Introduction and Review of Phonetics and Phonology PDF

Unit I Introduction and Review: Normal Aspects of Articuation Prof. Ingrid Davidovich CASD 7337X  Definitions Phonology – phonemic – rule based – The study of the sound system of language and the rules for the combination, distribution, organization...

Unit I Introduction and Review: Normal Aspects of Articuation Prof. Ingrid Davidovich CASD 7337X  Definitions Phonology – phonemic – rule based – The study of the sound system of language and the rules for the combination, distribution, organization and sequencing of speech sounds – Linguistic/rule based – Involves Knowledge and use of the sound system Articulation – phonetic –physical production – Peripheral motor processes involved in the planning and execution of sequences of overlapping gestures that result in speech v Many children with SSD do not have complete “phonological knowledge.” SLPs help these children develop conscious awareness of this knowledge.  Phonological Disorder Generic Term Phonological disorder Phonemic Disorder Impairment of the Production is fine, but @ representation and client does not use the organization of phonemes sounds in appropriate within the language contexts. system. Articulation Disorder Phonetic Disorder Difficulties with the @ Peripheral motor motor production aspects problem; difficulty of speech. Problem with producing the sound. speech-sound production. Let’s Review some PHONETICS  English Phonemes Vowel & Diphthongs Consonants /i/ bead /u/ boot /p/ pet /ð/ that /n/ no /ɪ/ bid /ʌ/ but /b/ bed /s/ sun /ŋ/ sang /e/, /eɪ/ fade /ɝ/ bird /t/ time /z/ zoom /l/ low /ɛ/ fed /ə/ a’bout /d/ dime /ʃ/ shoe /ɹ/ run /æ/ fad /ɚ/ ‘utter /k/ Kate /ʒ/ beige /w/ win /ɑ/ hot /aɪ/ kite /g/ gate /h/ hat /j/ you /ɔ/ all /aʊ/ out /f/ feel /ʧ/ chew /o/, /oʊ/ boat /ɔɪ/ coin /v/ veal /ʤ/ judge /ʊ/ book (/ju/) few /q/ think /m/ make  How Many Phonemes? How many phonemes are there in each of the following words? Bread Plot Fat Coughs Stroke Tomb Throw Fluid Walked News Spew Last 6  PHONETICS/PHONOLOGICAL REVIEW Basic Terminology Phoneme Vowels (Sonorants; Vocalic) – Dimensions: Tongue advancement; Tongue height; Degree of lip rounding; Degree of tension. Consonants (Obstruents; Sonorant/Resonants) – Classification: Manner of articulation; Place of Articulation; Voicing Distribution – Environmental contexts in which a speech sound may occur. Distinctive Features – Phoneme attributes that differentiate one phoneme from another. Tongue Position for Vowels & Dipthongs Edwards, 2003 English Vowels and Diphthongs Front Central Back High i u ɪ ʊ e ə ɝ o Mid ɚ ɛ ʌ ɔ Low æ a ɑ Diphthongs: /aɪ/, /aʊ/, /ɔɪ/, (/ju/), [oʊ, eɪ] [ɪɚ, ɛɚ, ɑɚ, ɔɚ, ʊɚ]  Vowel Classification 1. Tongue Height – how high or low in the oral cavity is the tongue when producing a vowel. Three Dimensions: High - /i, ɪ, u, ʊ/ Mid - /e, ɛ, o, ɔ/ /ə, ɚ, ɝ, ʌ/ Low - /æ, ɑ/ 2. Tongue Advancement – how far forward of back in the oral cavity the tongue is when producing a vowel Three Dimensions: Front - / i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ/ (heed, hid, hay, head, had) Back – /u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɑ/ (who, hood, hoe, horn, hot) Central - /ə, ɝ, ɚ, ʌ/ (above, bird, looser, but) Vowel Classification Continued 3. Degree of Lip Rounding – In English MOST (not all) back vowels are rounded; the front vowel are all unrounded – Lip Retraction (unrounded) - /i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ, ɑ, ə, ʌ/ – Lip Rounding - /u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɚ, ɝ/ 4. Degree of Muscle Tension– Refers