Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics PDF

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS GRD SEM 12 01 STEM - 12 A...

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS GRD SEM 12 01 STEM - 12 AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025 MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. Socialization Education is a continuing process whereby an individual acquires a Education is the social institution through which society personal identity and learns the norms, values and behavior, provides its members with important knowledge, including and social skills appropriate to his and her social position. basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values (Macionis, it is very essential because it teaches how to behave and act 2012). within our society. Education is the acquisition of knowledge, habits, skills, and 2 Points of View of Socialization abilities through instruction and training or through self- Objective Socialization activity. It refers to the society acting upon the child. Education in the Philippines Learn and internalize behavior, norms, by recognizing roles of Education in the Philippines is managed and regulated by the institutions. Department of Education, commonly referred to as the DepEd. Subjective Socialization It controls the Philippine educational system, including the The process by which society transmits its culture from one creation and implementation of the curriculum and the generation to the next and adapts the individual to the accepted utilization of funds allotted by the national government. and approved ways of organized social life. It also manages the construction of schools, acquisition of books Learn and internalize behaviors, norms through personal and other school materials, and the recruitment of teachers and experiences, and personal point of views. staff. 3 Key Parts of Socialization Before the Philippines attained independence in 1946, the Context country’s education system was patterned after the educational systems of Spain and the United States. The Philippines, with Gender Stereotypes exemption to other parts of the country, were under Spanish Content and Processes rule for more than three hundred years while the Americans Race stayed for forty-eight years. Results Today, the government of the Philippines has been very active in tapping the educational system for the country’s development Context efforts. Refers to the culture, language, social structures and one’s With the adaptation of the K to 12 programs, it is hoped that position within that society. Philippine Educational System is now responding to the It also includes history and the roles people and institutions demands of the economy for national development. around them performed in the past. Content and Processes Education in the Philippines During colonial Period Gender Stereotypes Spanish Cultural expectations for gender roles and gendered behavior inculcated moral and religious values are conveyed to children through samples like clothing, games, “social standing and prestige.” toys, and even household roles. Americans focused on the development of new social patterns that Types of Gender Stereotypes would prepare the nation for a self-governing democracy. Hostile Types of Education Kalalake or Kababae mong tao Formal Education Benign This refers to the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded Women are nurturing educational system from primary school to the university, including Men are providers programs and institutions for full time technical and vocational Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination training. At the end of each level, the learners must obtain against Women. certification in order to enter or advance to the next level. Article 5: States Parties shall take all appropriate measures… to modify the Elementary Education social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women, with a Elementary education involves compulsory, formal education view to achieving the elimination of prejudices and customary and primarily concerned with providing basic education, and all other practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority or usually corresponds to a traditional six grades or seven grades, the superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and in addition, to preschool programs. Such preschool and women; education normally consists of kindergarten schooling but may cover other preparatory courses as well. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Secondary Education Article 8(1)(b): Secondary education, public schools and private schools, is States Parties undertake to adopt immediate, effective and concerned primarily with continuing basic education of the appropriate measures to combat stereotypes, prejudices and elementary level and expanding it to include the learning of harmful practices relating to persons with disabilities, including employable, gainful skills, usually corresponding to four years of those based on sex and age, in all areas of life. junior high school and two years of senior high school. Race Tertiary Education Institutions of higher education may be classified as either The topic of race is also concerned with socialization. public or private college or university, and public institutions of Encyclopedia Britannica mentioned that Race “is the idea that higher education may further be subdivided into two types: the human species is divided into distinct groups on the basis of state universities and colleges inherited physical and behavioral differences (Encyclopedia local colleges and universities. Britannica, 2024)” 1 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS GRD SEM 12 01 STEM - 12 AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025 MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. Non-Formal Education Social & Political Stratification As a concept, non-formal education emerged in response to the Differentiation world crisis in education identified by Philip H. Coombs in 1967, is the method of relating people in terms of certain social who argued that the formal education system have failed to characteristics and then classifying them into social categories address the changing dynamics of the environment and the based on their characteristics. societies. The skills that are needed to foster economic development are Examples lacking due to untrained labor force that is not able to access Sex formal education. Age Non-formal education enables a student to learn skills and Education knowledge through structured