Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics 2nd Quarter Review - 12 STEM PDF

Centro Escolar Integrated School - Makati UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Mr. Elmer Puzo | 12 - STEM | 2nd Quarter Reviewer TOPIC OVERVIEW Be a functioning member of...

Centro Escolar Integrated School - Makati UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Mr. Elmer Puzo | 12 - STEM | 2nd Quarter Reviewer TOPIC OVERVIEW Be a functioning member of the society A. Becoming a Member of the Society Should not be a threat in the a. Socialization security, public safety, and b. Enculturation c. Three Goals of Socialization public health of the society d. Becoming Human: Socialization e. Theoretical Perspectives A1 SOCIALIZATION B. The Looking Glass Self Theory a. Looking Glass Self SOCIALIZATION b. The Looking Glass Self 3 A lifelong social experience by Process which people develop their C. Development of the Self Theory human potential and learn a. 4 Stages of the Development culture of the Self Prepares everyone to become a b. Identities and Identity functioning member of the Formation c. Norms and Values society, as they will take roles in d. Status and Roles the future Is culturally specific as people in D. Conformity and Deviance different cultures are socialized a. Sociologists b. The Strain Theory differently to hold different beliefs and values and to E. Kinship and Marriage behave in different ways a. Types of Kinship ○ Id personality - b. Descent c. Post Marital Residency Rules unconscious part d. Family and Household ○ Ego personality - conscious ○ Superego personality - LESSON 3: SEEING AND DEFINING SOCIETY conscience A process that teaches individuals to become A BECOMING A MEMBER OF THE functioning human beings who SOCIETY must fit into a number of groups and be productive MEMBERSHIP - REQUIREMENTS TO members of a society BE A MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY: Born = Automatic Member Lack of opportunities, financial Citizenship = Naturalisation difficulties, society, people, poverty, and isolation are the reasons why full PAGE 1 ANIKA BRIANNA A. DUNGOG - 12 - HSDT  Centro Escolar Integrated School - Makati UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Mr. Elmer Puzo | 12 - STEM | 2nd Quarter Reviewer potentiality cannot be reached. People people learn to identify what is can reach their full potentiality important and valued within a through education. particular culture A2 ENCULTURATION A4 BECOMING HUMAN: SOCIALIZATION ENCULTURATION Process by which people learn BECOMING HUMAN: SOCIALIZATION the requirements of the Teaches individuals to become surrounding culture and a functioning human being acquire the values and who must fit into a number of behaviors appropriate or groups and be productive necessary in that culture members of a society ↳ nature = environment, Through socialization, sense of nurture = quality of people self, knowledge of culture, and This process results in one’s being a functioning member of competence such as the use of the society is developed language, values, and rituals of Without social interactions, a the said culture person may develop as a biological entity but without sociality and will never become A3 THREE GOALS OF SOCIALIZATION a full-fledged member of the society THREE GOALS OF SOCIALIZATION Teaches impulse control and A5 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES helps individual develop a conscience, which is accomplished naturally THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ↳ lax conscience - attempts to SOCIALIZATION rationalize irresponsible Charles Horton Cooley’s behavior as being “good” Looking Glass Self Teaches individuals how to George Herbert Mead’s Role prepare for and perform certain Taking social roles such as occupational, gender, B THE LOOKING GLASS SELF THEORY institutional (marriage and family) By Charles Horton Cooley Cultivates shared sources of meaning and value, where PAGE 2 ANIKA BRIANNA A. DUNGOG - 12 - HSDT  Centro Escolar Integrated School - Makati UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Mr. Elmer Puzo | 12 - STEM | 2nd Quarter Reviewer Refers to the way in which a interactions and internal person’s sense of self is derived feelings from the perceptions of others. A person’s self identity is a It is not who we are or what balance between their “I” people actually think of us; (individual response) and their rather, it is based on our “Me” (social self) perception of how other people I/Me duality reinforces the pure think of us sociological facets of the self We base our perception of who we are on how we think other SELF people see us and on whether A sociological concept this opinion seems good or bad developed through social to us interaction ↳ social interaction - a set of situations where we learn to B1 THREE PROCESSES OF THE LOOKING GLASS SELF assume roles and meet the increasing level of complexity of each situation We imagine how our personality and appearance will look to other people C1 4 STAGES OF THE DEVELOPMENT We imagine how other people OF THE SELF judge the appearance and personality that we think we IMITATION STAGE present Mimicking stage We develop a self-concept. Children mimic the behaviors of ↳ favorable evaluation = others, such as basic gestures self-concept is