Nutrition & Physiology I: The Cell Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the basic unit of life?

The cell

What does the cell nucleus house?

Genetic material (DNA)

What is the main site of energy production in the cell?

Ribosome

Golgi complex

Mitochondrion (correct)

Peroxisome

Rough ER is not covered in ribosomes.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of cells in an adult human body?

37 trillion Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of genes?

Genes are segments of DNA that code for a specific protein, which perform functions in living cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the control center of the cell?

The Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the plasma membrane of the cell made up of?

Phospholipids Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of fluid within the body?

Extracellular and intracellular fluid Signup and view all the answers

What are the four basic animal tissues?

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous Signup and view all the answers

What is the organ system responsible for providing covering for the body and maintaining body temperature?

Integumentary system Signup and view all the answers

What organ system is responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen around the body?

Cardiovascular system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main control system for the body?

The nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organ systems with their functions:

Skeletal system = Provides support and protection Muscular system = Enables the body to move Nervous system = Concerned with sensation, interpretation, integration. Endocrine system = Secretes hormones that help control body activities Digestive system = Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients Urinary system = Excretes waste as urine Respiratory system = Takes in oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide Reproductive system = Concerned with the production of offspring Immune system = Defends the body against pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Information

Course title: Nutrition & Physiology I
Course code: NFSC100
Instructor: Margaret Slavin, PhD, RDN
Affiliation: Associate Professor, Nutrition & Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park

Agenda

Parts of the cell
Cell organization into tissues and organs
Organization into organ systems of the body

The Cell - Basic Unit of Life

Cell components: (diagram shown)
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): involved in protein and lipid synthesis. Rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER does not.
- Cell Nucleus: houses genetic material (DNA).
- Cytoplasm: fluid and organelles within the cell.
- Peroxisome: destroys toxic materials.
- Golgi Complex: packages proteins for export from the cell.
- Cell (plasma) membrane: lipid bilayer, regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell.
- Mitochondrion: main site of energy production.
- Ribosomes: sites of protein synthesis.
- Lysosome: digests worn-out or damaged cell components.
Estimated number of cells in an adult human body: ~37,000,000,000,000 (Source: Bianconi et al., 2012).

Cell Types

Diagram shows various cell types
Examples of cell types include: Loose connective tissue with fibroblasts, bone tissue with osteocytes, Striated muscle cells, Nerve cells, Red blood cells, Intestinal epithelial cells, Smooth muscle / Fat (adipose) cells, and others

Nucleus

Control center of the cell
Sends instructions for growth, maturity, division, and death
Contains DNA

Genes & Cell Function

Genes are segments of DNA, coding for proteins.
Proteins carry out functions in living cells.
DNA, genes, and chromosomes are key to cell function.
(Diagram showing DNA structure and components)

Genes - Determine Cell Function

Each cell's nucleus contains DNA (genetic material)
DNA coils into chromosomes
Genes contain instructions for building proteins (via DNA templates)
Proteins perform the work of the cells
Cells form tissues, then organs, then organ systems, then organism

Plasma Membrane

Structure: phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
Function: regulates what enters/leaves the cell
Proteins: various types (structural support, enzymes, receptors, transporters)
Cholesterol: supports structure

Cytoplasm

Fluid and organelles between nucleus and outer membrane

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell
Produce ATP (energy)
Have their own genetic material (separate from DNA)

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Membranous channels involved in the synthesis, modification, and transport of cellular materials
Closely works with Golgi apparatus and ribosomes

Ribosomes

Process genetic instructions to create proteins (protein synthesis)
Can be free or bound to the ER

Golgi Apparatus

Packaging center
Packages molecules processed by ER for transport out of the cell

Lysosomes

Housekeeper & Recycling center of the cell
Digests foreign bacteria, toxic substances, excess organelles, and recycles worn-out parts of the cell

Body Organization (overview)

Cells → Tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous) → Organs → Organ systems → Organism

Integumentary System

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
Provides body covering, maintains temperature
Excretes salts and urea
Maintains homeostasis

Cardiovascular System

Heart, blood vessels, blood
Transports nutrients and oxygen around the body

Capillaries

Enable exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between blood and body tissues

Lymphatic System

Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils
Returns fluids to blood
Involved in lipid absorption
Involved in defense against pathogens

Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids

Plasma: fluid in the blood
Extracellular fluid: outside cells in tissues.
Intracellular fluid: inside cells
Lymph: fluid that moves from bloodstream to tissue spaces then through lymphatic vessels

Skeletal & Muscular Systems

Bones, joints, ligaments, cartilage (support and protection)
Muscles attached to bones, internal organs, blood vessels (enable body movement)

Nervous System

Central nervous system (brain, spinal cord): main control system
Peripheral nervous system (nerves, nerve clusters): receive and send info to brain
Concerned with sensation, interpretation, and integration

Endocrine System

Hypothalamus and glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, etc
Secretes hormones to control body activities (growth, reproduction)

Digestive & Urinary System

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines (digest and absorb food, excrete waste)
Kidneys, bladder, ducts (excrete waste, regulate water and salt balance, regulates blood acid-base balance)

Respiratory System

Lungs and respiratory passages (take in oxygen, get rid of carbon dioxide and other wastes)
Nutrients affect ability to carry oxygen and protection mechanisms

Reproductive System

Gonads, genitals (concerned with production of offspring)
Certain nutrients are required for proper development and function

Immune System

Nonspecific & Specific defense
Main immune cells: lymphocytes & phagocytes
Produce antibodies, destroy invaders, clean up debris, resist diseases
Nutritional status is important

Conclusions

For optimal health, each body system must develop and function correctly
Systems work together for life
Diet/nutrition can affect body systems

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Description

Test your knowledge on the basic unit of life – the cell. This quiz covers essential cell components, their functions, and how cells organize into tissues and organ systems in the body. Perfect for students enrolled in NFSC100.