learning experiences. A student learns his/her values, principles, and beliefs and The layering of these categories into higher and lower position of undergoes lifelong learning. prestige or respect is called Social Stratification. Informal Education Social Stratification It offers alternative learning opportunities for the out of school youth and adults specifically those who are 15 years old and is a society’s categorization of people into socioeconomic above and unable to avail themselves of the educational services strata/layer, based on their occupation and income, wealth and and programs of formal education. social status, or derived power (social and political). It reaches out to citizens of varied interests, demographic 3 Social Classes characteristics, and socioeconomic origins and status. Its The Upper Class primary objective is to provide literacy programs to eradicate consists of the elite or wealthy families who are the most prolific illiteracy. (productive) in their respective areas. They value heritage most over Special Education wealth. Special Education refers to the education of persons who are The Middle Class physically, mentally, emotionally, socially, or culturally different these are mostly professional people like lawyers, doctors, manager, from so called “normal” individuals, such that they require owners of small businesses, executives, etc. They value education modification of school practices to develop their potential. most since education to them is the most important measure of Special education provides distinct services, curricula, and social status. instructional materials geared to pupils or students who are The Lower Class significantly higher or lower than the average or norm. these are the office and clerical workers, skilled and unskilled Vocational Education craftsman, farm employees, underemployed, indigent families, etc. Accredited institutions offer technical and vocational education. They depend on their paycheck. Programs offered vary in duration from a few weeks to two Status years. is the individual’s position in the social structure. Functions of Education The higher or lower positions that come about through social Give training in specific skills; or the basic general education stratification are called statuses. literacy. Ascribed Statuses Prepare individuals for job. are assigned or given by the society or group on the basis of some Preserving culture from generation to generation. fixed category. Encouraging democratic participation through verbal skills Develop the person’s ability to think logically. Examples are sex, family background, ethnicity Enriching life by enabling the students to expand his/her Achieved Status intellectual and aesthetic horizons. are earned by the individual. Improving personal adjustment through personal counselling. Improving the health of the nation’s youth. Examples are honours/honors received in school, good job, award Producing nationalistic citizens. for winning a competition, etc. Build personal character. Prestige Goals of Education refers to the evaluation of status. Productive citizenry - refers to an idea that a citizen can create You have prestige according to your status. opportunities to become productive. Self-actualization - refers to a desire for self-fulfillment. If an Esteem individual’s self-fulfillment is through achieving his dreams and refers to the assessment of our role behaviour. aspirations in life. The measure of esteem we have depends on how well we carry out our role. Primary Education as a Human Right In the statement of United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Political Stratification Cultural Organization (UNESCO), education is a fundamental is the extent to which inequalities are encapsulated in, or influenced human right and essential for the exercise of all other human by political structures and processes regarding influence, power and rights. It promotes individual freedom and empowerment and authority. yields important development benefits. It promotes individual freedom and empowerment and yields Systems of Stratification important development benefits. Open System Education is a powerful tool by which economically and socially Mainly based on achievement, allowing more flexibility in social marginalized adults and children can lift themselves out of roles, increased social mobility, and better interaction. poverty and participate fully as citizens. 2 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS GRD SEM 12 01 STEM - 12 AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025 MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. Closed System State Institutions Impose rigid boundaries between social groups State Limit interactions between members who belong to different A state is an organized political community acting under a social groups or occupy different levels in social hierarchy. government and united by common set of laws. Resistant to change in social roles It also uses complete political coerciveness, which may come in Caste System the form of armed forces personnel, stricter laws, and rigid Are closed stratification systems because people are unable to government policies in order to attain its societal goals and change their social standing. objectives. Caste systems promote belief in fate, destiny, and the will of States differ in sovereignty, governance, geography, and higher spiritual power rather than promotion of individual interests. It may be classified as sovereign if they are not freedom. dependent on, or subject to, any other power or state. People born into caste society are socialized to accept their Other states are subject to external sovereignty where ultimate standing for the rest of their lives. There are no Opportunities to sovereignty lies another state. improve one's social position. The concept of the state is also different from the concept of a Class System nation. Nation which refers to a large geographical area and the Stratification system based on ownership of resources and the people therein who perceives themselves as having a common individual's occupation or profession. A social class is composed identity. of people who share the same background and characteristics The concept of the state is different from the concept of (income. Education & occupation). government. A Government is the particular group of people People are free to move from one social class to another and that controls the state at a given time. achieve higher status in life through education and employment. Market Exchange Openness in class systems results