Untitled Quiz

Existence of Medicine

• Medicine is both a science and an art.
• It involves caring for a patient, managing diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, and palliation of injury or disease, while also promoting health.
• It encompasses various healthcare practices evolved to maintain and restore health through prevention and treatment of illness.
• Contemporary medicine utilizes biomedical sciences, research, genetics, and technology (e.g., pharmaceuticals, surgery, psychotherapy, medical devices, biologics, ionizing radiation, etc.)

Clinical Practice

• Medical availability and clinical practice vary regionally due to cultural and technological differences.
• Modern scientific medicine is well-developed in some areas, while others may rely heavily on traditional medicine.
• Physicians and physician assistants assess patients to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease via clinical judgment.
• Patient assessment typically begins with a review of medical history and records, followed by a medical interview and physical examination.
• Basic diagnostic devices, medical tests, biopsies, medications, and therapies are used.
• Proper patient information and the building of trust are key parts of the patient-physician relationship.
• Medical records are legal documents.

Components of Medical Interview

• Chief Complaint (CC): The reason for the current visit (symptoms), stated in the patient's own words, and the duration of each symptom.
• History of Present Illness (HPI): Chronological order of events of symptoms and further clarification of each symptom.
• Current Activity: Occupation, hobbies, and daily activities of the patient.
• Medications (RX): All medications (prescribed, over-the-counter, and home remedies), including alternative and herbal remedies, and allergies.
• Past Medical History (PMH): Concurrent medical problems, past hospitalizations, operations, injuries, past infectious diseases or vaccinations, and a history of known allergies.
• Social History (SH): Birthplace, residences, marital status, social and economic status, and habits (e.g., diet, substance use).
• Family History (FH): Listing of diseases in the family that may impact the patient.
• Review of Systems (ROS): A general enquiry about specific body systems, covering any potential existing symptoms.

Branches of Medicine

• Medicine encompasses various highly trained professionals like nurses, emergency medical technicians, laboratory scientists, pharmacists, etc.
• Dentistry is a medical field.
• Physicians have various specializations and subspecializations into branches of medicine.
• Examples include basic medical sciences, medical specialties, and interdisciplinary fields.

Basic Sciences

• A list of basic sciences relevant to medicine.

Specialties

• A list of medical specialties and subspecialties.

Interdisciplinary Fields

• Fields that involve multiple medical disciplines working together such as Medical Informatics, Health Communication, Health Management, Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Health Economics.

Prehistoric Medicine

• Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times.
• Early medical practice was intertwined with religious and philosophical beliefs of the local culture.
• Practices, like herbal remedies or divination, were frequently used.
• Techniques like bloodletting and the use of herbs, as well as prayers, for healing were used.
• Ideas about diseases included influence of spirits, magic, or the soul leaving the body.
• Real causes of diseases were transport and raising of massive rocks and stones, poor nutrition, lack of hygiene, injuries from animals or hunters, and infections.
• Treatments included incantations, rituals, magic, dancing, using remedies, and surgery (like trephining).

Ancient Civilizations

• Ancient civilizations (Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, India, China, Crete, Mycenae, and Ancient Hebrew medicine) had medical philosophies usually based on religion.
• They had their practices and medical knowledge.

Historical Sources

• Historical sources encompass all creations of human society.
• Historical sources are divided into primary and secondary sources.
• Primary sources are divided into seven groups, such as written sources, material sources, ethnographic sources, folklore sources, linguistic sources, documentary sources, and audio sources.

Important Figures

• Imhotep: An ancient Egyptian physician credited with being a successful physician, medical man whose name is on record, and is considered the God of Medicine, beginning using simple surgery instead of magic.
• Ebers Papyrus: An ancient Egyptian medical text, from ~1,600 BC containing information about 200 diseases.
• Hippocrates: A Greek physician who separated the practice of medicine from religion and superstition. Also separated illness as not a punishment from the gods but natural forces, which means human effort is key to resolving and avoiding it.
• Hippocrates' Oath: A set of ethical guidelines for doctors (confidentiality, abstaining from harming the sick).
• Galen: A Roman physician who furthered the development of humoural theory and medicine with careful study, observations, and experiments.
• Aristotle:
• Paracelsus: A Renaissance physician who expanded medicine and critiqued previous approaches, considering that diseases stemmed from the stars and planets
• Leonardo Da Vinci: An artist who was also knowledgeable in anatomy and dissected bodies in secret, to create detailed drawings.
• Andreas Vesalius: A Renaissance physician who challenged Galen's ideas and conducted his own anatomical studies to create his anatomical studies of The Fabric of the Body, published in 1543
• William Harvey: An 17th century physician who discovered the circulation of blood.
• *Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: A Dutch scientist who developed powerful microscopes and observed protozoans and bacteria.
• Edward Jenner: A British physician who discovered vaccination against smallpox.
• Ignaz Semmelweis: A Hungarian physician who discovered that handwashing could prevent childbed fever.
• Joseph Lister: A British surgeon who developed antiseptic techniques in surgery to prevent infections.
• Louis Pasteur: French scientist who argued that diseases were caused by germs, and developed the techniques to discover bacteriology.
• William and John Hunter: Established the first school of anatomy in London.
• Gerhard Domagk: Discovered sulfa drugs as a treatment.
• Alexander Fleming: Discovered penicillin as an antibiotic.
• Dr. Richard Drew: Developed blood transfusion and blood banks.
• Christian Barnard: Performed the first heart transplant in 1967.
• Dr. William Kolff: Developed an artificial kidney machine.
• James Watson and Francis Crick: Discovered DNA in 1954.

Renaissance

• Renaissance (1450-1600): Return to cultural priorities of Ancient Greece and Rome.
• Printing: Dissemination of information.
• Trade: Wealth and money economy.
• Sea routes: Exploration and exploitation of new continents and trades.
• Art and Medicine: Detailed drawings of human anatomy, and study of the body, which changed medicine and surgery.
• Renaissance Surgery: New and improved surgical techniques (like using silk instead of burning oil/pox for injuries).

The 18th Century

• Enlightenment: Scientific advances, but challenges in medical practice.
• Patients: Patients still purged and bled.
• Medical advances in this period: Establishment of new schools/colleges of anatomy, surgeons, and developments in treatments methods (discoveries of vaccination, and ensuring clean conditions).
• Diseases: Diseases and other conditions began to be considered.

19th and 20th Centuries

• Diseases: Diarrheal diseases and tuberculosis were leading causes of mortality. Later, other conditions replaced them.
• Technology: Development of technologies (X-rays, blood pressure measurements).
• Drugs: Discoveries of drugs (e.g., sulfa drugs, penicillin).
• Technology and advances: Advanced in medical technology and the understanding of disease.

20th and 21st Centuries

• Diseases Infections and other diseases were leading causes of mortality.
• Science Further discoveries of the causes of diseases and development and treatment techniques to address those issues.

Additional notes

• Slides also contain images and/or descriptions about the different time periods. Information about figures from specific time periods (e.g., 1500 - 1700).
• Many people and their works are identified by their names