Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following professions is NOT typically involved in modern health care delivery?
Which of the following professions is NOT typically involved in modern health care delivery?
What is one of the main branches of medicine that all physicians are educated in?
What is one of the main branches of medicine that all physicians are educated in?
Which of the following describes interdisciplinary fields in medicine?
Which of the following describes interdisciplinary fields in medicine?
What role do respiratory therapists play in health care?
What role do respiratory therapists play in health care?
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Which of the following is considered a medical specialty?
Which of the following is considered a medical specialty?
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What are the main components of medicine as described in the content?
What are the main components of medicine as described in the content?
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Which of the following best describes how contemporary medicine applies science?
Which of the following best describes how contemporary medicine applies science?
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How has the practice of medicine evolved since prehistoric times?
How has the practice of medicine evolved since prehistoric times?
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In what way does modern scientific medicine differ in its practice around the world?
In what way does modern scientific medicine differ in its practice around the world?
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What role does clinical judgment play in modern clinical practice?
What role does clinical judgment play in modern clinical practice?
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What kind of practices were often involved in early medicine before modern scientific understanding?
What kind of practices were often involved in early medicine before modern scientific understanding?
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Which statement best describes the connection between medicine and culture?
Which statement best describes the connection between medicine and culture?
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Which statement is true regarding traditional medicine in developing countries?
Which statement is true regarding traditional medicine in developing countries?
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What is the chief complaint in a medical interview?
What is the chief complaint in a medical interview?
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Which component of the medical interview records current medications, including prescriptions and home remedies?
Which component of the medical interview records current medications, including prescriptions and home remedies?
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What does the Review of Systems (ROS) include during a medical interview?
What does the Review of Systems (ROS) include during a medical interview?
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What is included in the History of Present Illness (HPI)?
What is included in the History of Present Illness (HPI)?
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What aspect of the patient’s life does the social history (SH) encompass?
What aspect of the patient’s life does the social history (SH) encompass?
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What is the purpose of differential diagnosis methods?
What is the purpose of differential diagnosis methods?
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Why is informing the patient of all relevant facts important in the doctor-patient relationship?
Why is informing the patient of all relevant facts important in the doctor-patient relationship?
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Which of the following is NOT included in past medical history (PMH)?
Which of the following is NOT included in past medical history (PMH)?
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Which fields are considered under basic sciences besides anatomy?
Which fields are considered under basic sciences besides anatomy?
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What is a subspecialty of gynecology and obstetrics?
What is a subspecialty of gynecology and obstetrics?
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Which of the following is NOT classified as a primary source?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a primary source?
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Which interdisciplinary field focuses on the intersection of health and economics?
Which interdisciplinary field focuses on the intersection of health and economics?
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Which of the following is a recognized specialty in medicine?
Which of the following is a recognized specialty in medicine?
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Which field combines principles of biology and engineering?
Which field combines principles of biology and engineering?
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What is the main focus of photobiology within basic sciences?
What is the main focus of photobiology within basic sciences?
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Which of the following specialties deals primarily with mental health?
Which of the following specialties deals primarily with mental health?
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Study Notes
Existence of Medicine
- Medicine is both a science and an art.
- It involves caring for a patient, managing diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, and palliation of injury or disease, while also promoting health.
- It encompasses various healthcare practices evolved to maintain and restore health through prevention and treatment of illness.
- Contemporary medicine utilizes biomedical sciences, research, genetics, and technology (e.g., pharmaceuticals, surgery, psychotherapy, medical devices, biologics, ionizing radiation, etc.)
Clinical Practice
- Medical availability and clinical practice vary regionally due to cultural and technological differences.
- Modern scientific medicine is well-developed in some areas, while others may rely heavily on traditional medicine.
- Physicians and physician assistants assess patients to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease via clinical judgment.
- Patient assessment typically begins with a review of medical history and records, followed by a medical interview and physical examination.
- Basic diagnostic devices, medical tests, biopsies, medications, and therapies are used.
- Proper patient information and the building of trust are key parts of the patient-physician relationship.
- Medical records are legal documents.
Components of Medical Interview
- Chief Complaint (CC): The reason for the current visit (symptoms), stated in the patient's own words, and the duration of each symptom.
- History of Present Illness (HPI): Chronological order of events of symptoms and further clarification of each symptom.
- Current Activity: Occupation, hobbies, and daily activities of the patient.
- Medications (RX): All medications (prescribed, over-the-counter, and home remedies), including alternative and herbal remedies, and allergies.
- Past Medical History (PMH): Concurrent medical problems, past hospitalizations, operations, injuries, past infectious diseases or vaccinations, and a history of known allergies.
- Social History (SH): Birthplace, residences, marital status, social and economic status, and habits (e.g., diet, substance use).
- Family History (FH): Listing of diseases in the family that may impact the patient.
- Review of Systems (ROS): A general enquiry about specific body systems, covering any potential existing symptoms.
Branches of Medicine
- Medicine encompasses various highly trained professionals like nurses, emergency medical technicians, laboratory scientists, pharmacists, etc.
- Dentistry is a medical field.