in prevalence of exogamous It is the primary form of economic subsistence of a state wherein marriages. standardized currencies are being used to exchange commodities. Meritocracy Elements of the States Meritocracy is determined by personal effort and merit. Social Population standing advancements are determined by how well a person It is the people who make the state. Population is essential for the performs his or her social role. However, it remains an ideal and is state. Without population there can be no State. only implemented in business or industry. Territory Social Mobility There can be no state without a fixed territory. People need territory is the ability of an individuals or the groups to change their to live and organize themselves socially and politically. positions Government within a social stratification system. It is the organization or machinery or agency of the State which Types of Social Mobility makes, implements, enforces, and adjudicates the laws of the state. Upward or Vertical Mobility Sovereignty refers to an upward movement in social class. It is the most exclusive elements of State. Without sovereignty no is the movement of a person between social class levels or state can exist. It is the basis which the State regulates all aspects of another class. the life of the people living in its territory. Forms of States Example: Authoritarian Government A factory worker who enrolls in college and becomes a businessman. Authoritarian governments differ in who holds power and in how control they assume over those who govern. Downward or Horizontal Mobility Monarchy is a form of government in which supreme power is is the movement of a person within a social class level. for life or until abdication. Some monarchs hold unlimited political powers while many Example: constitutional monarchies, such as the United Kingdom and A factory worker who finds a new job as a construction worker. Thailand. Currently, 43 nations in the world have monarchs as Intragenerational Mobility head of state. Focuses on the experience of people who belong to the same Totalitarianism is a political system that strives to regulate generation. nearly every aspect of public and private life. It theoretically A change in an individual’s social status, especially in the permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all workforce through some achievement over a relatively short aspects of individual life to the authority of the state. amount of time. Modern examples of totalitarian states include the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler, the Example: People’s Republic of China under Mao Zedong, and North Korea A person working as a supervisor in a factory becoming assistant under the Kim Dynasty. manager after getting promotion. Intergenerational Mobility A social position that changes over multiple generations. A measure of the equality of life opportunities, reflecting the extent to which influence the success of their children in the later life. Example: A bus conductor’s son become the President of the country. 3 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS GRD SEM 12 01 STEM - 12 AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025 MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. Oligarchic Government Corporations It is a form of business operation that declares the business as a An oligarchy is a form of government in which power effectively separate entity guided by a group of officers known as the Board rests with a small-elite segment of society distinguished by of Directors. royalty, wealth, family, military, or religious hegemony. They were created by individuals, stockholders or shareholders, An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler, but several powerful with the purpose of operating for profit. people who rule. Theocracy is a government by divine guidance or by official Example of Corporations: who are regarded as divinely guided. General Motors Corporation an icon of American craftmanship. Leaders are members of the clergy, and the state’s legal system is Apple Corporation as one of the famous tech companies, based on religious law. Amazon Contemporary examples of theocracies include Saudi Arabia, Corporation founded by Jeff Bezos is the world’s leading Iran, and the Vatican. eCommerce and innovation company. Democratic Government Domino’s Pizza is a global food chain company delivering Democracy is a form of government in which the right to quality food worldwide. governs is held by the majority of citizens within a country or a state. Common Types of Corporations The two principles of democracy are that all citizens have equal A corporation can be created by a single shareholder or by access to power and that all citizens enjoy universally multiple shareholders who come together to pursue common recognized freedoms and liberties. People can either become goal. country leaders through electoral process or elect leaders who A corporate can be formed as a for-profit or a non-for-profit represent the core values and beliefs. entity. Forms of Corporations Non-State Institutions For-Profit Entities People and/ or organization that participate in international affairs form most corporations, and they are formed to generate and relations but are not affiliated with any state or nation. revenues and provide a return to their shareholders, according Forms of Non-State Institutions to their percentage of ownership in the corporation. Banks HBO in partnership with International Rescue Committee, Ford Bank is a financial institution licensed to provide several Motors and Lynda.com. financial services to different types of customers. Non-For-Profit Entities Customers are allowed to deposit their money to banks which operate under the category of charitable organizations, which grow through an interest rate. are dedicated to a particular social cause such as educational, Banks may be categorized into major forms such as commercial religious, scientific, or research purposes. banks and investment banks. Banks may be categorized into major forms such as commercial Example of Not-for-profit Entities banks and investment banks. Human Rights Campaign is a very impressive example of using Forms of Banks Facebook profile photos to spread the word far and wide about Commercial Banks campaign. Financial deposit with security and convenience which could be Greenpeace the environmental non-profit that used GPS in the form of credit cards, debit cards, and check. technology to inform the public about their cause. Provide business, individual, and personal loans, enabling