROPERTY CHEMICAL PROPERTY Melting ice candy Rusting a needle 2. COMPOUNDS – substances composed of two or more different elements in fixed proportions held together by Boiling water Frying an egg chemical bonds. Breaking a pencil Food digestion Ex. Water (H2O) and Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Cutting of paper Breaking cookies MIXTURE - composed of two or more substances physically Slicing a mango Ripening of banana combined, each retaining its own properties. Mixtures can be separated by physical methods like filtration or evaporation, and they can vary in composition and proportions. Ex. Air Cement, Sand and Water  2 TYPES OF MIXTURES SEPARATION OF MIXTURES BASED ON PROPERTIES 1. HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES – cannot be separated Methods of separating components of mixtures is a by either chemical or physical means. procedure or process of segregating or moving the constituent or part of a substance which is made up of two or SOLUTION – a mixture that has a uniform more pure substances. composition and its individual components cannot be distinguished. 2. HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES – a mixture with a non-uniform composition and can be separated by FILTRATION – process of separating the insoluble solid physical means. from the liquid substance by allowing the liquid to pass through a porous material called filtering agent. SUSPENSIONS – have solute particles big enough to settle at the bottom of the mixture. RESIDUE – solid particles which are retained in the filter. Ex. oil & water, sand & water, muddy water. FILTRATE – the clear liquid which passes through COLLOIDS – A mixture in which very small a filtering agent such as filter paper. particles of one substance are distributed evenly throughout another substance. The particles are DECANTATION – method used to separate the liquid layer generally larger than those in a solution, and known as supernatant and a heavy insoluble solid known as smaller than those in a suspension. precipitate by allowing the said solid to settle at the bottom of the container then the liquid above the solid is poured off TYNDALL EFFECT – the ability to scatter carefully into another container. light. The dispersed solute scatters and reflect light. MECHANICAL SEPARATION – involves the use of forceps, sieves, magnet and other similar tools to separate the BROWNIAN MOTION – movement of the particles in a components of mixtures. constant random motion. CENTRIFUGATION – process that uses a motor device known as centrifuge that speeds up the settling of the precipitate using centrifugal or rotating motion. DISTILLATION – a process that involves the evaporation and condensation of a liquid solvent from a mixture or solution. CHROMATOGRAPHY – process uses the difference in the degrees to which substances are absorbed on the surface of an inert substance such as a filter paper.  COMMON LABORATORY EQUIPMENT NAME Description/or use Picture Glass container, most are pyrex; common sizes are 100 BEAKER ml, 25 ml, 400 ml; it can be used as a container, shows approximate volume, and may be heated A metal heating device connected to a gas outlet with rubber tubing; used to heat chemicals in beakers or test BUNSEN BURNER tubes; has adjustable air-hole allowing some control of temperature It is marked with a milliliter scale and fitted with a BURRETTE/BURET stopcock; can be used to withdraw and measure accurate volumes of solutions in titrations BEAKER TONGS Metal with rubber ends; used to handle hot beakers Chemical resistant rubberized apron used to protect CHEMICAL APRON clothing Made of porcelain; used to heat small amounts of solid CRUCIBLE & substances that are being heated strongly at high COVER temperatures Metal utility tongs used for hot crucibles; spring-like jaws CRUCIBLE TONGS with a jaw opening Glass tip with a rubber bulb; used to transfer small DROPPER amounts of liquids ELECTRONIC Used for quick, accurate massing BALANCE Container; common sizes are 125 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml; ERLENMEYER may be heated; it has a thin neck and a wide base; used to FLASK hold liquids when carrying out reactions and preparing solutions Porcelain dish; used to hold a solution whose solvent is EVAPORATING