to the degree of muscular effort required to produce the vowel sounds – tense vowels are generally longer in duration and have a greater degree of muscular effort than lax vowels – Tense Vowels - /i, e, u, o, ɔ, ɑ, ɝ/ Can end open stressed syllables (/ku, bi/) Can occur in closed syllables (/lus, bit/) – Lax Vowels - /ɪ, ɛ, æ, ʊ, ə, ʌ, ɚ/ Can never end a stressed open syllable (*/bɛt/ à /bɛ/) Found in closed syllables (/bʌt/) or unstressed open syllables (/əbʌv/)  Rhotics Vowels /ə˞ ɜ˞/ Rhotic Diphthongs /ɪ͡ə˞, ɛ͡ə˞, ɑ͡ə˞, ɔ͡ə˞, æ͡ə˞, i.ə˞, ʊ͡ə˞, u͡ə˞/ or /ɪ͡ɹ, ɛ͡ɹ, ɑ͡ɹ, ɔ͡ɹ, æ͡ɹ, i.ɹ, ʊ͡ɹ, u͡ɹ/ or /ɪ͡r, ɛ͡r, ɑ͡r, ɔ͡r, æ͡r, i.r, ʊ͡r, u͡r/ and the Consonantal /ɹ/  Consonant Classification Place of Articulation – Refers to the specific articulators used in the production of a particular phoneme – The location of the constriction ( point of contact of the articulators) in the vocal tract in the production of a consonant Examples: Bilabial, labiodental, interdental/lingua-dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal) Manner of Articulation – The way in which the airstream is modified as it passes through the vocal tract in production of consonants Examples: stop, fricative, affricate, nasal, liquid, glide Voicing – Refers to vocal fold vibration during phoneme production – All vowels are voiced – Some consonants are voiced, others are voiceless – Phonemes that differ only in voicing - cognates  English Consonant Phonemes CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS: Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Obstruents Stop p b t d k g Fricative f v q ð s z ʃ ʒ h Affricate ʧ ʤ Sonorants: Nasal m n ŋ Approximates: Liquids: Rhotic ɹ Lateral l Glides w j w Note: Where symbols appear in pairs, the first is voiceless, the second is voiced  Difference between Vowels & Consonants Vowel: Classification Consonant: Classification Lip & tongue position Place, manner, voicing 1. Tongue Advancement Place of Bilabial, Labiodental, Articulatio interdental, alveolar, palatal, n velar, glottal 2. Tongue Height Manner of Stop, fricative, affricate, Articulatio nasal, liquid, glide 3. Degree of Lip Rounding n Voicing Voiced, voiceless 4. Degree of Muscle Tension  Distinctive Features DFs are small phonetic features (sub-phonemic properties) that comprise a speech sound. DFs help distinguish one phoneme from the other. A binary system is used to determine the presence or absence of the feature. Examples Vowels – /u/: -consonantal, +vocalic, +sonorant, +high, -low, +back, +rounded, -nasal, +tense – /æ/: -consonantal, +vocalic, +sonorant, -high, +low, -back, -rounded, -nasal, +tense Consonants – /s/: +consonantal, -vocalic, -sonorant, +strident, -high, -back, +anterior, +coronal, -rounded, -distributed, -lateral, -nasal, + tense, -voiced – /z/: +consonantal, -vocalic, -sonorant, +strident, -high, -back, +anterior, +coronal, -rounded, -distributed, -lateral, -nasal, -tense, +voiced Distinctive Features of Some English Phonemes  Minimal Pairs (***Important in treatment) When words differ by a single phoneme, and the difference is enough to signal a change in meaning. – E.g., /kæt/ vs. /mæt/ Minimally Opposing Minimal Pairs - Is when distinguishing phonemes differ minimally - E.g., /ki/ vs. /ti/ à (/k/ & /t/ only differ in place of artic.) Maximally Opposing Minimal Pairs - Is when distinguishing phonemes are maximally opposing - E.g., /m/ vs. /s/ à (differ in place, manner, & voicing) Near Minimal Pairs - Word pairs differ simply by the presence or absence of a phoneme. - E.g., scar vs. car.  