Multinational Corporations (MNCs) commercial banks to earn interest. are business organization that extends ownership, management, Serve as payment agents within and outside the country through production, and sales activities into several or more countries. wire transfer. MNCs are big help to the economic growth and development of the Subjected to more regulations. states. Investment Banks Financial intermediaries that perform a variety of services for Good Effects businesses and some government. Introduce Technology Issues securities to the investing public. Encourage economic growth. Make markets, facilities, mergers, and other corporate Encourage interdependently. reorganizations. Elites learn to regulate. Acts as brokers for institutional clients. Protect the environment. Under the supervision of regulatory bodies such as the Securities Economic actors. and Exchange Commission (SEC), FINRA, and the US Treasury. Promote cosmopolitan world. Subjected to fewer regulations. Promotes human rights Two most well-known financial institutions that are actively Bad Effects forming the socioeconomic development of the Philippines: Offer ill-suited technology Cause dependency. World Bank Retard economic growth. Asian Development Bank Elites become compradors Hurt the environment. Damage national culture. Harms human rights Political actors 4 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS GRD SEM 12 01 STEM - 12 AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025 MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. Cooperatives Transnational Advocacy Groups (TAGs) are people-centers enterprises owned, controlled and run by and They have specific roles to partake that can be achieved through for their members to realize their common economic, social, and effective measures, case-specific methods, and activities. cultural needs and aspirations. is the formation and development of their advocacies and Cooperatives are businesses governed on the principle of one campaigns that represent causes, ideas, values, and beliefs. member, one vote. Developmental Agencies established to develop the cooperation between the public There are several common types of co-ops, including cooperatives sector, private sector, and civil society. owned and operated by: These agencies concentrate on the growth, progression, and The people working there (worker cooperatives); advancement of specific concerns, which can be infrastructure The people buying the co-op’s goods or services (consumer or social institutions. cooperatives). Its activities transcend national boundaries as it facilitates The people collaborating to process and market their products cooperation among its members in the performance of one or (producer cooperatives); and Groups uniting to enhance their more tasks. purchasing power (purchasing cooperatives) A private organization has a membership of individuals or The people collaborating to process and market their products groups and is an international non-government organization (producer cooperatives); and Groups uniting to enhance their (INGO) that originate for reasons other than politics such as purchasing power (purchasing cooperatives) International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) International Organization Cooperatives play a critical role in building community wealth for A public organization is an international government organization several key reasons: (IGO) with states as its members. They often provide quality good and services to areas that have been shunned by traditional businesses because they are Types of Developmental Agencies deemed less profitable. United Nations (UN) They typically invest in local communities. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Since most cooperative members are local residents, business International Monetary Fund (IMF) profits remain and circulate in the community. European Union (EU) Trade Unions Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) World Health Organization(WHO) are organizations formed by workers from related fields that Non-Government Organization work for common interest of its members. is a non-profit group that functions independently of any They represent a cluster of workers and provide a link between government. the management and workers. It serves the social or political goals such as humanitarian and Purpose environmental causes. It acts as the medium of communication between the workers it aims to promote the practice of democracy among societies and management. and social change through their initiatives and organizational methods. TRADE UNIONS that exist in the Philippines: Social Inequality the Federation of Free Workers (FFW). is the state of unequal distribution of valued goods and Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP). opportunities. Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU). is the difference in the distribution of social desirables such as Functions wealth, power, and prestige. Advocating for fairness and equality for workers’ it results from a society organized by hierarchies of class, race, compensations. and gender that unequally distributes access to resources and Securing better working conditions for workers. rights. Trade Unions will organize strikes and demonstrations on behalf is characterized by the existence of unequal opportunities and of worker demands. rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group Fight for social welfare for workers. or society. Promote and advocate for education and proper training for The following are some of the social inequalities and the programs workers. that the government is undertaking to address these inequalities Advocate and fight the government for legislative protections of Inequality in the access to social, political, and symbolic capital. the workers. Social Capital Promote and advocate for organizational growth and stability. is the ability of a collective to act together to pursue a common goal. Trade Unions acts as representatives of workers in national and Example: international forums. social status. Involved in collective bargaining agreements and disputes with Rich people have preferential treatment than that of poor management to settle any conditions on employment. people. Advising management on correct personnel policies and procedures. Political Capital Involved in collective and personal collective grievances refers to the trust, good will, and influence possessed by a between management and workers. political actor, such as politician, to mobilize support to policy outcome. governor