- Physicians have various specializations and subspecializations into branches of medicine.
- Examples include basic medical sciences, medical specialties, and interdisciplinary fields.
Basic Sciences
- A list of basic sciences relevant to medicine.
Specialties
- A list of medical specialties and subspecialties.
Interdisciplinary Fields
- Fields that involve multiple medical disciplines working together such as Medical Informatics, Health Communication, Health Management, Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Health Economics.
Prehistoric Medicine
- Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times.
- Early medical practice was intertwined with religious and philosophical beliefs of the local culture.
- Practices, like herbal remedies or divination, were frequently used.
- Techniques like bloodletting and the use of herbs, as well as prayers, for healing were used.
- Ideas about diseases included influence of spirits, magic, or the soul leaving the body.
- Real causes of diseases were transport and raising of massive rocks and stones, poor nutrition, lack of hygiene, injuries from animals or hunters, and infections.
- Treatments included incantations, rituals, magic, dancing, using remedies, and surgery (like trephining).
Ancient Civilizations
- Ancient civilizations (Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, India, China, Crete, Mycenae, and Ancient Hebrew medicine) had medical philosophies usually based on religion.
- They had their practices and medical knowledge.
Historical Sources
- Historical sources encompass all creations of human society.
- Historical sources are divided into primary and secondary sources.
- Primary sources are divided into seven groups, such as written sources, material sources, ethnographic sources, folklore sources, linguistic sources, documentary sources, and audio sources.
Important Figures
- Imhotep: An ancient Egyptian physician credited with being a successful physician, medical man whose name is on record, and is considered the God of Medicine, beginning using simple surgery instead of magic.
- Ebers Papyrus: An ancient Egyptian medical text, from ~1,600 BC containing information about 200 diseases.
- Hippocrates: A Greek physician who separated the practice of medicine from religion and superstition. Also separated illness as not a punishment from the gods but natural forces, which means human effort is key to resolving and avoiding it.
- Hippocrates' Oath: A set of ethical guidelines for doctors (confidentiality, abstaining from harming the sick).
- Galen: A Roman physician who furthered the development of humoural theory and medicine with careful study, observations, and experiments.
- Aristotle:
- Paracelsus: A Renaissance physician who expanded medicine and critiqued previous approaches, considering that diseases stemmed from the stars and planets
- Leonardo Da Vinci: An artist who was also knowledgeable in anatomy and dissected bodies in secret, to create detailed drawings.
- Andreas Vesalius: A Renaissance physician who challenged Galen's ideas and conducted his own anatomical studies to create his anatomical studies of The Fabric of the Body, published in 1543
- William Harvey: An 17th century physician who discovered the circulation of blood.
- *Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: A Dutch scientist who developed powerful microscopes and observed protozoans and bacteria.
- Edward Jenner: A British physician who discovered vaccination against smallpox.
- Ignaz Semmelweis: A Hungarian physician who discovered that handwashing could prevent childbed fever.
- Joseph Lister: A British surgeon who developed antiseptic techniques in surgery to prevent infections.
- Louis Pasteur: French scientist who argued that diseases were caused by germs, and developed the techniques to discover bacteriology.
- William and John Hunter: Established the first school of anatomy in London.
- Gerhard Domagk: Discovered sulfa drugs as a treatment.
- Alexander Fleming: Discovered penicillin as an antibiotic.
- Dr. Richard Drew: Developed blood transfusion and blood banks.
- Christian Barnard: Performed the first heart transplant in 1967.
- Dr. William Kolff: Developed an artificial kidney machine.
- James Watson and Francis Crick: Discovered DNA in 1954.
Renaissance
- Renaissance (1450-1600): Return to cultural priorities of Ancient Greece and Rome.
- Printing: Dissemination of information.
- Trade: Wealth and money economy.
- Sea routes: Exploration and exploitation of new continents and trades.
- Art and Medicine: Detailed drawings of human anatomy, and study of the body, which changed medicine and surgery.
- Renaissance Surgery: New and improved surgical techniques (like using silk instead of burning oil/pox for injuries).
The 18th Century
- Enlightenment: Scientific advances, but challenges in medical practice.
- Patients: Patients still purged and bled.
- Medical advances in this period: Establishment of new schools/colleges of anatomy, surgeons, and developments in treatments methods (discoveries of vaccination, and ensuring clean conditions).
- Diseases: Diseases and other conditions began to be considered.
19th and 20th Centuries
- Diseases: Diarrheal diseases and tuberculosis were leading causes of mortality. Later, other conditions replaced them.
- Technology: Development of technologies (X-rays, blood pressure measurements).
- Drugs: Discoveries of drugs (e.g., sulfa drugs, penicillin).
- Technology and advances: Advanced in medical technology and the understanding of disease.
20th and 21st Centuries
- Diseases Infections and other diseases were leading causes of mortality.
- Science Further discoveries of the causes of diseases and development and treatment techniques to address those issues.
Additional notes
- Slides also contain images and/or descriptions about the different time periods. Information about figures from specific time periods (e.g., 1500 - 1700).
- Many people and their works are identified by their names
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