Intro to the Human Body (A&P) PDF - BS Nutrition & Dietetics 1-1N 1st Sem 2023

INTRO TO THE HUMAN BODY Anatomy and Physiology BIOL012 (BS Nutrition and Dietetics) │1-1N │1st Sem 2023 Anatomy and Physiology 3. Systemic Physiology – study of all sp...

INTRO TO THE HUMAN BODY Anatomy and Physiology BIOL012 (BS Nutrition and Dietetics) │1-1N │1st Sem 2023 Anatomy and Physiology 3. Systemic Physiology – study of all specific organ systems and how they function Anatomy – how the body is structured; how the parts 1. Cardiovascular physiology are organized; from greek “anatomein” = to cut apart 2. Reproductive physiology Physiology – how the body functions; what they do 4. Pathological Physiology – effects of diseases and how they do it; centers on the body’s tendency on organ/system functions toward homeostasis (physio =nature; ology =study of) What is Human Body & Human Anatomy? Anatomy: Areas of Specialization Human Body – is a complex, highly organized structure 1. Gross Anatomy – study of body’s organs or made up of unique cells that work together to larger structures of the body as seen with naked accomplish the specific functions necessary for eye during visual inspection. (also called sustaining life. ‘macroscopic anatomy’) Human Anatomy – is the scientific study of form and a. Surface anatomy – external features shapes of human beings b. Regional anatomy – body regions/divisions c. Systematic anatomy – relationship of Levels of Organization (in Physiology) body’s structures by examining cross sections of the tissue or organ. also focuses on diff organ system (e.g., respiratory/nervous system) d. Clinical anatomy – clinical practice, applied to patient care i. pathological anatomy – diagnosis of diseases, features that change during illness ii. radiographic anatomy – observed with specialized imaging techniques iii. surgical anatomy – for all surgical procedures 2. Microscopic Anatomy – deals with structures we cannot see without magnification 1. Chemical Level – (singular atoms) atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules Different branches of pathology: such as water and proteins. a. Cytology – study of cells, origin, functions b. Histology – study of tissues and organs 2. Cellular Level – smallest units of living things; cells are made up of molecules. 3. Molecular Anatomy – study of the smallest 3. Tissue Level – tissues forming to create organs. components of cells (tissues, organs) at (4 basic types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, biochemical level; also called molecular biology. muscular tissue, & nervous tissue). Physiology: Areas of Specialization 4. Organ Level – tissues bonding together; organs are made up of two or more tissue types that performs a 1. Cell Physiology – biological study of activities specific function. (chemical processes and interactions) that take 5. Organ System – group of organs that work together place in a cell to keep it alive to accomplish a common purpose – to make up an organ system (total of 11 organ systems). 2. Organ Physiology – studies of heart and 6. Organismal Level – represents the highest level of circulatory system (specific organs) structural organization – the human organism is made a. cardiac physiology – study of healthy, up of many organ systems. unimpaired function of the heart TRANSES BY: AULELI FERNANDEZ. INTRO TO THE HUMAN BODY Anatomy and Physiology BIOL012 (BS Nutrition and Dietetics) │1-1N │1st Sem 2023 Organ Systems and Homeostasis Control Center – determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained. Homeostasis – the activity of cells throughout the body to maintain the physiological state within a narrow Effector – provides the means for the control centers range that is compatible with life. response to the stimulus. Homeostasis typically involves negative feedback TO REMEMBER ABT HOMEOSTASIS >> loops that counteract changes of various properties from their target values, known as set points. 8 Functions Humans Must Perform to “Maintaining Life” Every organ system will form with the different organ sytem to form one single human being. 1. digestion – to get the nutrients and gather energy for the organs to function They only have one goal which is what we call, 2. excretion – waste materials must be excreted "Homeostasis" or balance. – any imbalances in the 3. growth – constructive activities occur at a faster organ system/types may result certain diseases. (kahit rate than destructive activities gaano kaliit pa yan, it is important as it functions in our 4. boundaries – differentiate internal and external body). environment (e.g., cells have boundaries, they have their own The 3 Elements of Homeostatic Control metabolism to produce their energy to work) Mechanism 5. metabolism – all chemical reactions occuring in the body 6. movement – activities promoted by the muscular system 7. responsiveness – we should respond to stimulus or to everything around us 8. reproduction – to maintain population of species. Applying Directional Terms Superior Position above or e.g., The eyes (or cranial) higher than are superior to another part of the the mouth. body Inferior A position below or e.g., The pelvis (or caudal) lower than another is inferior to the part of the body abdomen. Cephalad Toward the head, e.g., The Receptor – essentially it is some type of sensor