enhanced, and words unfavorable evaluation = From birth until they are about self-concept is diminished three years old PLAY STAGE Children play pretend and do C DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF THEORY not adhere to the rules of organized games The child learns to become both By George Herbert Mead the subject and object and A sociological theory that begins to be able to build a self explains how a person’s identity From about age two to six develop through social PAGE 3 ANIKA BRIANNA A. DUNGOG - 12 - HSDT  Centro Escolar Integrated School - Makati UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Mr. Elmer Puzo | 12 - STEM | 2nd Quarter Reviewer GAME STAGE C3 NORMS AND VALUES Children start playing in team sports and games Learns to anticipate the actions A rule that guides the behavior of other members of their team of members of a society or GENERALIZED OTHER group Children begin to function in It is a social fact that things that organized groups and exist in society independent of determine what they will do individuals, shapes our thoughts within a specific group and behaviors Has coercive power over us C2 IDENTITIES AND IDENTITY NORMAL FORMATION Act of abiding by the rules Conforms to norms The development of an individual’s distinct personality NORMATIVE which is regarded as a persisting Refers to what we perceive or entity in a particular stage of life, what we think should be by which a person is recognized normal, regardless of whether it or known actually is It defines individuals to others Serves as directives or value and to themselves judgments CULTURAL IDENTITY MORES One’s feeling or affiliation with a Norms that are widely observed group or culture ETHNIC IDENTITY C4 STATUS AND ROLES Identification with a certain ethnicity NATIONAL IDENTITY STATUS Membership in a given A social position that a person community/country holds RELIGIOUS IDENTITY Defined as a position in a social Beliefs and practices held by an system. It can be the following: individual 1. ASCRIBED A social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in their lives PAGE 4 ANIKA BRIANNA A. DUNGOG - 12 - HSDT  Centro Escolar Integrated School - Makati UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Mr. Elmer Puzo | 12 - STEM | 2nd Quarter Reviewer 2. ACHIEVED ↳ e.g. Breaking Rules, Not A social position a person takes Meeting Expectations, Drug on voluntarily that reflects Addiction personal identity and effort Every society is a system of Social There is also a combination of both Control. There are techniques and Ascribed and Achieved, which are the strategies for preventing deviant desirable and undesirable ones. behaviors in any society: 1. Gossip 2. Social Ostracism C5 ROLE SET 3. Laws and Punishment ROLE SET A number of roles attached to a D1 SOCIOLOGISTS single status EMILE DURKHEIM (1858 - 1917) French Sociologist D CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE Argued that deviance is a normal and necessary part of CONFORMITY any society Means to abide, agree, or in unison ROBERT K. MERTON Act of submitting oneself to the American Sociologist norms and conventions of a Argued that society may be set society up in a way that encourages too ↳ e.g. Law Abiding Citizens, much deviance Acceptance of the He believed that social Rules/Policies, Changing Eating norms/goals + social means = Habits, Completing Education strain/frustration if it is not achieved DEVIANCE We are the makers of our own Means totally different frustration Deviant - people who engage under deviance A behavior, trait, belief, or other D2 THE STRAIN THEORY characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative THE STRAIN THEORY reaction Force/pressure to individuals to Its definition varies across either work within or beyond cultures, time, and situations the structure of the society PAGE 5 ANIKA BRIANNA A. DUNGOG - 12 - HSDT  Centro Escolar Integrated School - Makati UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Mr. Elmer Puzo | 12 - STEM | 2nd Quarter Reviewer ↳ Within = acceptable means, companionship, legal rights, Beyond = unacceptable means and inheritance Become members of a deviant subculture in an attempt to FORMS OF MARRIAGE achieve those goals 1. Monogamy Deviance is a result of strain - the practice of having only one between unequal distributions spouse at a time or for an entire of social desirables and life life span. chances a. Social Monogamy (Domestic Partnership/Live In) - E KINSHIP AND MARRIAGE two creatures that live together, have sex with KINSHIP one another and Bond of blood or marriage cooperate in acquiring which binds people together in basic resources such as a group food, clothes, and money b. Sexual Monogamy - two E1 TYPES OF KINSHIP creatures that remain sexually exclusive with CONSANGUINEAL KINSHIP one another and have no Kinship by blood outside sex partners The relationship is achieved by c. Marital Monogamy - birth or blood affinity marriage of only two ↳ e.g. Relationship between people parents and their children, d. Serial Monogamy - a Relationship between niece, series of relationships nephews, aunts, and uncles wherein a person has only one partner at a AFFINAL KINSHIP time, and then moves on Kinship by marriage to another partner after severing the relationship MARRIAGE with the first An