Matter - Forms and Properties (PDF)

MATTER (Classification and Properties) Chemistry - is the basic science that deals with the properties and structure of matter the interactions that it undergoes and, the energy changes involved in such interactions. 2 things that made up the universe: Matter and Energy Matter - is...

MATTER (Classification and Properties) Chemistry - is the basic science that deals with the properties and structure of matter the interactions that it undergoes and, the energy changes involved in such interactions. 2 things that made up the universe: Matter and Energy Matter - is anything that has mass and occupies space and it is particulate in nature because it is composed by atoms Matter refers to anything that has mass and occupies space. It comprises the tangible, material substances that make up the physical world around us. Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms, which themselves consist of even smaller subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons. These particles combine in various ways to form elements and compounds, creating the diverse array of substances found in the universe. Matter can exist in different states, including solid, liquid, gas, and plasma, depending on the temperature and pressure conditions. The matter in the universe includes celestial bodies like planets, stars, galaxies, and even the living organisms on Earth. It interacts through gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear forces, among others, shaping the structure and behavior of the universe on both macroscopic and microscopic scales. Space - it is that which is occupied by matter - space exists only if there is matter Classification of Matter A. According to origin 1. Inorganic matter – is a matter that comes from non-living things. 2. Organic matter – is a matter that comes from living things. B. According to state 1. SOLID a. Rigid b. has a definite volume and shape c. the particles are in fixed position and are strongly attracted to each other d. the forces between particles are strong so that e. the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate B. According to state 2. LIQUID a. has a definite volume but no specific shape b. It assumes the shape of the container c. the particles of liquid are loosely held B. According to state 3. GAS a. has no fixed volume or shape b. It takes on the shape and volume of its container c. It is a compressible fluid d. the particles of gas are far apart and they move freely B. According to state 4. PLASMA a. observed in special conditions such as the ones found in the sun and fluorescent lamps b. it is formed by adding still more heat to the molecules of a gas c. a superheated matter – so hot that the electrons are ripped away from the atoms forming an ionized gas. Classification of Matter C. According to composition 1. Pure Substances a. Element - made up of 1 kind of atom ( elements in the periodic table ) examples : carbon ( C ) , sodium (Na) , Aluminum ( Al ) C. According to composition 1. Pure Substances b. Compounds - composed of two or more elements which are chemically combined in fixed proportions. examples : water ( H2O ) , KOH , NaCl C. According to composition 2. Mixture - a combination of two or more elements or compounds in which they retain their distinct properties and composition C. According to composition Type of Mixtures A. Homogeneous Mixture -it is a mixture that is uniform in composition - there is only one phase in this kind of mixture Examples: sugar solution , whisky, rubbing alcohol C. According to composition Type of Mixtures B. Heterogeneous Mixture - it is a mixture that is not uniform in composition throughout - the physical properties of each substance present in the mixture are distinct from one another and are retain Examples : mixture of sand and iron filings, fruit salad What are the Properties of Matter? There are two major classifications of the properties of matter. These are; (1) physical property of matter and (2) chemical property of matter. Furthermore, the physical properties of matter can still be classified into 2 groups. These are; (1) intensive physical property and (2) extensive physical property.  Physical Properties Of Matter these are properties that are measurable these properties are often referred to as observables and quantifiable Physical properties are often characterized as : 1. Intensive ( or Intrinsic ) - these are properties that are independent of the amount of material in a given sample Ex: density, optical rotation, color, texture, boiling, freezing 2. Extensive ( or Extrinsic ) - these are properties that are dependent on the amount of material in a given sample Ex: size, mass, volume, pressure of a gas , heat content  Some Common Properties of Matter 1. Mass - is a measure of the quantity of matter. 2. Inertia - is the tendency of a body to remain at rest and to continue moving uniformly in the same direction unless being acted upon by some external force. The mass of a body is proportional to its inertia. 3. Weight - is the gravitational force of attraction exerted by the earth on a body. 4. Volume - is the measure of the space occupied by the particles of matter. 5. Density - is the ratio of the object’s mass to its volume. 6. Impenetrability - is the property of matter that states that no two objects can occupy the same place at the same time. Chemical Property This is the characteristic or trait that can be observed when a matter reacts to another substance. Combustibility/flammability and oxidation like rusting are examples of chemical properties of matter.  Chemical Properties Of Matter - any of a material's properties that becomes evident during, or after, a chemical reaction - there is change in the substance’s chemical identity the substance’s internal structure is affected - there is a chemical change when a substance goes under a chemical reaction  Chemical Properties Of Matter Ex. flammability toxicity acidity reactivity heat of combustion (iron combines with oxygen in the presence of water to form rust ) Physical change. - a change in the form of matter but not in its chemical identity - this includes change in phase, mass, size , volume , and temperature Chemical change – a change that occurs when the original material is completely altered to form a new substance with a different identity - it results from a chemical reaction - accompanied by energy changes; 1. endothermic reaction – reaction that absorbs energy or heat 2. exothermic reaction – reaction that releases energy or heat  A few examples of the endothermic process are photosynthesis, evaporating liquids, melting ice, dry ice, alkane cracking, thermal decomposition, ammonium chloride in water and much more. As the name implies, 'endo' means 'to absorb,' and 'thermic' means 'heat.' Exothermic reaction. Making of an Ice Cube. Snow Formation in Clouds Burning of a Candle Rusting of Iron Burning of Sugar Thoughts about when water becomes a solid, it releases heat, warming up its surroundings. This makes freezing an exothermic reaction. Usually, this heat is able to escape into the environment, but when a supercooled water bottle freezes, the bottle holds much of that heat inside.  Law of Conservation of Mass - it states that when matter undergoes changes, the total mass of the substances remain unchanged - mass cannot be created nor destroyed VIDEO LESSONS 1. Intensive and Extensive Physical Properties https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=da0T6iWA0us 2. Physical and chemical changes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YE2xaMsoGFU 3. Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJXL0IrbtqE 4. Law of Conservation of Mass https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2OE9ljBKD8