Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the basic unit of speech production and perception identified in the content?
What is the basic unit of speech production and perception identified in the content?
Which of the following best describes the structure of a syllable?
Which of the following best describes the structure of a syllable?
In phonology, what does the term 'onset' refer to?
In phonology, what does the term 'onset' refer to?
What phonological rule can best describe how sounds change in the presence of certain phonetic environments?
What phonological rule can best describe how sounds change in the presence of certain phonetic environments?
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Which of the following pairs of words represents a minimal pair?
Which of the following pairs of words represents a minimal pair?
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What distinguishes a maximally opposing minimal pair from other minimal pairs?
What distinguishes a maximally opposing minimal pair from other minimal pairs?
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Which of the following statements about vowel sounds is correct?
Which of the following statements about vowel sounds is correct?
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Which of the following best describes diphthongs?
Which of the following best describes diphthongs?
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What aspect of a syllable does the onset refer to?
What aspect of a syllable does the onset refer to?
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Which of the following correctly represents the coda of the syllable in the word 'hand'?
Which of the following correctly represents the coda of the syllable in the word 'hand'?
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In English, which vowel height corresponds to the vowels /æ/ and /ɑ/?
In English, which vowel height corresponds to the vowels /æ/ and /ɑ/?
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What is the main difference between a phoneme and a morpheme?
What is the main difference between a phoneme and a morpheme?
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Which of the following represents a phonological rule about vowel lengthening?
Which of the following represents a phonological rule about vowel lengthening?
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Which vowel is classified as a back rounded vowel?
Which vowel is classified as a back rounded vowel?
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Which of the following pairs of vowels are both classified as front vowels?
Which of the following pairs of vowels are both classified as front vowels?
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Which diphthong is included among the English diphthongs listed?
Which diphthong is included among the English diphthongs listed?
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Which of the following is true about tense vowels?
Which of the following is true about tense vowels?
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What characterizes lax vowels in terms of syllable structure?
What characterizes lax vowels in terms of syllable structure?
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Which of the following indicates a difference in voicing between phonemes?
Which of the following indicates a difference in voicing between phonemes?
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Which of the following describes the manner of articulation for fricatives?
Which of the following describes the manner of articulation for fricatives?
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Identify which of the following consonants is a bilabial stop.
Identify which of the following consonants is a bilabial stop.
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Which classification category corresponds to the way airstream is modified in consonant production?
Which classification category corresponds to the way airstream is modified in consonant production?
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Which of the following is an example of a rhotic vowel?
Which of the following is an example of a rhotic vowel?
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Which type of syllable can lax vowels never occupy at the end?
Which type of syllable can lax vowels never occupy at the end?
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What is the primary difference between vowels and consonants in classification?
What is the primary difference between vowels and consonants in classification?
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Which of the following is NOT a manner of articulation?
Which of the following is NOT a manner of articulation?
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Study Notes
Phonetics/Phonological Review
- Phoneme is a speech sound that can distinguish one word from another.
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Vowels are produced with open vocal tract, also called sonorants.
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Dimensions:
- Tongue Advancement: how far forward or back the tongue is in the mouth.
- Tongue Height: how high or low the tongue is in the mouth.
- Lip Rounding: how much the lips are rounded or retracted.
- Degree of Tension: how tense or relaxed the tongue muscles are.
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Dimensions:
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Consonants are produced with a constriction in the vocal tract, also called obstruents and sonorant/resonants.
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Classification:
- Manner of Articulation: how the air is modified as it flows through the vocal tract.
- Place of Articulation: where the constriction is in the vocal tract.
- Voicing: whether the vocal cords vibrate or not.
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Classification:
- Distribution: refers to the contexts in which a phoneme can occur.
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Distinctive Features (DFs): are attributes of phonemes that help distinguish them from each other.
- DFs are binary, meaning a phoneme either has or does not have a particular feature.
English Vowels and Diphthongs
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Vowel quadrilateral: A chart that organizes vowels based on tongue height and advancement.
- Front vowels: /i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ/
- Back vowels: /u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɑ/
- Central vowels: /ə, ɝ, ɚ, ʌ/
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Diphthongs: Are vowel sounds that glide from one vowel to another.