being separated from the solvent by evaporation (often DISH using heat)  Used to hold liquids when carrying out reactions (no heat FLORENCE FLASK use flat-bottomed; even heating required use roundbottomed) Metal or plastic, straight-tipped instrument used to isolate FORCEPS and remove small particles Made of glass or plastic; used to hold a filter paper and FUNNEL can be used in pouring (to avoid spills) GOGGLES Used to protect eyes GRADUATED Marked with milliliter (ml) scale and is used to measure CYLINDER volume HEAT RESISTANT Used to handle hot glassware or other hot lab equipment GLOVES MORTAR & Heavy porcelain dish with grinder; used to grind PESTLE chemicals to a powder PIPESTEM Triangular wire frame with clay material coverings; used TRIANGLE (CLAY to support a crucible TRIANGLE) PIPETTE Used to transfer small amounts of liquid  PLASTIC WASH Squeezable plastic bottle; used to dispense distilled water BOTTLE RING CLAMP Iron ring with screw fastener; comes in several sizes; used (IRON RING) to fasten to the ring stand as a support for an apparatus RING STAND Metal rod that is upright and sits on a heavy base; used as (SUPPORT STAND) a support and has many uses Used to cap the openings of glassware such as test tubes RUBBER STOPPER or Erlenmeyer flasks Made of metal; has a flat rounded end and a rectangular SPATULA end; used to transfer solid chemicals Plastic or ceramic reaction surfaces with slight “dips” for SPOT PLATES containing small amounts of chemicals STIRRING ROD Made of glass; used to stir combinations of materials Made of metal and has a flint; used to ignite the Bunsen STRIKER burner Glassware that comes in many sizes; it has many uses and TEST TUBE can be heated TEST TUBE BRUSH Brush with wire handle; used to scrub thin glassware Metal clamp with a screw fastener, a swivel and lock nut, TEST TUBE CLAMP an adjusting screw, and a curved clamp; used to hold an apparatus (test tube or burette) to the ring stand TEST TUBE Made of metal; has a clamp with a spring handle; used to HOLDER hold a test tube  May be made of wood, metal, or plastic; used to hold test TEST TUBE RACK tubes in an upright position Made of glass and filled with a red or blue liquid (usually THERMOMETER alcohol); used to determine temperature TRIPLE BEAM Used for determining the mass, in grams, of a chemical or BALANCE object A laboratory tripod is a three-legged platform used to support flasks and beakers. Tripods are usually made of TRIPOD STAND stainless steel or aluminium and lightly built for portability within the lab. a wire gauze is placed on top of the tripod to provide a flat base for glassware Used when mixing accurate concentrations of solutions. VOLUMETRIC Each flask has a volume marking which is very exact and FLASK can be stoppered. They are intended to contain chemicals in liquid or REAGENT BOTTLE powder form for laboratories and stored in cabinets or on shelves. Curved glass; may be used as a beaker cover or for WATCH GLASS evaporating very small amounts of liquid Used to separate immiscible liquids from their solutes. SEPARATORY The funnel is usually glass, pear-shaped, and usually FUNNEL includes a stopper and a stopcock. Small plate with several wells; used for reacting small WELL PLATE amounts of chemicals  Wire screen with ceramic fibered center; used to spread WIRE GAUZE the heat of a flame 1. Name three (3) pieces of apparatus which are used as containers. Reagent bottle Florence flask Beaker 2. Name three (3) pieces of apparatus which are used as holder. Iron stand Clamp and holder Test tube holder 3. Name five (5) pieces of apparatus which are used in measuring. Buret Graduated cylinder Pipet Thermometer Balance and weights 4. Name two (2) pieces of apparatus which are used in heating. Bunsen Burner Wire gauze 5. Name 2 pieces of apparatus which are used to handle, convey, or facilitate the transfer of: solids: Spatula and Crucible tong liquids: Dropper and Thistle tube 6. Name two (2) pieces of apparatus associated with the following process: filtration: ____Buchner Funnel____, ___Side-arm Flask__________ titration: _______Buret__________, _________Iron stand________ glass manipulation: ______Bunsen Burner_____, _____Glass tubing____ reduction of size of solids: ______Mortar and Pestle__, ___Tweezers____