Nutrition & Physiology I: The Cell Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the basic unit of life?

The cell

What does the cell nucleus house?

Genetic material (DNA)

What is the main site of energy production in the cell?

  • Ribosome
  • Golgi complex
  • Mitochondrion (correct)
  • Peroxisome

    • Rough ER is not covered in ribosomes.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of cells in an adult human body?

    <p>37 trillion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of genes?

    <p>Genes are segments of DNA that code for a specific protein, which perform functions in living cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the control center of the cell?

    <p>The Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the plasma membrane of the cell made up of?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of fluid within the body?

    <p>Extracellular and intracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four basic animal tissues?

    <p>Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organ system responsible for providing covering for the body and maintaining body temperature?

    <p>Integumentary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organ system is responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen around the body?

    <p>Cardiovascular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the digestive system?

    <p>The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main control system for the body?

    <p>The nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organ systems with their functions:

    <p>Skeletal system = Provides support and protection Muscular system = Enables the body to move Nervous system = Concerned with sensation, interpretation, integration. Endocrine system = Secretes hormones that help control body activities Digestive system = Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients Urinary system = Excretes waste as urine Respiratory system = Takes in oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide Reproductive system = Concerned with the production of offspring Immune system = Defends the body against pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cell

    The basic unit of life in an organism; performs vital functions

    Number of cells in an adult human body

    Estimated to be 37 trillion.

    Nucleus

    The control center of the cell, containing DNA and directing cell activities

    DNA

    Deoxyribonucleic acid; contains the genetic instructions for a cell's functions.

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    Genes

    Segments of DNA that code for specific proteins, determining cell functions.

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    Protein

    Molecules that perform various functions in a cell.

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    Plasma membrane

    Controls what enters and leaves the cell.

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    Cytoplasm

    Fluid and organelles between the nucleus and the outer membrane.

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    Mitochondria

    Power plants of the cell, producing energy (ATP).

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    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    Membranous channels involved in protein synthesis, modification, and transport.

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    Ribosomes

    Produce proteins, using genetic instructions.

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    Golgi apparatus

    Packages and transports molecules produced by the ER.

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    Lysosomes

    Housekeepers of the cell; digest waste and excess organelles.

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    Tissues

    Groups of similar cells working together for a specific function.

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    Organs

    Structures composed of different tissues that perform specific functions.

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    Integumentary system

    System that protects the body, regulates temperature and excretes waste.

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    Cardiovascular system

    System that transports nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.

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    Lymphatic system

    Returns fluids to blood, involved in lipid absorption and immunity.

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    Skeletal system

    Provides support and protection.

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    Muscular system

    Enables movement.

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    Nervous system

    Main control system for the body, controls sensations and actions.

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    Endocrine system

    System of hormones that control various bodily activities.

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    Digestive system

    Processes food, breaking it down and absorbing nutrients.

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    Urinary system

    Eliminates waste in urine, regulating water and salt balance.

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    Respiratory system

    Takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

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    Reproductive system

    Responsible for reproduction.

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    Immune system

    Defends the body against diseases and infections.

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    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course title: Nutrition & Physiology I
    • Course code: NFSC100
    • Instructor: Margaret Slavin, PhD, RDN
    • Affiliation: Associate Professor, Nutrition & Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park

    Agenda

    • Parts of the cell
    • Cell organization into tissues and organs
    • Organization into organ systems of the body

    The Cell - Basic Unit of Life

    • Cell components: (diagram shown)

      • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): involved in protein and lipid synthesis. Rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER does not.
      • Cell Nucleus: houses genetic material (DNA).
      • Cytoplasm: fluid and organelles within the cell.
      • Peroxisome: destroys toxic materials.
      • Golgi Complex: packages proteins for export from the cell.
      • Cell (plasma) membrane: lipid bilayer, regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell.
      • Mitochondrion: main site of energy production.
      • Ribosomes: sites of protein synthesis.
      • Lysosome: digests worn-out or damaged cell components.

    • Estimated number of cells in an adult human body: ~37,000,000,000,000 (Source: Bianconi et al., 2012).

