Small and Large Animal Female Reproductive Organs PDF

Small and Large animals Female Reproductive Organs Cristian Dezdrobitu, DVM, MSc, PhD Female Genital Organs BITCH  Vulva Bilateral labia Labial fissure - slit like opening between the labia...

Small and Large animals Female Reproductive Organs Cristian Dezdrobitu, DVM, MSc, PhD Female Genital Organs BITCH  Vulva Bilateral labia Labial fissure - slit like opening between the labia * (commonly referenced as * the lips) * Dorsal commissure * * Ventral commissure BITCH * Evans 7th ed. Fig. 4- 52 & Constantinescu Fig. 7.55  Vulva Right and left labia (lips) Dorsal commissure is rounded and the ventral commissure is pointed (except in the mare)  Clitoral fossa (fossa clitoridis) Depression in the floor of the vestibule – near the ventral commissure Contains the clitoris Homologue of the male penis Composed of erectile tissue Dorsal view of the canine reproductive tract  Clitoris Mare Clitoral sinuses are located on the periphery of the glans Clitoral sinuses Clitoral fossa Ventral commissure  CEM testing Contagious equine metritis Bacterial disease passed through breeding Areas to swab in the female Clitoral sinuses Clitoral fossa Cervix (pregnant or mid- cycle) or endometrium (estrus)  Vestibule Space between the vagina (cranial) and vulva (caudal) Common opening for the urinary and genital tracts Urethral tubercle- ridge like projection on the cranioventral aspect of the vestibulovaginal junction (bitch) BITCH Pg. 194 Fig. 4-52, GDD 8th ed.  Vestibular bulbs Elongated mass of erectile tissue deep to the vestibular mucosa Contributes to the “tie” during copulation Homologous to the bulbus glandis in the male BITCH Canine Variation in position of the vestibule 1. Vagina Cow 2. Bladder 3. Urethra 4. Suburethral diverticulum 5. Vulva Mare Bitch Dyce 4th ed. Fig. 5-61 Courtesy of Dr. Terri Clark  Female urethra Opens at the vestibulovaginal junction (ventral to the urethral tubercle in the canine) Surrounded by the urethralis m. BITCH  Urethral Tubercle BITCH Courtesy of Drs Ray Wilhite and Joe Rowe  Urethra In the cow and the sow, there is a suburethral diverticulum (12’) Lies ventral to the urethral orifice Makes urinary catheterization difficult  Blood supply Blood supply: External pudendal a.- inguinal region Internal pudendal a.- labia, clitoris and vestibular bulbs Vaginal a. BITCH  Vagina Between the cervix and vestibule Distensible organ BITCH Stretches during pregnancy and parturition Longitudinal folds (internal feature - !! dorsal median longitudinal fold !! - reduces the vaginal lumen) Vaginal fornix Cranial-most and recessed part of the vagina Ventral to the cervix BITCH Structures that make the catheterization and endoscopy difficult Clitoral fossa (4) Vaginal fornix (6) Dorsal median longitudinal fold (DMF/DMLF) (2) Angulation of the tract BITCH Clinically Oriented Anatomy of the Dog and Cat (2nd Edition), M.S.A Kumar  Vagina Hymen (vestibulovaginal fold/ring or transverse fold)- relatively distinct transverse fold in the mare Mare reproductive tract. Anatomy of the horse, 5th edition, page 83 Blood Supply: Vagina Supplied via the vaginal a. BITCH  Blood supply: Vagina Vaginal a. (30) from Vaginal a. (30) from internal Mare internal iliac a. (19) Cow pudendal a. (29) Nickel Vol. 3 Uterus: Types of uteri FYI  Uterus Provides an area for attachment of fertilized ova and a source of fetal nourishment Bicornuate (bi- = two; cornu = horn) Suspended by the mesometrium Consists of Cervix Body 2 horns BITCH  * * Cervix Dorsal * Constricted caudal portion of the uterus Cervical canal Passageway within the cervix Ventral Internal uterine ostium Opening of the cervix into the body of the uterus – dorsally located * External uterine ostium Opening of the cervix into the * vagina – ventrally located Orientation of the opening is a 45° angle relative to the vaginal floor Evans 7th ed. Figs. 4-24 & 4-52 BITCH Cervix Isolates the uterus from the external environment Cow Circular folds (rings)  Mare Longitudinal folds Sow Interdigitating mucosal prominences projecting into the lumen Junctions with the uterine body and vagina are ill-defined  Body Extends caudally from unity of horns to the cervix Usually located in both the pelvic and abdominal cavities Horns Converge caudally at the body Cranial end of each horn is connected to the ovary by the proper ligament of the ovary Round ligament of the uterus BITCH  Uterus Bovine Intercornual ligaments Dorsal and ventral ligaments with the ventral being Courtesy of Drs Ray Wilhite and Joe Rowe more prominent  Caruncles (cow, ewe and goat) Oval/round thickenings/elevations in the uterus Only site in the uterus to form attachments Ewe with fetal membranes in cow, ewe and goat Convex in the cow and concave in the ewe Cow Courtesy of Drs Ray Wilhite and Joe Rowe Blood supply: Uterus MAIN MAIN + COLLATERAL Uterine a. from vaginal a. (main) bits Uterine branch from the ovarian a. bit (collateral) BITCH Dyce 4th ed. Fig. 15-12  Blood supply to the uterus The large animals have the similar branching as the canine, but variations with the main supply: Internal iliac a. internal pudendal a. vaginal a. uterine a. (canine) or Main uterine supply in large animals: Cow: umbilical a. uterine a. Mainsupply Mare: external iliac a. uterine a. mainsupply  Uterine br. (4) from ovarian Tater a. (2) from aorta (1) Uterine a. (21) from