Syllables Syllable: A basic unit of speech production and perception generally consisting of a segment of greatest acoustic energy (a peak, usually a vowel) and segments of lesser energy (usually consonants) A unit of speech consisting of an onset and/or a rhyme. – Onset: all the consonants that precede a vowel – Rhyme: comprised of nucleus and coda Nucleus: typically a vowel or diphthong; can be syllabic consonant Coda: consonant or consonant clusters following the nucleus Closed & Open Syllables – Closed syllables end in a consonant (coda) – Open syllables end in a vowel phoneme (NO coda) 19  Open or Closed Syllables? 1. marble 6. awesome 2. previous 7. mistake 3. patron 8. lucky 4. trifle 9. profit 5. sodium 10. system 20  Onset & Coda Indicate whether the first syllable has an ONSET (O) or Coda (C) 1. mentions 6. lotion 2. icon 7. charming 3. camper 8. asterisk 4. instinct 9. Japan 5. able 10. aloof 21 Syllable Structure Syllable (σ) Onset Rhyme Nucleus Coda C V C s u n 22 Syllable Structure σ Onset Rhyme Nucleus Coda CC V CC sp u nz 23 Syllable Structure σ Onset Rhyme Nucleus Coda CCC V C stɹ o k 24  Syllable Structure σ (S) σ (w) Onset Rhyme Onset Rhyme Nucleus Coda Nucleus Coda CC V C V C bɹ o k ɪ n 25  Stress Stress: – Relative emphasis placed on a syllable in a word or in a larger unit. E.g., phrases or sentences. E.g., the BOOK; go to aLASka; i DID it. Word/Lexical Stress: – The production of a syllable with increased force or muscular energy, resulting in a syllable that is perceived as longer in duration, higher in pitch, and greater in loudness. In multisyllabic words there may be primary, secondary stress or no stress – e.g., ˈOver, ˈSISter oˈVERT, sepˈTEMber. 26  Lexical Stress The IPA symbol used for indicating primary stress of a word is the raised mark (ˈ). – The stress mark (ˈ) is always placed to the left of the stressed syllable. Stress helps differentiate words that are spelled the same but vary in part of speech – E.g., ˈcontract (noun) vs. conˈtract (verb); ˈrecord (noun) vs. reˈcord (verb) 27  Identify the word that does not have the same stress pattern as the others. 1. dandruff shampoo bottle fragrance 2. cologne souffle surreal careful 3. always never okay maybe 4. Marie Sarah April Lizzie 5. intrude instruct invade injure 28  Number of syllables & Primary Stress Word, # of syll, Stress Word, # of syll, Stress Word, # of syll, Stress 1. problematic ____ ____ 6. correlation ____ ____ 11. protozoan ____ ____ 2. mercenary ____ ____ 7. catamaran ____ ____ 12. contradiction___ __ 3. statistical ____ ____ 8. continuant ____ ____ 13. protoplasm ___ ___ 4. ecosystem ____ ____ 9. allegory ____ ____ 14. Argentina ____ ____ 5. gregarious ____ ____ 10. carnivorous ___ ___ 15. obstructionist __ __ 29 Language Specific Segments and rules describing changes that take place when phonemes occur in words. Semantic, Syntactic, Pragmatic Inputs Phonological Component Knowledge (Covert Speech) 1. 2. 3. 4. Inventory of Sequential Morpho- Allophonic Contrastive Constraints and phonemic Rules Sounds Morpheme Rules Structure Rules Speech Production (Overt Speech) Edwards & Shrieberg,( 1983)  1. Inventory of the English Vowels and Diphthongs Front Central Back High i u ɪ ʊ e ə ɝ o Mid ɚ ɛ ʌ ɔ Low æ a ɑ Diphthongs: /aɪ/, /aʊ/, /ɔɪ/, (/ju/), [oʊ, eɪ] [ɪɚ, ɛɚ, ɑɚ, ɔɚ, ʊɚ]  1. Inventory of the English Consonants OBSTRUENTS SONORANTS Approximates Nasals Stops Fricatives Lateral Liquid Glides p, b q, ð l ɹ w, j m, n, ŋ t, d f, v k, g s, z ʃ, ʒ h Affricates ʧ, ʤ Strident /f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ / Sibilants /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/  