that (or cranial) synonyous with thoracic cavity monitors and responds. superior. lies cephalad (or superior) to the TRANSES BY: AULELI FERNANDEZ. INTRO TO THE HUMAN BODY Anatomy and Physiology BIOL012 (BS Nutrition and Dietetics) │1-1N │1st Sem 2023 abdominopelvic The Language of Human Anatomy cavity. Caudal Toward the tail, STANDARD ANATOMICAL POSITION – standing synonymous with erect – face looking forward – feet slightly separated – inferior. toes pointed forward – arms hanging relaxed at the sides – palms of hands facing forward – thumb laterally. Anterior Front or direction e.g., The toes (or ventral) toward the front of are found on the body the anterior portion of the foot. Ventral The belly side, can alo be used for anterior. Posterior Toward the back of e.g., The (or dorsal) the body vertebral column is posterior to the digestive tract Dorsal The back side, can be used for posterior. SUPINE POSITION – a position lying down with face up, person looking upward Lateral Side or direction e.g., Thumb is toward the side of lateral to the PRONE POSITION – position is lying on table and the body other digits. face directed downward towards the floor Medial Middle or direction e.g., The big Supine toward the middle toe is the most of the body medial toe. Proximal Position in a limb e.g., The upper that is nearer to arm is proximal Prone the point of to the wrist. attachment or the trunk of the body. Distal Position in a limb e.g., The foot is RIGHT LATERAL RECUMBENT POSITION that is farther from distal to the (decubitus) – patient is lying on the right side. the point of thigh. attachment or the LEFT LATERAL RECUMBENT POSITION – patient trunk of the body. is lying on their left side. Superficial Position closer to e.g., The skin the surface of the is body. superficial to the bones. Deep Position farther e.g., The brain from the surface of is deep to the the body. skull. Contra Structures found e.g., The right lateral on the opposites of foot is contra- the body. (right lateral to the side vs. left side) left arm. Ipsilateral Structures found e.g., right hand FOWLER’S POSITION – sitting straight up or leaning on the same side and right of the body shoulder are slightly back. Their legs may either be straight or bent. ipsilateral. TRANSES BY: AULELI FERNANDEZ. INTRO TO THE HUMAN BODY Anatomy and Physiology BIOL012 (BS Nutrition and Dietetics) │1-1N │1st Sem 2023 CORONAL (or Frontal) – divides / separates body into anterior and posterior parts at right angles to the sagittal plane TRANSVERSE (Horizontal or Axial) – any plane dividing body into superior and inferior parts SAGITTAL – any plane parallel to the midsagittal or median plane vertically dividing body into unequal right and left portions TRENDELENBURG POSITION – lying supine with their head slightly lower than their feet. MIDSAGITTAL (or Median) – vertically divides body into equal right and left parts, also referred as a median plane LITHOTOMY POSITION – a person lying on your back with knees bent and thighs apart; assumed for vaginal or rectal examination. Types of Tissue Sections ▪ Longitudinal Section (l.s.) - tissue cut along long direction of organ ▪ Cross section (c.s. or x.s.) or Transverse section (t.s.) - tissue cut perpendicular to length of organ ▪ Oblique section Anatomical Planes of the Body - tissue cut angle between cross and longitudinal section Planes are useful when describing dissections to look inside an organ or the body as a whole. READ MORE AT https://slideplayer.com/slide/6350834/ TRANSES BY: AULELI FERNANDEZ. INTRO TO THE HUMAN BODY Anatomy and Physiology BIOL012 (BS Nutrition and Dietetics) │1-1N │1st Sem 2023 Cavities MORE PLANE VISUAL AIDS Dorsal Cavity – is divided into the cranial cavity, which contains the brain, and the spinal cavity, which contains the spinal cord Ventral Cavity – contains organs that are involved in maintaining homeostasis or a constant internal environment within small ranges of deviation 1. Thoracic Cavity is surrounded by the rib cage. It contains the heart in a pericardial sac referred to as the pericardial cavity, and the two lungs each covered by the pleural membrane, are referred to as the pleural cavities. Mediastinum – space found between two lungs (pleural cavities). It contains the heart, thymus gland, lymph, and blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and nerves. 2. Abdominopelvic Cavity contains the kidneys, stomach, liver and gallbladder, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, and the ovaries and uterus in women. Parietal refers to the walls of a cavity. Example: parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall. Visceral refers to covering of an organ. Example: the visceral peritoneum covers abdominal organs. THE HUMAN BODY TRANSES BY: AULELI FERNANDEZ. INTRO TO THE HUMAN BODY Anatomy and Physiology BIOL012 (BS Nutrition and Dietetics) │1-1N │1st Sem 2023 Anatomical Landmarks and Regions ADDITIONALS ONLY! CT MRI (Computerized Tomography) (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) uses X-rays, which are a form of does not use X-rays or ionizing ionizing radiation. radiation. instead, it scans powerful magnets and radio takes multiple 2D X-ray images of waves. the body from different angles and combines them to create a 3D the magnetic field aligns the image. body's protons, and radio waves are used to create signals that generate a 3D image. QUICK to scan SLOWER to scan a CT scan typically takes less than an MRI scan usually takes about 5 minutes to complete. 