Skeleton Terminology PDF

Skeleton Dr. Ahmed Elsaeed Ayad Lecturer of human anatomy and embryology Faculty of medicine, Alexandria university Faculty of dentistry, Pharos university Faculty of pharmacy, AASTMT 01001170879 Anatomy: Def. study of the structure of the human body. Anatomical Po...

Skeleton Dr. Ahmed Elsaeed Ayad Lecturer of human anatomy and embryology Faculty of medicine, Alexandria university Faculty of dentistry, Pharos university Faculty of pharmacy, AASTMT 01001170879 Anatomy: Def. study of the structure of the human body. Anatomical Position: Position at which descriptions of the human body occur. the person is standing upright, with the face and the palms of the hands are facing forwards. Anatomical planes: 1-The median sagittal plane. 2-the paramedian plane (sagittal). 3-The coronal plane. 4-The horizontal or the transverse plane.  Anatomical planes: 1-The median sagittal plane: plane passing through the middle of the body, divide the body into equal right and left halves. 2-the paramedian plane (sagittal): divides the body into right and left parts. 3-The coronal plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. 4-The horizontal or the transverse plane: divides the body into upper and lower parts. Terms of position: - Superior: means nearer to the head. - Inferior: means nearer to the feet. Terms of position: - Medial: means nearer to the middle line. - Lateral: means far away from the middle line. Terms of position: - Anterior (ventral): nearer to the front of the body. - Posterior (dorsal): nearer to the back of the body. - Superficial: means nearer to the skin. - Deep: means far away from the skin. Proximal & distal: used only in the limbs. - Proximal: means nearer to the root of the limb. - Distal: means far away from the root of the limb  Palm of the hand & dorsum of the hand. Sole of the foot = Planter surface of the foot & Dorsum of the foot. Terms of movement: -Flexion: means bending. -Extension; means straightening. Terms of movement: -Abduction: movement away from the median plane. -Adduction: movement towards the median plane. Terms of movement: -Medial rotation: where the anterior surface of the bone faces medially. -Lateral rotation: where the anterior surface of the bone faces laterally. Inversion & eversion: (only in the foot). -Inversion: the planter surface of the foot faces medially. -Eversion: the planter surface of the foot faces laterally. SKIN Skin is the outer layer that covers the body. The study of skin is called “dermatology”. It is thick in some places (palm of the hand) and thin in otherplaces (eye-lids). It is hairy in some places (scalp) and non-hairy in other places (lips, palm of hand and sole of feet).  The skin has 4 appendages :nails, hair, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. Skin is formed of two layers: 1. Outer layer "Epidermis" :thin, epithelial in nature. 2. inner layer "Dermis" :thick, connective tissue in nature Connective Tissue of the Dermis: The collagen fibers are groups of fibers running parallel to each other. They pass in certain direction in each part of the body. The direction of the collagen fibers in the dermis are arranged transverse in the trunk and neck and longitudinal in the limbs. This special arrangement of collagen fibers is called "Langer's Lines". when surgeons make incision not to injure too much collagen fibers. Incisions made across "Langer's Lines" result in gapping of the wound and prominent scar tissue Skeleton -There are more than 200 bones forming the skeleton. Skeleton It is consisted of: 1. Axial skeleton 2. Appendicular skeleton A- Axial Skeleton: 1. Skull 2. Vertebrae 3. Sternum 4. Ribs B-Appendicular Skeleton I. Bones of the Upper Limb II. Bones of the Lower Limb I. Bones of the Upper Limb Pectoral girdle: a- Scapula b-Clavicle Bone of arm: Humerus. Bones of forearm a- Ulna b-Radius Bones of hand: a-Carpals (8) b- Metacarpals (5) c- Phalanges(14)  II. Bones of the Lower Limb Pelvic girdle: Hip bone Bone of the thigh: femur Bones of the leg: a-tibia b-fibula Bones of the foot: a-Tarsals (7) b- Metatarsals (5) c-Phalanges (14) -types of bones according to their shape 1) Long bones ‫عظام طویلة‬ e.g. humerus, femur, radius 2) Short bones ‫قصیة‬ ‫عظام ر‬ e.g. metacarpal bones 3) Flat bones ‫عظام مفلطحة‬ e.g. scapula or ilium 4) Irregular bones ‫غی منتظمة‬ ‫ر‬ e.g. vertebrae 5) Pneumatic bones ‫عظام بها فرغات ھوائیة‬ e.g. skull 6) Sesamoid bones ‫عظام داخل اوتدة العضالت‬ e.g. patella Long bone Short bone Flat bones Irregular bones Pneumatic bone Sesamoid bone Functions of Bones: 1) Bones form the supporting frame-work of the body. 2) Bones protect the underlying structures, e.g. the skull protects the brain. 3) Bones give the attachments to the muscles. 4) Bones store calcium and phosphorus. 5) The bone marrow acts as a factory for the formation of the blood cells. Thank you