Existence Of Medicine PDF

EXISTENCE OF MEDICINE PROF. DR. HAYDAR SUR Medicine: Both a science and an art 2  Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease,...

EXISTENCE OF MEDICINE PROF. DR. HAYDAR SUR Medicine: Both a science and an art 2  Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.  Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness.  Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others. Medicine: Both a science and an art 3  Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, during most of which it was an art (an area of skill and knowledge) frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture.  For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science under the umbrella of medical science.  While stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science. CLINICAL PRACTICE 4  Medical availability and clinical practice varies across the world due to regional differences in culture and technology. Modern scientific medicine is highly developed in the Western world, while in developing countries such as parts of Africa or Asia, the population may rely more heavily on traditional medicine with limited evidence and efficacy and no required formal training for practitioners.  In modern clinical practice, physicians and physician assistants personally assess patients in order to diagnose, prognose, treat, and prevent disease using clinical judgment.  The doctor-patient relationship typically begins an interaction with an examination of the patient's medical history and medical record, followed by a medical interview and a physical examination.  Basic diagnostic medical devices (e.g. stethoscope, tongue depressor) are typically used. After examination for signs and interviewing for symptoms, the doctor may order medical tests (e.g. blood tests), take a biopsy, or prescribe pharmaceutical drugs or other therapies.  Differential diagnosis methods help to rule out conditions based on the information provided.  During the encounter, properly informing the patient of all relevant facts is an important part of the relationship and the development of trust. The medical encounter is then documented in the medical record, which is a legal document in many jurisdictions. COMPONENTS OF MEDICAL INTERVIEW 5  Chief complaint (CC): the reason for the current medical visit. These are the 'symptoms.' They are in the patient's own words and are recorded along with the duration of each one. Also called 'chief concern' or 'presenting complaint'.  History of present illness (HPI): the chronological order of events of symptoms and further clarification of each symptom. Distinguishable from history of previous illness, often called past medical history (PMH). Medical history comprises HPI and PMH.  Current activity: occupation, hobbies, what the patient actually does.  Medications (Rx): what drugs the patient takes including prescribed, over-the-counter, and home remedies, as well as alternative and herbal medicines or remedies. Allergies are also recorded.  Past medical history (PMH/PMHx): concurrent medical problems, past hospitalizations and operations, injuries, past infectious diseases or vaccinations, history of known allergies.  Social history (SH): birthplace, residences, marital history, social and economic status, habits (including diet, medications, tobacco, alcohol).  Family history (FH): listing of diseases in the family that may impact the patient. A family tree is sometimes used.  Review of systems (ROS) or systems inquiry: a set of additional questions to ask, which may be missed on HPI: a general enquiry (have you noticed any weight loss, change in sleep quality, fevers, lumps and bumps? etc.), followed by questions on the body's main organ systems (heart, lungs, digestive tract, urinary tract, etc.). BRANCHES 6  Working together as an interdisciplinary team, many highly trained health professionals besides medical practitioners are involved in the delivery of modern health care. Examples include: nurses, emergency medical technicians and paramedics, laboratory scientists, pharmacists, podiatrists, physiotherapists, respiratory therapists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, radiographers, dietitians, and bioengineers, medical physics, surgeons, surgeon's assistant, surgical technologist.  The scope and sciences underpinning human medicine overlap many other fields. Dentistry, while considered by some a separate discipline from medicine, is a medical field.  Physicians have many specializations and subspecializations into certain branches of medicine. The main branches of medicine are:  Basic sciences of medicine; this is what every physician is educated in, and some return to in biomedical research  Medical specialties  Interdisciplinary fields, where different medical specialties are mixed to function in certain occasions. BASIC SCIENCES 7  Anatomy  Microbiology  Biochemistry  Molecular Biology  Biomechanics  Neuroscience  Bio statistics  Nutrition Science  Biophysics  Pathology  Cytology  Pharmacology  Embryology  Gynecology  Endocrinology  Photobiology  Epidemiology  Physiology  Genetics  Radiology  Histology  Toxiocology  Immunology SPECIALTIES 8  Internal medicine SUBSPECIALTIES  General surgery  Cardiology  Nefrology  Urology  Endocrinology  Gynecology and Obstetrics  Pediatry  Rheumatology  Pediatric Surgery  Pediatric Cardiology  Dermatology  Pediatric Neurology  Orthopedy and Traumatology  Gastroenterology  Neorolgy  Intensive Care  Neorosurgery  Psychiatry  …….  Anesthesiology  ….. INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELDS 9  Medical Informatics  Health Communication  Health Management  Biomedical Engineering  Molecular Biology and Genetics  Health Economics  …… PREHISTORIC MEDICINE 10 11 12 HISTORICAL SOURCES 13  Comprise all the creations of human society that have been preserved to present days, in the forms of material culture, writings, customs, religion, art and traditions.  ALL HISTORICAL SOURCES ARE DIVIDE IN TO TWO GROUPS   Primary Sources  Secondary Sources   The primary sources divide in to seven groups. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Real Causes of Diseases in 29 Prehistoric Time  Transport and raising of massive rocks and stones  Bad nutrition  No concepts of hygiene  Bites and injuries from animals  Injuries during huntings  Infections Treatment 30  Incantations  Rituals  Magic  Dancing  Remedies  Surgery (trephining, resetting dislocationsand fractures, sutures 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Healing the spirit is the primary 38 function of a shaman  This may include:  Soul-extraction  Soul-retrieval  Soul-restoration  Herbal healing  Hands on healing 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 Islamic Medicine 73 74 75 76 77 Renaissance Medicine 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 Thank You 125