    Cell Types

    • Diagram shows various cell types
    • Examples of cell types include: Loose connective tissue with fibroblasts, bone tissue with osteocytes, Striated muscle cells, Nerve cells, Red blood cells, Intestinal epithelial cells, Smooth muscle / Fat (adipose) cells, and others

    Nucleus

    • Control center of the cell
    • Sends instructions for growth, maturity, division, and death
    • Contains DNA

    Genes & Cell Function

    • Genes are segments of DNA, coding for proteins.

    • Proteins carry out functions in living cells.

    • DNA, genes, and chromosomes are key to cell function.

    • (Diagram showing DNA structure and components)

    Genes - Determine Cell Function

    • Each cell's nucleus contains DNA (genetic material)
    • DNA coils into chromosomes
    • Genes contain instructions for building proteins (via DNA templates)
    • Proteins perform the work of the cells
    • Cells form tissues, then organs, then organ systems, then organism

    Plasma Membrane

    • Structure: phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
    • Function: regulates what enters/leaves the cell
    • Proteins: various types (structural support, enzymes, receptors, transporters)
    • Cholesterol: supports structure

    Cytoplasm

    • Fluid and organelles between nucleus and outer membrane

    Mitochondria

    • Powerhouse of the cell
    • Produce ATP (energy)
    • Have their own genetic material (separate from DNA)

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • Membranous channels involved in the synthesis, modification, and transport of cellular materials
    • Closely works with Golgi apparatus and ribosomes

    Ribosomes

    • Process genetic instructions to create proteins (protein synthesis)
    • Can be free or bound to the ER

    Golgi Apparatus

    • Packaging center
    • Packages molecules processed by ER for transport out of the cell

    Lysosomes

    • Housekeeper & Recycling center of the cell
    • Digests foreign bacteria, toxic substances, excess organelles, and recycles worn-out parts of the cell

    Body Organization (overview)

    • Cells → Tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous) → Organs → Organ systems → Organism

    Integumentary System

    • Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
    • Provides body covering, maintains temperature
    • Excretes salts and urea
    • Maintains homeostasis

    Cardiovascular System

    • Heart, blood vessels, blood
    • Transports nutrients and oxygen around the body

    Capillaries

    • Enable exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between blood and body tissues

    Lymphatic System

    • Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils
    • Returns fluids to blood
    • Involved in lipid absorption
    • Involved in defense against pathogens

    Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids

    • Plasma: fluid in the blood
    • Extracellular fluid: outside cells in tissues.
    • Intracellular fluid: inside cells
    • Lymph: fluid that moves from bloodstream to tissue spaces then through lymphatic vessels

    Skeletal & Muscular Systems

    • Bones, joints, ligaments, cartilage (support and protection)
    • Muscles attached to bones, internal organs, blood vessels (enable body movement)

    Nervous System

    • Central nervous system (brain, spinal cord): main control system
    • Peripheral nervous system (nerves, nerve clusters): receive and send info to brain
    • Concerned with sensation, interpretation, and integration

    Endocrine System

    • Hypothalamus and glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, etc
    • Secretes hormones to control body activities (growth, reproduction)

    Digestive & Urinary System

    • Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines (digest and absorb food, excrete waste)
    • Kidneys, bladder, ducts (excrete waste, regulate water and salt balance, regulates blood acid-base balance)

    Respiratory System

    • Lungs and respiratory passages (take in oxygen, get rid of carbon dioxide and other wastes)
    • Nutrients affect ability to carry oxygen and protection mechanisms

    Reproductive System

    • Gonads, genitals (concerned with production of offspring)
    • Certain nutrients are required for proper development and function

    Immune System

    • Nonspecific & Specific defense
    • Main immune cells: lymphocytes & phagocytes
    • Produce antibodies, destroy invaders, clean up debris, resist diseases
    • Nutritional status is important

    Conclusions

    • For optimal health, each body system must develop and function correctly
    • Systems work together for life
    • Diet/nutrition can affect body systems

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    Nutrition & Physiology I - NFSC100 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the basic unit of life – the cell. This quiz covers essential cell components, their functions, and how cells organize into tissues and organ systems in the body. Perfect for students enrolled in NFSC100.

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