Introduction To Human Anatomy 7101101 Lecture Notes PDF

Introduction To Human Anatomy 7101101 Lecture 2 (2hr): Anatomical position, planes, terms of relationship and comparison, and laterality  Anatomicomedical Terminology The international anatomical terminology should be used Ex: axillary fossa instead of armpit Ex:...

Introduction To Human Anatomy 7101101 Lecture 2 (2hr): Anatomical position, planes, terms of relationship and comparison, and laterality  Anatomicomedical Terminology The international anatomical terminology should be used Ex: axillary fossa instead of armpit Ex: clavicle instead of collarbone This enables precise communication among healthcare professionals and scientists worldwide Terminologia Anatomica (TA) lists anatomical terms both in Latin and as English equivalents (e.g., the common shoulder muscle is musculus deltoideus in Latin and deltoid in English Eponyms: naming body structures after people who describe them. Although some times mentioned, they are not useful and is abandoned  Structure of Anatomical Terms Most words originate from Greek or Latin e.g. gaster (Latin for stomach or belly) the esophagogastric junction is the site where the esophagus connects with the stomach, gastric acid is the digestive juice secreted by the stomach, a digastric muscle is a muscle divided into two bellies  Structure of Anatomical Terms A medical word may consist of three parts: Prefix, Root word, & Suffix Terms describe structures shape, size, location or function or resemblance to other structures. E.g, deltoid (like delta) (oid suffix means like) Structure of Anatomical Terms (contd.) Biceps (two headed) from bis (“double”) + -ceps (from caput ‘head’). Structure of Anatomical Terms (contd.) Triceps (three headed) Structure of Anatomical Terms (contd.) Piriformis muscle (Latin: “pirum” for pear + “forma” for shape or form) Temporalis muscle (located in the temporal region) i.e, temple of the skull Structure of Anatomical Terms (contd.) Levator scapulae: means the muscle that lifts the scapula. Levator comes from the Latin verb levare meaning “to lift.” + Scapulae is the genitive reference to the “scapula bone”, which this muscle lifts upward. Abbreviations used in anatomy  Anatomical Position Anatomical position: body erect (standing upright), face forward, upper limbs at sides with palm forward, Lower limbs close together with the feet parallel (it is the reference position for anatomical description) Other Body Positions Supine: lying face upward Prone: lying face downward Because people are often examined in supine position, descriptions should be made in that position too with the anatomical position in mind Anatomical position Terms of relationship & comparison These terms describe the location of one body part relative to certain plane or reference point or relative to another part Superior: towards the vertex (the topmost part of the skull) Cranial: towards the cranium (skull) Inferior: towards the feet Caudal: towards the tail (tail bone) Terms of relationship & comparison Medial: towards the median plane (or midline). Lateral: away from the median plane (or midline) Proximal: nearer to the attachment of a limb or the central aspect of a linear structure Distal: farther from the attachment of a limb or the central aspect of a linear structure Terms of relationship & comparison Anterior (Ventral): towards the front surface of the body or nearer to the abdomen Posterior (Dorsal): towards the back surface of the body or nearer to the back Terms of relationship & comparison Rostral:: towards the rostrum (Latin rostrum, meaning 'beak, nose‘). (Used for parts of the brain which means virtually anterior) Terms of relationship & comparison Dorsum: (noun) Dorsum usually refers to the superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body, such as the dorsum of the tongue, nose, penis, or foot. It is also used to describe the posterior surface of the hand, opposite the palm (noun). Sole: (noun) the inferior aspect or bottom of the foot Dorsal: (Adj.) relating to the dorsum Palmar: (Adj.) With respect to the palm of the hand Planter: (Adj.) With respect to the sole of the foot Combined terms Combined terms describe intermediate positional arrangements Inferomedial Superolateral Posterosuperolateral Anteroinferomedial Example: The upper and middle fibers of external oblique muscle run forward and inferomedially Combined terms Subdivision of right female breast Terms of relationship & comparison The following terms are independent of the anatomical position or the anatomical planes, relating primarily to the body's surface or its central core: Superficial, intermediate, and deep describe the position of structures relative to the surface of the body or the relationship of one structure to another underlying or overlying structure. External means outside of or farther from the center of an organ or cavity, while internal means inside or closer to the center, independent of direction. Proximal and distal: see before  Pneumonia: from Modern Latin, from Greek pneumonia "inflammation of the lungs," from pneumon "lung," altered (probably by influence of pnein "to breathe") from pleumon "lung," probably cognate with Latin pulmo "lung(s), pneumo- or pneum- 1. Air; gas: pneumothorax. 2. Lung; pulmonary: pneumoconiosis. 3. Respiration: pneumograph.  Anatomical Planes A sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions. A median (midsagittal) plane is a sagittal plane that passes along the midline and divides the body into equal parts. A transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions. A frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections. Planes are used to describe sections Anatomical Planes  Sections and Views Longitudinal sections: are slices of the body that run lengthwise or parallel to the long axis of the body or of any of its parts. Although median, sagittal, and frontal planes are the standard (most commonly used) longitudinal sections, there is a 180° range of possible longitudinal sections. Transverse sections or (cross sections), are slices of the body or its parts that are cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body or of any of its parts. Oblique sections are slices of the body or any of its parts that are not cut along the previously listed anatomical planes. Sections through a whole body Sections through a limb Head MRI Scan showing different The Long axis section types Transverse Longitudinal Longitudinal sections along sections along sections along transverse planes) sagittal planes coronal planes Terms of Laterality Ipsilateral: structures on the same side of the body Contralateral: structures on the opposite sides of the body Bilateral: Paired structures having right and left members (e.g., the kidneys) (you should specify which one when you describe them), Unilateral: structures occurring on one side only (e.g., the spleen).