Human Bony Skeleton (Axial) Lecture 1 PDF

The frame of the body. Built of 206 bones, 34 of them are single (unpaired) and 86 are paired. Functions of the skeleton: 1. Provides the characteristic shape of the human body. 2. Supports the soft parts of the body. 3. Gives attachments for muscles and ligaments. 4. Acts as levers that help in mus...

The frame of the body. Built of 206 bones, 34 of them are single (unpaired) and 86 are paired. Functions of the skeleton: 1. Provides the characteristic shape of the human body. 2. Supports the soft parts of the body. 3. Gives attachments for muscles and ligaments. 4. Acts as levers that help in muscle contractions. 5. Protects the important structures such as the brain, heart and lungs. 6. Reservoir for calcium and phosphorus. 7. Production of red blood cells from the bone marrow. 1. Axial skeleton (80 bones) 2. Appendicular skeleton (126 bones) Formed of 80 bones.  Skull (28): Cranium 8 bones; face 14 bones; and auditory ossicles 6 bones  Hyoid bone: (1)  Vertebral column: 33 vertebrae (7 cervical; 12 thoracic; 5 lumbar; 5 sacral & 4 coccygeal); the sacral and coccygeal bones are fused into 2 masses (26)  Sternum: 3 pieces (1)  Ribs: 12 pairs (24) Parietal bone Frontal bone Parietal bone Bregma Lambda Frontal bone Parietal bone Pterion Greater wing of sphenoid Temporal bone Mastoid process Zygomatic arch Frontal bone Orbit Zygoma Nasal bone Maxilla Anterior nasal aperture Alveolar process of maxilla Sagittal suture Parietal bone Lambda Occipital bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Foramen magnum Zygomatic arch Hard palate Mastoid process Jugular foramen Occipital condyles Basilar part of occipital bone Foramen lacerum Foramen ovale Ramus of mandible body of mandible Coronoid process Head of mandible Neck of mandible Mental foramen Ramus of mandible Oblique line Angel of mandible  Composed of 33 vertebrae, some are fused, the real number is 26 bones.  The vertebrae are connected by intervertebral discs.  The vertebral column has the following regions:  Cervical in the neck 7vertebrae  Thoracic 12 vertebrae  Lumbar 5 vertebrae  Sacral region in the pelvis 5 vertebrae fused into 1 sacrum  Coccygeal region 4 vertebrae fused into 1 coccyx  Body, vertebral arch and 7 processes body body Bifid spine Body Foramen transversorium Thoracic vertebrae (12) Costal facet on transverse process Long oblique spine Typical 2-8 2 demi-facets on the body Lumbar (5) Typical 1-4 Spine transverse process with no facet Body Manubrium sterni Manubriosternal junction (sternal angle) Body of sternum Xiphoid process Costal notch for 1st costal cartilage Costal notch for upper half of 2nd costal cartilage Notches for articulation with costal cartilages Posterior end Anterior end for costo-chondral junction Costal groove Neck Head Tubercle Angle Shaf t 1st rib: Floating rib Formed of 126 bones. Upper limb (64 bones):  Shoulder girdle: 2 scapulae and 2 clavicles (4)  Arm bones: 1 humerus in each side (2)  Forearm bones: 1 ulna & 1 radius in each (4)  Wrist bones: 8 carpal bones in each wrist (16)  Hand bones: 5 metacarpals in each hand (10)  Fingers bones: 14 phalanges in each hand; 2 in each thumb and 3 in each of other fingers (28). Lower limb (62 bones): ▪ Hip girdle: each hip bone is formed of an ilium, ischium and pubis (2) ▪ Thigh bone: 1 femur in each thigh. (2) ▪ Leg bones: 1 tibia &1 fibula in each leg. (4) ▪ Patella: (2) ▪ Ankle & foot bones: 7 tarsals & 5 metatarsals in each foot. (24) ▪ Toes bones: 14 phalanges in each foot, 2 in the big toe and 3 in each of other toes (28).