institution that admits mean 2. Polygamy and women to family life - A greek word A union of a man and a woman - The practice of multiple Socially recognized relation that marriage involved emotional and physical intimacy, sexual reproduction, PAGE 6 ANIKA BRIANNA A. DUNGOG - 12 - HSDT  Centro Escolar Integrated School - Makati UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Mr. Elmer Puzo | 12 - STEM | 2nd Quarter Reviewer - A marriage pattern in which an either secular civil individual is married to more ceremony or in a than one person at a time religious setting a. Polygyny - the practice of ↳ e.g. Nuer Tribe - A nuer one man having more can marry their own tribe, than one wife or sexual so that relationship ties partner at a time do not transcend the b. Polyandry - involves one tribal boundary. A nuer woman having multiple cannot marry within one’s husbands own lineage or clan i. Fraternal Polyandry - two or FICTIVE KINSHIP more men married A form of kinship neither on to one woman. Consanguineal nor Affinal ties Common form is Recognized kinship obligations where group of beyond biological brothers marry one ↳ e.g. Adoptive sons/daughters, woman fraternities/sororities 3. Endogamy a. Compadrazgo - ritual - The practice of having a kinship in the form of God husband or wife within one’s parenthood. Parents group selected godparents for a ↳ e.g. A follower of INC religion is child at his or her not allowed to marry a baptism, confirmation, non-member of INC and marriage. The a. Incest - sexual relations godparents were then with someone considered tied to the parents as to be a close relative. co-parents Cultures define incest differently 4. Exogamy - The practice of seeking a husband or wife outside one’s own - Links people into a wider social network a. Same Sex Marriage - marriage between people of the same sex, PAGE 7 ANIKA BRIANNA A. DUNGOG - 12 - HSDT  Centro Escolar Integrated School - Makati UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Mr. Elmer Puzo | 12 - STEM | 2nd Quarter Reviewer but descent link are only E2 DESCENT recognized through relatives of one gender DESCENT - Two basic forms of unilineal Used to trace ancestry/affiliation descent are referred to as through blood line patrilineal and matrilineal 1. Patrilineal Descent - Both males and females belong to their father’s kin group but not their mother’s. However, only males pass on their family identity to their children. - A woman’s children are members of her husband’s patrilineal line. 2. Matrilineal Descent - Form of unilineal descent that follows a female line. - Individuals are relatives if they can trace descent through females to the same female ancestor. - While both male and female children are members of their mother’s matrilineal descent group, only daughters can pass on the family line to their offspring COGNATIC OR NON-UNILINEAL DESCENT 1. Bilineal Descent UNILINEAL DESCENT - Both patrilineal and matrilineal - Traces descent only through a descent principles are single line of ancestors, male or combines female. - Both males and females are members of a unilineal family, PAGE 8 ANIKA BRIANNA A. DUNGOG - 12 - HSDT  Centro Escolar Integrated School - Makati UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Mr. Elmer Puzo | 12 - STEM | 2nd Quarter Reviewer 2. Ambilineal Descent NEOLOCAL - Allows parents to choose which Most common with North side of the kin to affiliate their American couples children Where the couple finds their - Membership is decided upon own house, independent from marriage all family members AVUNCULOCAL E3 POST MARITAL RESIDENCY RULES This pattern supports living in or near the house of the PATRILOCAL groom’s maternal uncle Most commonly used with herding and farming societies It is where the married couple E4 FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD lives with the husband’s family By living with the husband’s NUCLEAR FAMILY family it lets all the men A family consisting of a married continue to work together on man and woman and their the land biological children MATRILOCAL EXTENDED FAMILY The most familiar among A family where grandparents or horticultural groups where the aunts/uncles play major roles in couple moves to live where the the children’s upbringing wife grew up. This may or may not include Usually found with matrilineal those relatives living with the kinship systems children These family members may be BILOCAL in addition to the child’s parents The practice where the bride or instead of the child’s parents and groom pick which family to live near or with. SINGLE-PARENT FAMILY Happens in societies where There is only one adult who is extended kin networks are raising the children important and where land is The other parent might not be limited there for many different reasons—death, divorce, etc. About 25% of American children are born to single mothers PAGE 9 ANIKA BRIANNA A. DUNGOG - 12 - HSDT  Centro Escolar Integrated School - Makati UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Mr. Elmer Puzo | 12 - STEM | 2nd Quarter Reviewer BLENDED FAMILY One single parent marries another single parent GRANDPARENT FAMILY Children are raised by their grandparents instead of their parents You may also refer to the provided documents by Sir Puzo for further information ^__^ Good luck, Escolarians!!