30 minutes on average. best for diagnosing serious injuries excellent for examining soft like fractures and for locating tissues, joints, tendons, tumors. ligaments, and for detailed imaging of the brain, spine, neck, however, it may struggle to detect breast, abdomen, and muscles. certain pathologies if they have the same density as surrounding particularly useful for evaluating healthy tissue. spinal issues and ligaments. BOTH PRODUCE STILL IMAGES of organs and body structures. READ MORE AT https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/neuroscience/brainimaging Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans detect early signs of cancer, heart disease and brain conditions. It involves an injection of a safe radioactive tracer that helps detect Imaging Techniques diseased cells. Xrays – form of high-energy radiation that can penetrate living tissues - areas that are impenetrable by x-rays appear light or white on the exposed film (radiopaque) - ability to stop the passage of x-rays is referred to as ‘radiopacity’ - air has the lowest opacity - bones are strongly radiopaque FUN FACT! PET scans use radioactive tracer to show how an organ is functioning in real time. It also detects cellular changes in organs and tissues earlier than CT and MRI scans. TRANSES BY: AULELI FERNANDEZ. INTRO TO THE HUMAN BODY Anatomy and Physiology BIOL012 (BS Nutrition and Dietetics) │1-1N │1st Sem 2023 Ultrasound or sonography is an imaging test that CHARLES SHERRINGTON uses high-frequency sound waves to create real- time pictures or video of soft tissues inside your First to infer the existence of synapses. body. Work on the functions of neurons. Teflexes require integrated activation and demonstrated reciprocal innervation of muscles, a principle now known as Sherrington's Law. HANS KREBS Discovered conversion of food into energy within a cell – Kreb's Cycle (or Citric acid cycle) Echogram or echocardiography / gram – a specific type of ultrasound used to create images of the heart. It provides JOHN SCOTT HALDANE detailed information about the structure and function of the heart, including the chambers, valves, and blood flow. During the First World War, He was asked to Echocardiography is particularly valuable in diagnosing identify the type of poison gas introduced by the heart conditions and is non-invasive. Germans and its effects. He found it was chlorine. In order to protect the soldiers, he designed a portable oxygen administration apparatus for use in the field, the first gas mask. He also demonstrated the value of oxygen in treating soldiers when they were gassed. WILFRID LE GROS CLARK Exposing the Piltdown Hoax Interested in anatomy of the brain and in particular the anatomy of color vision Anatomist, primatologist, and paleoanthropologist CLAUDE BERNARD (Father of Physiology) First to discuss the significance of homeostatic regulation. His most seminal contribution was his concept of the internal environment of the organism, which led to Notable Physiologists the present understanding of homeostasis MARIANNE FILLENZ Homeostatic Regulation Her work showed clearly that an eye muscle length signal is indeed supplied to the brain in the cat, a Maintenance (within varying narrow limits) of the fact later confirmed in humans. internal environment of the body. Her technique of linear sweep voltammetry to measure dopamine release in the rat striatum in still Claude Bernard (1813–1878) first to discuss its much in use today. significance. MABEL FITZGERALD Study of human acclimatisation to high altitude – oxygen, and not carbon dioxide, that determines how hard we breathe. TRANSES BY: AULELI FERNANDEZ. INTRO TO THE HUMAN BODY Anatomy and Physiology BIOL012 (BS Nutrition and Dietetics) │1-1N │1st Sem 2023 STIMULUS – are variables or parameters that are monitored and controlled or affected by the feedback system RECEPTORS – these are sensors of the body that detect stimuli or changes in the variable CONTROL CENTERS – these are integrators that set point and signal the effectors to generate a response. They consider information such as time of day, age, external conditions, etc. EFFECTORS – execute the necessary changes to adjust the variable or stimulus ADDITIONAL VISUAL AIDS Negative feedback loop – an effector activated by the control center opposes the original stimulus Thermoregulation (temperature regulation) Glucoregulation (glucose regulation) Osmoregulation (osmotic regulation) Positive feedback loop – tends to enhance or increase the change that triggered it For example, the immediate danger from a severe cut is the loss of blood, which can lower blood pressure and reduce the efficiency of the heart. The body’s response to this blood loss is blood clotting. TRANSES BY: AULELI FERNANDEZ. INTRO TO THE HUMAN BODY Anatomy and Physiology BIOL012 (BS Nutrition and Dietetics) │1-1N │1st Sem 2023 VISCERAL PERICARDIUM – area attached to the organ PARIETAL PERICARDIUM – area not attached to the organ lahat ng nasa center ng chest natin mula anterior papunta sa posterior side is mediastinum (contains puso, thymus, sternum, ugat sa likod ng puso or aeorta, vertebrae) TRANSES BY: AULELI FERNANDEZ.