Anatomical Terminology & Skeleton 2024-2025 PDF

MD1101 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY & SKELETON 2024-2025  These are important  Especially important in medical imaging Sagittal plane Coronal The movement of an arrow (saggita) from front to back  Anterior  Posterior  Superior - The upward surface. ...

MD1101 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY & SKELETON 2024-2025  These are important  Especially important in medical imaging Sagittal plane Coronal The movement of an arrow (saggita) from front to back  Anterior  Posterior  Superior - The upward surface.  Inferior - The downward surface.  Superficial – nearer the skin surface  Deep – farther away from the skin surface  Medial - Towards the middle or towards the median plane.  Lateral - Away from the middle or away from the median plane.  Cranial - Towards the head.  Caudal - towards the ‘tail’.  Central  Peripheral - Towards the surface of the body  Proximal  Distal  Dorsal  Ventral  Palmar/Volar - On or towards the palm of the hand.  Plantar - On or towards the sole of the foot.  We looked at some terms for the body as is stays stationary in the anatomical position  The human body is capable of a large number of different movements  It is helpful to consider these in terms of the planes we have already encountered  Flexion  In general, this is a decrease in the angle of a joint; it generally occurs in (para)sagittal planes  Bending the torso (the trunk of the body) forwards is flexion  In the upper limb, flexion occurs anteriorly  EXCEPT the thumb – as it lies in a different plane  Flexion of the thumb moves it medially  Extension is the opposite movement  In the anatomical position, bending the trunk to either side results in LATERAL FLEXION  Raising a limb away from the median plane results in ABDUCTION  Returning a limb towards the median plane results in ADDUCTION  The DIGITS (fingers, thumbs & toes) can also move in this manner  Raising a limb away from the median plane results in ABDUCTION  Returning a limb towards the median plane results in ADDUCTION  The DIGITS (fingers, thumbs & toes) can also move in this manner  The fingers, when spread in their plane, move away from the middle finger they are then said to be ABDUCTED  when moved back together, they are ADDUCTED  In order to ABDUCT, the thumb must move anteriorly at right angles to the hand; bringing it back to rest is ADDUCTION  From Ancient Greek word ▪ μνημονικός (mnēmonikos)  A way to help remember things ▪ Using things already known Circumduction  a series of movements combining ▪ flexion, ▪ extension, ▪ abduction and ▪ adduction.  Together they trace the outline of a cone Rotation  This moves a part of the body [limb or part thereof] around its long axis either medially (internal) or laterally (external)  They are primarily movements of the hand at the wrist joint  These are movements of the foot  Moving the plantar surface medially is inversion  Moving the plantar surface laterally is eversion Opposition  This is a movement of the thumb  It combines abduction and flexion, and brings the thumb into contact with the tips of one or more fingers  It is vital for normal hand function Depression  lowering of a body part, such as the jaw in opening the mouth Elevation  raising of a body part, such as the jaw in closing the mouth Protrusion  An anterior movement of the tongue or mandible (lower jaw) Retrusion  A posterior movement of the tongue or jaw  The thumb operates on many planes (multiplanar) so its movements can seem difficult – it needs practice to learn it!  Anterior, Posterior  Superior, Inferior  Medial, Median, Lateral  Flexion, Extension  Circumduction  Superficial, Deep  Proximal, Distal  Prone, Supine  Sagittal, Coronal, Transverse, Axial  Abduction, Adduction  Inversion, Eversion  Plantar, Dorsal, Ventral  Elevation, Depression  Protraction, Retraction  Medial rotation, Lateral rotation  Opposition, Reposition The Skeleton  BONE Bone is a living, self-repairing tissue Its ability to repair depends on the milieu it which it exists It responds to stresses, and its density is dependent on these stresses The skeleton starts as a cartilage model It is not mature for two decades or more  Why do we need a skeleton? Bones provide support and protection They provide the basis for locomotion They are the site of bone marrow, which is vital for haematopoiesis (blood formation) The Skeleton  