Phonetics and Phonology PDF

Phonetics and Phonology Yevgeniy Yurievich Puzikov Teaching Professor in the Department of Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies, Candidate of Philological Sciences e-mail: y [email protected] 01 What is phonetics? What is phonology? 02...

Phonetics and Phonology Yevgeniy Yurievich Puzikov Teaching Professor in the Department of Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies, Candidate of Philological Sciences e-mail: y [email protected] 01 What is phonetics? What is phonology? 02 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 03 Organs of Speech  TERMINOLOGY Respiratory (Power) Phonetics Mechanism Phoneme Larynx Phonology Glottis Allophone Supraglottal Cavities Sound Soft Palate Sonorant Uvula Articulatory Phonetics Hard Palate Auditory Phonetics Acoustic Phonetics 01 What is phonetics? What is phonology?  PHONETICS Deals with the Deals with the sounds as units of physical description oral speech of the actual sounds used in human languages Mukhamedzhan K. Issayev  PHONOLOGY Studies the linguistic function of consonant and How the speech sounds are vowel sounds, syllabic organized into systems in structure, word accent each individual language, i.e. and prosodic features, how the sounds can be such as pitch, stress and combined, the relations tempo between them and how they affect each other /t/ /d/ tick stick pit dot  PHONETICS PHONOLOGY surface abstract system manifestation organizing the (representation) of surface sounds into spoken language systems  HUMAN SPEECH Psychological stage Cognitive psychology Physiological stage Anatomy / physiology Audiology Physical or acoustic transmission Acoustics Linguistic Cognitive psychology interpretation  International 02 Phonetic Alphabet 1996 / /  VOWELS monophthongs diphthongs /ɪ/ bit /ʊ/ put /eɪ/ day /e/ bet /ɜ:/ earn /aɪ/ die /ǝ/ about /ʌ/ cut /ɛǝ/ air /i:/ eat /ɔ:/ paw /ʊǝ/ poor /a:/ palm /u:/ two /ɔɪ/ boy /ɒ/ cot /æ/ bat /ɪǝ/ fear /ǝʊ/ no /aʊ/ now  CONSONANTS SONORANTS /k/ kin /s/ sing /m/ more /b/ bin /g/ girl /n/ no /d/ din /h/ how /ŋ/ ding /v/ van /p/ pin /w/ we /z/ zoo /f/ fin /j/ yes /ʤ/ gin /ʃ/ shoe /tʃ/ chin /l/ love /t/ tin /ð/ this /r/ right /θ/ thing /ʒ/ measure PHONEMES book /bʊk/ ALLOPHONES [bʊk] 03 Organs of Speech (Vocal Mechanism) 1 Lips 2 Teeth 3 Alveolar Ridge 4 Hard Palate 5 Soft Palate (Velum) 6 Uvula 7 Tip of the Tongue 8 Blade of the Tongue 9 Front of the Tongue 10 Back of the Tongue 11 Nasal Cavity 12 Oral Cavity 13 Pharynx 14 Larynx  RESPIRATORY OR POWER MECHANISM bronchi wind-pipe (the air passage from the throat to the lungs; the trachea) lungs Picture from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract#/ media/File:Illu_conducting_passages.svg  RESPIRATORY OR POWER MECHANISM Syllabic pulses dynamic stress 'bet-ter book /bʊk/  LARYNX (VOCAL CORDS) VIBRATOR PRODUCTION OF VOICE FREQUENCY OF VIBRATIONS (PITCH) https://training.seer.cancer.gov/ss_module 06_head_neck/unit02_sec08_anatomy.html  GLOTTIS (opening between VCs) Picture from: Henry Gray. Anatomy of the Human Body (1918) 230 TIMES PER SECOND female voice 130 TIMES PER vc between SECOND 1.25 cm and male voice 1.75 cm VC between 1.75 cm and 2.5 cm SUPRAGLOTTAL CAVITIES NASAL CAVITY HARD PALATE SOFT PALATE WITH UVULA MOUTH CAVITY  SOFT PALATE (VELUM) velic closure velar closure (nasal cavity) (mouth cavity) /k/, /g/ /ŋ/ a velic only velar closure and a velar closure  TONGUE dorsum (whole upper surface) raised against upper teeth ridge against the back slope of the teeth (apical position) ridge /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, (cacuminal position) /ʒ/, /θ/, /ð/, /tʃ/, /ʤ/, /n/, /l/ /r/ Pictures: mobile application “Sounds of Speech” developed by the University of Iowa SOFT PALATE HARD PALATE lowered movement of the /m, n, ŋ/ tongue, /j/  LIPS rounded /w/ close to the upper teeth /f, v/ closed to block the air stream /p, b, m/  TEETH alveolar /t/, /d/, /l/, /s/, /z/, /n/ interdental /ð/, /θ/ labiodental /v/  ARTICULATORY DIFFERENCES VOWELS /CONSONANTS/SONORANTS 1 Presence / 2 Concentrated / 3 Force of absence of an diffused exhalation articulatory character of obstruction to the muscular air stream in the tension larynx  ARTICULATORY DIFFERENCES CONSONANTS 1 Articulatory 2 Muscular 3 Exhaling force obstruction + tension is is rather strong concentrated in (complete, the place of incomplete, the obstruction combination of the two /tʃ, ʤ/, intermittent)  ARTICULATORY DIFFERENCES VOWELS 2 Concentrated / 3 Exhaling force 1 Articulatory diffused is rather weak obstruction - character of muscular tension  ARTICULATORY DIFFERENCES SONORANTS 1 Obstruction is 2 Muscular 3 Exhaling force complete, or tension is is rather weak incomplete but not concentrated in narrow enough to the place of produce noise obstruction