umbilical a. (20) from internal iliac a. (19) Primary supply to the uterus Fremitus Uterine br. (31) from wed vaginal a. (30) from internal iliac a. (19) Nickel Vol. 3 Fig. 142 Fremitus: a vibration perceptible on palpation or auscultation, e.g. palpable of the uterine artery in late pregnant cows  Uterine br. (4) from collated ovarian a. (2) from aorta (1) Uterine a. (21) from external iliac a. (7) from aorta (1) init Primary supply to the uterus Anastomoses with branches of ovarian and vaginal aa. connected Uterine br. (31) from vaginal a. (30) from internal pudendal a. (29) from internal iliac (19) Nickel Vol. 3 Fig. 143 Pyometra – infection of the uterus C-section Carolina Veterinary Surgical Service Animal Hospital Of Woodstock Uterine tube (oviduct, Fallopian tube, salpinx) Fertilization occurs here 7 alsoknows as itsme the Divided into 3 parts Infundibulum Fimbriae Abdominal ostium – located between the infundibulum and ampulla Ampulla 1101190 Isthmus Opens into the uterine horn (tubouterine junction) BITCH  COW König 4th ed. BITCH  Ovary Female gonad also ovary Paired organ Several attachments Suspensory ligament of the ovary - BITCH Tibetan courses between the ovary and the transversalis fascia of the body wall (last rib) - holds ovary in a relatively fixed position - manually broken down during ovariohysterectomy to aid in removal of the ovary Proper ligament of the ovary - courses between the ovary and the uterine horn Mesovarium  Equine 0 C Ovary (structure – informative) Difference men Isn't 0 what Non - equine O  Mare The ovarian medulla and in cortex are reversed n n Ovulation only occurs at one 1 i location, the ovulation fossa If vanes Only Blood supply: Uterine tube and Ovary Ovarian a. Ovarian vein (paired) Right ovarian vein drains into the caudal vena cava Left ovarian vein drains into the left renal vein BITCH Blood supply: Ovary and uterine tube 2- Ovarian a. Blood supply: Ovary and uterine tube 2- Ovarian a.  Broad ligaments Peritoneal folds on each side Attaches the genital tract to the dorsolateral walls of the abdominal cavity BITCH  3 Specific Components of the Broad Ligament: Mesometrium (supports the uterus) Arises from the lateral wall of the pelvis and the lateral part of the sublumbar region Attaches: to the lateral part of the cranial end of the vagina and uterus Contains the round ligament of the uterus in its free border Mesovarium (supports the ovary) Is the cranial part of the broad ligament; continuation of the mesometrium Attaches the ovary and its ligaments to the lateral part of the sublumbar region telesoovarion Mesosalpinx (supports the uterine tube) Attaches the uterine tube to the w mesovarium and forms with the mesovarium the ovarian bursa susalpinx BITCH  l Ovarian bursa * Peritoneal sac that encloses the ovary Formed by mesovarium and mesosalpinx There is an opening between the peritoneal cavity and the ovarian bursa called the opening of the ovarian bursa 1. Uterine tube o 2. Ovary * 3. Mesovarium 4. Mesosalpinx Bitch Evans 7th ed. Fig. 4-25 5. Arrow entering Ovarianbursa upent ovarian bursa how aslightly 6. Infundibulum Cow and mare Bitch Dyce 4th ed. Fig. 5-60  water of tits Mammary Gland ineach one Openays A milk-producing organ comprised of one or more pairs of mammae or mammary glands Does it ongland systems putrefy Male mammals typically have rudimentary mammary glands. Cow 4 mammary glands called quarters Each half is divided by a median intermammary groove Suspensory apparatus Lateral laminae (fibrous) Medial laminae (elastic) - separates the right and left halves Each mammary gland consists of one gland system glandsystem is four O O O Mammary (superficial inguinal) lymph nodes Mare Right and left mammary glands Subcutaneous Abdominal (milk) vein One teat on each mammary gland Each gland contains two duct systems The duct systems will end in the teat orifices (two teat orifices per teat)  Mare udder Mare udder - sagittal section Blood supply: Mammae Bitch, queen, sow Cranial and caudal superficial epigastric aa. Mare and bovine External pudendal: cranial and caudal mammary aa. Internal pudendal  Main Venous return it is related just to cows Subcutaneous abdominal vein or milk vein (cranial/caudal superficial epigastric v.) The subcutaneous abdominal vein will perforate the abdominal wall near the xiphoid cartilage and is known as the milk well Cranial to the milk well, it becomes the internal thoracic v. Lymphatics Mammary lymph nodes (superficial inguinal ln.) Getty Images Qassagefortresses  Placenta Classified according to the distribution of chorionic villi on their surfaces 4 types according to the gross morphology: Diffuse Zonary Discoid FYI Cotyledonary Diffuse placenta Chorionic villi cover the majority of the surface Mare and pig Dyce, Sack, and Wensing's Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy Sow Mare Cotyledonary placenta fetus side Fetal cotyledons opposite the maternal caruncles motherside Together the maternal caruncles and the fetal cotyledons form a placentome Foundl in cow, ewe and FC goat Zonary placenta Villi develop in a band of chorion that surround the trunk of the embryo Found in the dog and the cat Summary of placentas Type of Placenta Common Examples Diffuse Horses and pigs Cotyledonary Cattle, sheep, goats, deer Zonary Carnivores (dog, cat, ferret) Discoid FYI Humans, apes, monkeys and rodents