The “TYPICAL” bone Basically a hollow tubular region with specialised ends. DIAPHYSIS – the shaft; a primary centre of ossification EPIPHYSIS – the end of a bone – a secondary centre of ossification METAPHYSIS – the area of epiphysis-diaphysis union or fusion  A - cartilage B - spongy bone C - marrow D - epiphyseal plate Epiphyseal Plate  The skeleton has four basic shapes of bone Long Short Flat Irregular  Long Bones Major bones of the limbs are long bones. They share the following characteristics: a tubular shaft articular surface at each end They offer sites of attachment for muscles and supporting structures  Bursae are sometimes found near articular joints  Short Bones The same characteristics as long bones, but much smaller Examples are the small bones of hand and foot The metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges  Flat Bones These tend to be flat & thin and have broad surfaces. Examples are: Innominate [hip bone] Scapula All Ribs (12 on each side – same for male and female) Sternum  Irregular Bones Variable in size and shape. Compact in nature and are distributed throughout the skeleton. Examples are: – The entire vertebral column including coccygeals – 8 Carpal Bones – 7 Tarsal Bones Some bones of the face are also irregular.  Sesamoid Bones These are small irregular bones They develop within tendons The best example is the patella Others are found on the big toe  TENDONS Connect muscle to bone  Ligaments Connect bones to each other  The “two” skeletons Skeleton proper (206 named bones) divided into the: AXIAL SKELETON (80 named bones) and APPENDICULAR SKELETON (126 named bones)  AXIAL (80 bones) Skull Vertebral Column Ribs Sternum  Appendicular (126 bones) Pectoral girdle: – Clavicle, Scapula Upper Extremity [limb]: – ARM: Humerus, radius – FOREARM: ulna – WRIST: Carpals (8) – HAND: Metacarpals (5) Phalanges (14)  Pelvic girdle: – Innominate (hip) bone Lower Extremity [limb] : THIGH: Femur Patella LEG: tibia, fibula ANKLE: Tarsals (7) FOOT: Metatarsals (5), Phalanges (14)  BONY MARKS Marks on bones, such as pits, crests, lines etc. are all formed due to mechanical stress applied to the bone: – Marks tend to be because a muscle attaches at that point. The terms are CONFUSING – you do need to know them  Classification: amount of movement SYNARTHROSES: – Immovable; found in the adult skull AMPHIARTHROSES: – Slightly moveable; intervertebral joints DIARTHROSES: – Freely moveable  Classification: tissue between bones Fibrous – Fibrous ligaments only Cartilagenous – cartilage Synovial – A synovial membrane containing synovial fluid  Fibrous The bones are united by fibrous tissue The length of this tissue rules the amount of motion at the joint SUTURES SYNDESMOSIS – A type of fibrous joint unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue; it makes it very moveable GOMPHOSIS – A peg & socket type of joint  SUTURE JOINT The skull  Bones of the skull can be divided into either CRANIAL bones or FACIAL bones They may be PAIRED or UNPAIRED  SYNDESMOSIS – fibrous joint unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue; it makes it very moveable GOMPHOSIS  CARTILAGENOUS These are joined by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage The cartilage is mainly avascular and anervous Two main types here: SYNCHONDROSES SYMPHOSES  SYNCHONDROSES Seen at epiphyseal plates during development  SYMPHYSES Permanent cartilaginous joints Fibrocartilage disks separate bones which are covered with hyaline cartilage They are SLIGHTLY moveable Found at the pubic symphysis and between vertebrae  SYNOVIAL JOINTS The most common, and most moveable All have: A joint cavity AND synovial capsule A synovial membrane ling Articular (hyaline) cartilage – Some may have accessory structures Protecting bone – Synovial Joints  Accessory structures Ligaments Disks or menisci Muscles and tendons  Subclassification of synovial joints Plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball & socket  PLANE Allow only sliding motion In any direction of a SINGLE plane  HINGE A hinge! The knee and the elbow  Pivot Rotary movement  CONDYLOID Two oval surfaces together allowing movement in two perpendicular planes  SADDLE Two articular surfaces – one concave (the saddle), one convex (the horse’s back) Allow for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb  Ball and Socket A ball fitting into a socket More flexibility than any other joint