Nutrition & Physiology I - NFSC100 PDF

Nutrition & Physiology I Margaret Slavin, PhD, RDN Associate Professor NFSC100 Nutrition & Food Science University of Maryland, College Park Agenda +Parts of the cell +Cell organization into tissues and organs +...

Nutrition & Physiology I Margaret Slavin, PhD, RDN Associate Professor NFSC100 Nutrition & Food Science University of Maryland, College Park Agenda +Parts of the cell +Cell organization into tissues and organs +Organization into organ systems of the body The Cell- the basic unit of life  ~ 37, 000, 000, 000, 000 Estimated number of cells in an adult human body Source: Bianconi et al. An estimation of the number of cells in the human body, 2012. The Cell - the basic unit of life Nucleus +Control center +Sends directions to the cell to grow, mature, divide or die +Contains DNA  Genes determine cell function. Genes are a segment of DNA, which code for a specific protein. Proteins = molecules that perform functions in living cells Image: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23064-dna-genes--chromosomes Genes – determine cell function Plasma membrane Regulates what enters/leaves a cell Cytoplasm Fluid and organelles between nucleus and outer membrane Mitochondria +Power plant +Supply ATP! +Have their own genetic material (separate from the DNA) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) +Membranous channels involved in the synthesis, modification and transport of cellular materials +Closely work with Golgi apparatus, Ribosomes Ribosomes +Process the cell’s genetic instructions to create proteins (Protein synthesis) +Free or on ER Golgi apparatus +Packaging center! +Packages molecules processed by ER to be transported out of the cell  Lysosomes +Housekeeper & Recycling center of the cell +Digest foreign bacteria, rid toxic substances, digest excess organelles, recycle worn-out cell, etc Body Organization Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism Tissue: Group of cells performing a specialized function ✓Epithelial ✓Connective ✓Muscular ✓Nervous Organ: Group of tissues performing a specialized function e.g. Brain, Heart, Liver Integumentary System +Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands +Provides covering for the body and maintains body temperature. +Also excretes salts and urea in perspiration +Vital to maintain body’s homeostasis! Cardiovascular System +Heart, blood vessels, blood +Transports nutrients and oxygen around the body. Capillaries Lymphatic System +Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, organs including spleen and tonsils +Returns fluids to blood +Involved in lipid absorption +Concerned with defense against pathogens Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids +Plasma = fluid in the blood +Extracellular fluid = outside cells in tissues +Spaces in between cells +Lymph = fluid that moves from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces (extracellular fluid), and then travels in the lymphatic system vessels +Intracellular fluid = inside cells Lymph Vessels Skeletal & Muscular Systems +Bones, joints, ligaments, cartilage +Provides support and protection. +Muscles attached to bones, internal organs, blood vessels +Enables the body to move. Nervous System Central nervous system  brain, spinal cord  Main control system for the body! Peripheral nervous system  Nerves and nerve cell clusters  Receive information and send it to the brain Concerned with sensation, interpretation, integration. The Nervous System & Hunger Figure 3.7 28  Endocrine System Hypothalamus and glands including pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, etc Secretes hormones that help control body activities such as growth and reproduction Digestive & Urinary System +Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines +Takes in, breaks down, and absorbs food; then excretes +Kidneys, bladder, ducts +Excretes waste as urine and regulates body water and salt balance +Regulates acid-base balance of blood. Respiratory System +Lungs and respiratory passages (pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi) +Takes in oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. +Nutrients affect ability to carry oxygen and protection mechanisms. Reproductive System +Gonads, genitals +Concerned with the production of offspring. +Certain nutrients are required for proper development and function. Immune System +Nonspecific defense (innate immune system) and Specific defense (adaptive immune system) +Main cells of the immune system +Lymphocytes and phagocytes +Produce antibodies, destroy invader cells and viruses, clean up cell debris from cell death. +Enables body to resist disease. +Nutritional status important. The Immune System and Inflammation +White blood cells +Inflammation  Conclusions +For optimal health, each system of the body must develop and be functioning correctly. +The systems work together to sustain life. +What you eat and don’t eat affects these many systems. +Stay tuned to find out how!