Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics PDF

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Mrs. Jessa C. Encinareal  Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you will be able to: ✓ Explain the relationship between biology and culture ✓ Identify the need for socialization in the development of one’s self ✓ Apply...

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Mrs. Jessa C. Encinareal  Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you will be able to: ✓ Explain the relationship between biology and culture ✓ Identify the need for socialization in the development of one’s self ✓ Apply the concepts of socialization, conformity, and deviance in understanding the structure and function of groups in society. Enculturation and Socialization  Socialization It refers to a lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture  Enculturation The process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire the values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture Three Goals of Socialization It teaches impulse control and help individuals develop a conscience  It teaches individuals how to prepare for and perform certain social roles It cultivates shared sources of meaning and value Mead and the Development of the Social Mind ( SELF ) The “self” is the sociological concept  Feral Child children who, through either accident or deliberate isolation, have grown up with limited human contact.  George Herbert Mead He is well- known for his theory of the social self, which is based on the central argument that the self is a social emergent.  Language allows individuals to take on the “role of the other” and allows people to respond to his or her own gestures in terms of the symbolized attitudes of others.  During play, individuals take on the roles of other people and pretend to be those other people in order to express the expectations of significant others.  In the game, the individual is required to internalize the roles of all others who are involved with him or her in the game and must comprehend the rules of the game.  Pragmatism: First, the true reality does not exist “ out there” in the real world, it “is actively created as we act in and toward the world”.  Pragmatism: Second, people remember and base their knowledge of the world on what has been useful to them and are likely to forget “ what no longer works”  Pragmatism: Third, people define the social and physical “objects” they encounter in the world according to their use for them.  Pragmatism: Lastly, if we want to understand actors, we must base that understanding on what people actually do.  “I” and the “ME” The “me” represents the expectations and attitudes of others. The “I” is the response to the “me”, or the person’s individuality.  Identity Formation The development of an individual’s distinct personality, which is regarded as a persisting entity in a particular stage of life by which person is recognize  Self Concept The sum of being’s knowledge and understanding of his/ herself. Components: Physical Psychological Social attributes  Cultural Identity Is one’s feeling of identity or affiliation with a group or culture.  Ethnic Identity The identification with a certain ethnicity usually on the basis of presumed common genealogy or ancestry.  National Identity Is an ethical and philosophical concept whereby all humans divided into groups called nation.  Religious Identity Is the set of beliefs and practices generally held by an individual involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals.  Status and Roles Are important concept in socialization because the behavior of young members of society are controlled by assigning them certain status which they will enact.  Status Position in a social system Refers to a social position that a person holds Can be ascribed or achieved respectively  Ascribed Status A social position receives at birth or takes on involuntary later in life.  Achieved Status Social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal identity and effort  Role Refers to the behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status A person who holds a status and perform a role  Role Strain Conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses. Social Groups “NO MAN IS AN ISLAND” - JOHN DONNE  GROUP It is a collection of people interacting together in orderly way on the basis of shared expectations about one’s behavior.  It can pertain to a social aggregate or collection of people who just who can be in one place at the same time. E.g. people queuing at the MRT station or passengers of a public vehicle.  May also be used to refer to a social category. – Individuals classified together because they share a certain characteristics. E.g. educated, poor, homeless, being man, and woman  Four ways to identify social groups according to Gelles and Lavine (1999) 1. Members of the group have shared identity. 2. Members of a social group interact regularly. 3. Social groups have social structure. 4. Social groups depends on consensus.  Types of Groups 1.According to the nature of social ties. ✓Primary ✓Secondary  Primary Groups Coined by Horton Cooley to describe a small, warm association based on ongoing personal, intimate relationships. Ex. Family, barkada  Secondary Groups Groups of people who are not related or emotionally connected, yet work together to achieve a common interest, purpose or goal Ex. Study groups, attorney-client  Types of Groups 1.According to social identification ✓In-groups ✓Out-groups ✓Reference  In-groups a social group that a person identifies as being a part of, based on factors like nationality, race, religion, socioeconomic status, or political affiliation.  Out-groups a social group that a person does not identify with, based on similar factors as would cause that person to identify with an in-group  Reference a social group that an individual uses as a standard of comparison or point of reference in making evaluations and decisions.  Types of Groups 1.According to organization. ✓Formal organization ✓Informal organization  Formal Organization a type of group which is deliberately constructed and whose members are organized to achieve a specific goal.  Informal Organization the social structure of an organization. Informal organizations form when individuals willingly come together due to a common interest and identity. Conformity and Deviance  Conformity Is the desire to go along with the norms of a group of people, so you will be accepted as an in- group person  Deviance Departing from usual or accepted standards , especially in social or sexual behavior  Deviance 1. Cesare Lombroso- anthropological criminology 2. John Bowlby- Psychological theory 3. Émile Durkheim- Functional theory of deviance 4. Albert Cohen- status frustration theory Deviance and the Social Paradigms Basic assumptions Basis of Interpretation Structural Deviance promotes Deviance performs unity, serves as a important functions in Functionalism moral compass, and the over all provides opportunities operations of society where there are none Paradigms Basic assumptions Basis of Interpretation Historical Deviance is a result of unequal Is a form of civic distribution of social desirables action. It aims to Conflict and life chances rectify the unfair and unjust syndromes of social inequality Critical Is a result of the exercise of We are helping power. Symbols and ideas are these entities Interpretivism manipulated by powerful maintain their people in the society in order to privileged positions protect their economic and in society political interest Structural Strain Theory Robert Merton ✓Offered a “ side-by-side” formulation of conformity and deviance ✓He developed the structural strain theory  Conformists A person who conforms to accepted behavior or established practices.  Innovators Are those individuals that accept the cultural goals of society but reject the conventional methods of attaining those goals  Ritualist A person who do not believe in the established cultural goals of society, but they do believe in and abide by the means for attaining those goals.  Retreatists Who reject both the cultural goals and the accepted means of attaining those goals  Rebels They substitute new goals and new means of attaining these goals.  Labeling Theory George Herbert Mead - States that individuals become deviants as a result of the labels imposed on them by society Social Control Theory Travis Hirschi -Argues that individuals will engage in criminal or deviant behavior if they are not controlled.