2. Sequential Constraints and Morpheme Structure Rules PHONOTACTIC RULES: rules specifying the ways in which phonemes are combined and ordered in the syllables and words of a particular language or dialect. – Positional Constraints – Sequential Constraints  2. Sequential Constraints Which are possible English words? sprash sdrut strup skrig sflick sblish sknap splin skwit sgrit 2. Example of Sequential Rules Constraints Three consonants in onset: – /s/ + voiceless stop + liquid ~ glide Two consonants in onset: – /s/ + voiceless stop /sp, st, sk/ – /s/ + voiceless front nasal /sm, sn/ – Fricative + liquid ~ glide /fl, fr, qr, sl, fj/ Morphology & Phonology Before Discussion Morphophonemic Rules: Look at Morphemes  Morphemes Morphology refers to the internal structure of words The smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning. (Small, 2012) Morphemes cannot be divided without altering or destroying meaning Morphemes can be – Free Morphemes: can stand alone and still carry meaning – Bound Morphemes: are bound to other morphemes and carry no meaning when they stand alone Derivational Morphemes: includes prefixes & suffixes and can change the class of words Inflectional Morphemes: code grammatical information (e.g., time, number, 3rd person, present progressive) 37  Morpheme Classes Morphemes Free Morphemes Bound Morphemes Boy Derivational Inflectional Girl Prefixes Suffixes -s Car un- -ly -’s Idea non- -ist -ing Run in- -ness -ed Walk pre- -er -er (bigger) Big Quick trans- (painter) Re -ment -able 38  (Morphology & Phonology) There is a relationship between phonology and morphology When two morphemes appear next to each other, there may be a modification in the pronunciation of the speech sounds – E.g., walk + ed /t/; jogged + ed /d/ cat + s /s/; dog + s /z/ 39  How many morphemes? (Small, p. 29) 1. Clueless 6. Rewrite 2. Tomato 7. Winterized 3. Pumpkin 8. Edits 4. Likeable 9. Thoughtlessness 5. Cheddar 10. Coexisting How many morphemes are in the following sentence? “The unforgiving hungry boys decided to gobble up all the tasty crunchy cookies that were hidden under helpful artist’s canvas. 40  3. Morphophonemic Rules Morphophonemic rules: specify sound alterations resulting from the joining of one morpheme with another Allomorph: Different Forms a morpheme Plural: Cats Dogs Dishes 3rd Person: Walks Goes Fishes Past Tense: Walked begged Wedded Possession: Pat’s Ted’s Chris’s 41  4. Allophonic Rules Rules specifying articulatory variation of the same phoneme, often caused by the sounds’ phonetic environment. Allophones are variant production of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of the morpheme (word). – Phoneme /l/ in leg and ball has different productions: (light [l] and dark [ɫ]). – Phoneme /t/ in ten,, step and let can be produced differently. E.g., ([th], [t˺], [t-]  Allophones Allophones in Complementary Distribution: – Allophone production tied to a particular phonetic environments, i.e., allophones are not interchangeable due to phonetic constrains of their respective words, E.g., light and dark /l/ as in leg vs. ball; Aspirated and unaspirated /t/ as in ten vs. step. Allophones in Free Variation: – Allophone production that is not tied to any particular phonetic environment; can be exchanged 1 for the other in a given phonetic context, e.g., Aspirated and unaspirated /t/ as in mat. Aspirated and flapped /t/ as in letter. 43  Allophones Rules Complementary Distribution or Free Variation? key vs. coo come vs. comfortable nine vs. ninth cap vs. apt lap vs. leap see vs. soup cat vs. met lake vs. reek 44