- English Diphthongs /aɪ/, /aʊ/, /ɔɪ/, /ju/, /oʊ, eɪ/, /ɪɚ, ɛɚ, ɑɚ, ɔɚ, ʊɚ/
Vowel Classification
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Tongue Height:
- High: /i, ɪ, u, ʊ/
- Mid: /e, ɛ, o, ɔ/ /ə, ɚ, ɝ, ʌ/
- Low: /æ, ɑ/
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Tongue Advancement:
- Front: / i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ/
- Back: /u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɑ/
- Central: /ə, ɝ, ɚ, ʌ/
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Degree of Lip Rounding:
- Unrounded: /i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ, ɑ, ə, ʌ/
- Rounded: /u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɚ, ɝ/
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Degree of Muscle Tension:
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Tense vowels: are longer in duration and have a greater degree of muscular effort.
- /i, e, u, o, ɔ, ɑ, ɝ/
- They can occur in open and closed stressed syllables.
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Lax vowels: are shorter and have less muscular effort.
- /ɪ, ɛ, æ, ʊ, ə, ʌ, ɚ/
- They typically occur in closed syllables or unstressed open syllables.
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Tense vowels: are longer in duration and have a greater degree of muscular effort.
Rhotics Vowels and Consonants
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Rhotic vowels: are vowels that contain an "r" sound.
- /ə˞ ɜ˞/
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Rhotic diphthongs: involve a vowel sound that glides to an "r" sound.
- /ɪ͡ə˞, ɛ͡ə˞, ɑ͡ə˞, ɔ͡ə˞, æ͡ə˞, i.ə˞, ʊ͡ə˞, u͡ə˞/
- or /ɪ͡ɹ, ɛ͡ɹ, ɑ͡ɹ, ɔ͡ɹ, æ͡ɹ, i.ɹ, ʊ͡ɹ, u͡ɹ/
- or /ɪ͡r, ɛ͡r, ɑ͡r, ɔ͡r, æ͡r, i.r, ʊ͡r, u͡r/
- Consonantal "r": /ɹ/
Consonant Classification
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Place of Articulation: refers to the location where the articulation takes place.
- Bilabial: lips
- Labiodental: between the upper teeth and lower lip
- Interdental: between the teeth
- Alveolar: between the tongue and alveolar ridge
- Palatal: between the tongue and hard palate
- Velar: between the tongue and soft palate
- Glottal: at the vocal folds.
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Manner of Articulation: refers to how the air is modified in the vocal tract.
- Stop: complete closure of the vocal tract.
- Fricative: narrow constriction, air flows through the opening.
- Affricate: stop followed by a fricative.
- Nasal: air flows through the nasal cavity.
- Liquid: partial constriction of the vocal tract.
- Glide: smooth transition to a vowel.
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Voicing: refers to whether the vocal cords vibrate during articulation.
- Voiced: vocal cords vibrate.
- Voiceless: vocal cords do not vibrate.
English Consonant Phonemes
- Obstruents: Stops, fricatives, and affricates.
- Sonorants: Nasals and approximates (liquids and glides).
Difference between Vowels and Consonants
- Vowel classification: based on lip position and tongue placement.
- Consonant classification: based on place, manner, and voicing.
Minimal Pairs
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Minimal Pairs: words that differ by one phoneme, resulting in a change in meaning.
- Example: /kæt/ vs. /mæt/
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Minimally Opposing Minimal Pairs: the distinguishing phonemes differ slightly.
- Example: /ki/ vs. /ti/
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Maximally Opposing Minimal Pairs: the distinguishing phonemes have maximal differences.
- Example: /m/ vs. /s/
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Near Minimal Pairs: words differ by the presence or absence of a phoneme.
- Example: scar vs. car
Syllable Structure
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Syllable: unit of speech consisting of an onset (optional), and a rhyme (nucleus + coda)
- Onset: consonants before the vowel.
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Rhyme:
- Nucleus: typically vowel.
- Coda: consonants after the vowel.
- Syllables are typically categorized as open or closed, depending on the presence or absence of a coda.
- Open syllable: ends with a vowel.
- Closed syllable: ends with a consonant.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the key concepts of phonetics and phonology, exploring the distinctions between phonemes, vowels, and consonants. You will learn about the dimensions of vowels, classifications of consonants, and the importance of voicing and articulation. Test your knowledge on how these speech sounds are produced and distinguished.