will be given a preferential treatment over those with lower have no civic equality. political actors coming from political families had given preferential treatment to enter politics than those who are not. 5 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS GRD SEM 12 01 STEM - 12 AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025 MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. Symbolic Capital Non-discrimination in employment in the field of military, police refers to the resources that one possesses which is a function of and other similar services that include according the same honor, prestige or recognition, or any other traits that one values promotional privileges and opportunities as their men within a culture. counterpart, including pay increases, additional benefits, and rich people had greater opportunities to enter into politics or in awards, based on competency and quality of performance. any other aspects because of their level in the society. Provision for equal access and elimination of discrimination in refers to the resources that one possesses which is a function of education, scholarships, and training. honor, prestige or recognition, or any other traits that one values Non-discriminatory and non-derogatory portrayal of women in within a culture. media and film to raise the consciousness of the general public rich people had greater opportunities to enter into politics or in in recognizing the dignity of women and the role and any other aspects because of their level in the society. contribution of women in family, community, and the society Government Programs Addressing These Inequalities through the strategic use of mass media. Conditional Cash Transfer Program Equal status given to men and women on the titling of the land locally known as Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program, or 4Ps, is a and issuance of stewardship contracts and patents. government program that provides conditional cash grants to the poorest of the poor in the Philippines. Ethnic Minorities - Lack of resources easily available for many are not utilized within their group, and thus receive negative attention Requirements for a Grantee to Receive Cash Grants: from the dominant public. Children of grantees will regularly attend school. Programs Attend tertiary education. Republic Act 8371, known as the Indigenous Peoples Rights Pre-natal care for pregnant women. Act (IPRA), was enacted in 1997. Vaccination of children It has been praised for its support for the cultural integrity of Monthly seminars for family development. indigenous peoples, the right to their lands and the right to self- directed development of these lands. Agrarian Reform in the Philippines seeks to solve the centuries old problem of landlessness in rural Other Minorities - This may include people with disabilities or areas. people with religions that are less prevalent in society. government addressed key national goals for the promotion of equity and social justice, food security and poverty alleviation in Programs the countryside. Republic Act No. 9442, an Act Amending Republic Act No. 7277, SK Reform Act of 2015 Otherwise known as the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons, and It prohibits any person to run in any Sanggunian Kabataan Office For Other Purposes’ Granting Additional Privileges and either elected or appointed if it has a relative up to second degree in Incentives and Prohibitions on Verbal, Non-verbal Ridicule and the barangay level to governorship. Vilification Against Persons with Disability Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act Its objective is to provide persons with disability, the is a law that institutionalizes free tuition and exemption from other opportunity to participate fully into the mainstream of society by fees in state universities and colleges (SUCs), local universities and granting them at least twenty percent (20%) discount in all basic colleges (LUCs) in the Philippines. services. Minority Groups DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION are groups composed of less-dominant classifications in society that has adopted the policy to provide special protection to children experience disproportionately lower opportunities than their who are gravely threatened or endangered by circumstances dominant counterparts. which affect their normal development and over which they have no control, and to assist the concerned agencies in their Below Are Some Relevant Issues Involving Minority Groups: rehabilitation. Gender Inequality - The LGBT community has always been treated ENACTMENT OF ANTI-BULLYING LAW indifferently and discriminatively because they do not fall within a which mandates directed all elementary and secondary schools biologically defined gender group. to adopt policies to address the existence of bullying in their respective institutions. Programs The Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development (PPGD) SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: rests on a vision of development that is equitable, sustainable, GOAL 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere. free from violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved self-determination and the actualization of human potentials, nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. and participatory and empowering Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all The Magna Carta of Women (MCW) is a comprehensive women’s ages. human rights law that seeks to eliminate discrimination through Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and the recognition, protection, fulfillment, and promotion of the promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. rights of Filipino women, especially those belonging in the Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and marginalized sectors of the society. girls. Framework of Rights for Women Goal 6: Educate all stakeholders about the possible benefits of Leave benefits of two (2) months with full pay based on gross achieving these goals and the consequences. monthly compensation for women employees who undergo Goal 7: Participate in school and community activities that target surgery caused by gynecological disorders, provided that they and encompass the goals mentioned in the SDG. have rendered continuous aggregate employment service of at Goal 8: Organize groups and small communities that affirm the least six (6) months for the last twelve (12) months. values and agendas of the SDGs and act on them. 6 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS