Female Reproductive System - Practical Section for 4th Class - PDF

Theriogenology Department ‫قسم التوليد والتناسل والتلقيح االصطناعي‬ Practical section for 4th class students Female reproductive system Presented By / Dr. Hajar S. bahgat  Female genital system It consist of : Female gonads Two varies...

Theriogenology Department ‫قسم التوليد والتناسل والتلقيح االصطناعي‬ Practical section for 4th class students Female reproductive system Presented By / Dr. Hajar S. bahgat  Female genital system It consist of : Female gonads Two varies oviduct uterus Duct system cervix vagina vulva  The origin of the female reproductive system Organ Embryonic origin 1- Ovaries Cortex of the genital ridge 2- Oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina Mullerian duct (paramesonephric duct) proper Genital tubercle 3- Clitoris 4- Urethra, vestibule and hymen Urogenital sinus 5- Labia majora of vulva Genital swellings 6- Labia minora of vulva Urogenital folds  Embryonic Origin of The Gonads 1) Undifferentiation Stage ❖ In the first stage of gonadal development, it is impossible to distinguish between the male and female gonad. ❖ The gonads begin as genital ridges. ❖ The epithelium of the genital ridges proliferates and form the primitive sex cords. ❖ Germ cells migrate from yolk sac to the genital ridges. ❖ The combination of germ cells and primitive sex cords forms the indifferent gonad from which development into the testes or ovaries can occur. 2) Differentiation stage:- ❖ In a female embryo the xx sex chromosomes are present as there is no y chromosome so there is no sry gene (Sex-determining region Y ) that provides instructions for making a protein called Sex-determining region Y protein that involved in male typical sex development. ❖ cortical cords break up into clusters surrounding each oogonium (germ cell) with a layer of epithelial follicular cells forming a primordial follicle ❖ In the female there are no Leydig cells to produce testosterone in the absence of this hormone the mesonephric ducts degenerate giving vestigial remnant ( Gartner's duct). ❖ The absence of antimullerian hormone also allows for differention of the paramesonephric duct into female duct system.  1- The ovary Def: it’s the primary reproductive organ in females and has a dual function 1- Exocrine function (ova production). 2- Endocrine function (hormones production). Anatomical description of ovary 1) The shape :- ✓ varies according to: 1- Species. 2- Stage of estrous cycle. 3- Structures which present on it : Normal structures as Cl or growing follicle. Abnormal structures as GCT (granulosa cell tumor).  2- Mare :- 1- Cow, doe & ewe :- Bean or kidney shape with notch like almond or oval in shape. depression on the lateral border from which ovulation occur this depression is called ovulation fossa which disappear at time of ovulation due to large MGF and if there is ovarian tumor. 3- She-camel :- oval flattened bilaterally during the anestrum state during the estrus it become mulberry in shape. 4- Sow : disc shape in non breeding season, while become mulberry shape due to multiple follicles or cl. 5- Dog & cat : oval shape in nonbreeding season, while become mulberry shape due to multiple follicles or cl. Mulberry shape ovary in bitch  2) Appearance The appearance of the ovary depend on the animal species (polytocus or monotocus) and structures which present on ovary. Polytocus animals like bitch, cat, sow which have several follicles or cl this give the ovary cluster of grapes appearance. In monotocus animals like cow, the appearance of the ovary is oval unless a follicle or cl present as it give distorted appearance  Granulosa cell tumor ovary as honey comb appearance 3) Description of ovary:- The ovary has: ✓ 2 surfaces (lateral and medial one). ✓ 2 borders (dorsal attached And ventral free border). ✓ 2 extremities ( tubal associated to the oviduct and uterine end).  4) Position of ovary Factors affecting ovarian position : 1) Species Cow, ewe, doe, sow:- Present in pelvic cavity at the apex of the uterine tube under the cranial border of the broad ligament and ventrolateral of the internal cervical os. Mare:- Suspended in sub-lumber region hand breadth 4thand 5th lumber vertebrae dorsolateral to the internal cervical os. She camel:- In sub lumber under 6th and 7th transverse process of lumber vertebrae. Bitch and queen:- Caudal to corresponding kidney under 3rd and 4th lumber vertebrae.  Mare:- Suspended in sub lumber Position of ovary in cow – region hand breadth 4th and 5th Present in pelvic cavity at apex of lumber vertebrae uterine tube. Bitch and queen:- Caudal to kidney under 3rd and 4th lumber vertebrae.  4) Position of ovary 2) Stage of pregnancy In cattle, the more pregnancy progress the more difficult to get ovaries. in descending sage (begin at 4th month and completely descend at 6 th till end of 7th month in cow, begin at 4 and fully occurred at 6 th month till beginning of 8 th month in mare)of pregnancy ovary drawn into abdominal cavity. 3) Uterine content As hydrometra, Mucometra, pyometra push the uterus from its position to forward and downward. 4) Ovarian tumors (as GCT) Increase weight of ovary thus grasping ovary forward and downward. Other factors as ovarian adhesions, fat. Items Cows Mares Ewe She-Camel Almond, oval. Kidney or bean shape with Almond or oval oval, thin flattened Shape an ovulation shape. laterally. fossa. 1.5 - 4.5 cm L x 1.2 - 3.2 2 - 8 cm L. 10 - 15 mm 1.5 x 3 x 3.5 cm Size cm W x 0.5 - 1.5 cm T. 3 - 6 cm W 3 - 5 cm T. Present in pelvic Suspended in sub Similar to sub lumber cavity at apex of lumber region hand cows region, uterine tube under breadth 4th and 5th under 6th or 7th Position cranial border of lumber vertebrae lumber broad ligament and dorsolateral to internal vertebrae. ventrolateral of cervical os. internal cervical os.  5) Size of ovary Differ according to species, breed, age, ovarian activity, season, general health condition and structures which present on ovary. 1) According to Species:- Mare ovary:- is the largest as the same size of hen egg so taken as guide during rectal palpation. Cow ovary:- as the same size of pigeon egg. Small animal ovary:- is the smallest. 2) Size of ovary differ according to breed within the same species. 3)Size of ovary differ according to female age :- ovary is small at prepubertal age and increase in size at puberty and reach to mature size at maturity. 4) Ovarian activity :- The active ovary is larger than inactive ovary due to presence follicles in different stage of development and CL. ✓ In cow >>>>>>>>> right ovary is more active and larger than left ovary,why? Due to presence of rumen on left side which produce excessive heat due to metabolism which occur in it which suppress the activity of left ovary. Ovulation from right ovary is higher by 60- 70 % than left ovary so : 1- Occurrence of cyst in right ovary is higher. 2- Pregnancy occurrence in right uterine horn is higher with higher uterine torsion in this horn. ✓ In mare left ovary is more active and larger than right ovary ? Due to presence of cecum on right side which produce excessive heat due to metabolism which occur in it that suppress the activity of right ovary ✓ In she camel there is equal activity in 2 ovaries. 5) Season :- ✓ In seasonal breeder animals the season affect on ovarian size ✓ During breeding season increase the size but during nonbreeding season decrease the size this associated with seasonal variations of reproductive hormones. 6) General health condition and nutrition :- Females with good general heath conditions and receive ration with good quality and quantity reflect on ovarian activity and thus ovarian size. 7) Structures which present on ovary :- ✓ Normal active ovaries contain structures as growing follicles, MGF, CH, CL,CA which increase ovarian size on the counter. ✓ Smooth inactive ovary : no structures on ovary so decrease size but Ovarian tumor causes high increase in size. NB: abnormal structures can palpate on ovary:- 1- Persistent CL. 6- Follicular theca cyst. 2- Ovarian tumor. 3- Ovarian abscess. 4- Follicular lutein cyst. 5- Cystic CL.  6) Fixation of ovary Mesoovariam :- it’s the cranial part of the broad ligament attached to the ovary dorsally and medially. Proper ligament :- connects the uterine extremity of the ovary to the uterine horn in bitch and mare while other species has no proper ligament. Suspensory ligament:- connect s the uterus with ovary, present in bitch.  Ovarian bursa or ovarian ventricle: Its a serous sac enclose the ovary completely in all animal except mare partially its bounded by : Mesosalpinx laterally. Mesoovarian medially. This sac increase the probability of capturing the ovum and not to descend to the abdomen. Bitch, she-camel has well developed ovarian bursa.  Histology of ovary Generally The ovary consist of inner medulla and outer cortex except in mare where is opposite medulla outer and cortex inner. The medulla composed of : bl.vs, nerves, CT the blood and nerve supply that enter the ovary through hilus. The cortex : contain the cells associated with ovum and hormone production. The cortex consist of: 1) Germinal epithelium:- (single layer of cuboidal cells). 2) Tunica albuginea:- (thin dense layer of CT) 3) Parenchyma:- known as the functional layer due to presence of ovarian follicles & cells responsible for hormone production. Ovary of mare differ from ovary of other spp in that : 1- More sensitive because of: (a) outer medulla & inner cortex. (b) All the surface of the ovary covered with protonium except ovulation fossa. 2- Ovulation occur at ovulation fossa. 3- G.F is larger than cl in mare. 4- Left ovary is more active than the right one. 5- Ovary of mare is taken as a guide during rectal palpation due to its large size & relatively fixed place. 6- Ovarian bursa partial enclosing of ovary. 7- Tunica albuginea in mare is thick. Hard manipulation must be avoided during rectal palpation in mare ? 1- Peritoneum cover all ovarian surface except (ovarian fossa). 2- Medulla is outer so easy to make inflammation. 3- Liability for rupture of the rectum. 4- To avoid tetanus.  Compare between G.F. and C.L.? Criteria Corpus luteum Graffian follicle Cow : 1.9 – 3.2 cm Cow: 1-2 cm Size Mare: 2.5 - 3 cm Mare: 7-10 cm Texture Fleshy or (hepatized) Fluctuated Surface Concave, Irregular Convex, regular Wall Rough and thick Smooth and thin Contour Has a distinct neck, more Slightly protrude above protruded above surface. surface Neck There is distenct neck so it Absent so there is no line looks fungiform shape of demarkation between the follicle and ovary Ovary of cow Ovary of mare Ovary of sow Ovary of bitch Ovary of she camel  2. Fallopian tube Other names: - Oviduct or uterine tube. Definition: - A pair of highly convoluted tubes extended from near the ovaries to the tips of uterine horns. Length: - It varies in length between different animals' species: 1) Bitch: 4-7cm. 3) She-camel: 17-28 cm. 2) Sow: 15-30 cm. 4) Cow, mare: 20-30 cm.  Oviducts can be divided into: - Anatomical division: - Anatomically it is divided into (the infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and uterotubal junction). Functional (physiological)division: - Physiologically it is divided into (fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus). Histology: - Tunica serosa: the outer connective tissue layer. Tunica muscularis: the middle layer that is composed of both circular and longitudinal smooth muscle fibers. Tunica mucosa: the most inner layer that contains ciliated and secretory epithelial cells.  1- Infundibulum It is a funnel-shaped structure located near the ovaries, containing finger-like projections called fimbriae or pavilions which capture the ovulated ova from the ovary and prevent its descending to the abdominal cavity. It forms a bursa around the ovary in cats and rabbits. It is separated from the ovary in cow, doe, ewe, sow, and mare. Its diameter is about 4-8 mm. Histological structure: - 1) Lining epithelium ciliated (kinocilia) helps in the movement of ova. 2) Mucosa contains numerous folds. 2-Ampulla: - The middle segment of the uterine tube. About 3-5 mm in diameter. Highly convoluted than isthmus as contains about 20-40 longitudinal mucosal folds which increase the surface area of the lumen. Represent about ½ or more of the total length of the fallopian tube. Most epithelial cells lining mucosa are ciliated (these cilia help the movement of ova down )but some of them are secretory. It joins the isthmus at the ampullary isthmic junction (A.I.J). Ampullary isthmic junction: ✓ Is the point where fertilization occurs. ✓ It is the junction between the ampulla and isthmus. ✓ In mare, it acts as a control point at which the non-fertilized ovum remains present on it till be phagocytosed and allow the fertilized ovum only move to the uterus. 3- Isthmus: - It is the 3rd segment of the fallopian tube. About 0.5 – 1 mm in diameter. Is distinguished from ampulla by: - 1) Having a thicker smooth muscle layer than the ampulla. 2) Contain 4 to 8 mucosal folds. 3) Lining epithelium mainly secretory. Joining the tip of the uterine horn at the uterotubal junction. Functions of isthmus : - 1) Site of sperm capacitation (which is maturational changes of spermatozoa at which occur loss of sperm plasma membrane permeability so increase the influx of Ca ions into sperm so become hyperactive). N.B: (site of sperm reservoir) 2) Filtration of dead sperms. 3) Help in transportation of sperms to site of fertilization via movement of cilia. 4- Uterotubal junction: - It is the junction between the isthmus and uterine horn. Its shape and mechanism of action differ according to species: In ruminants: - ✓ Under the effect of estrogen UTJ forms a kink like the kink in a hose. ✓ Selection of sperms by removal of dead and abnormal sperms. ✓ Once the level of estrogen decreases, the kink becomes straight to allow free movement of fertilized ova to the uterus. In mare: - it has a muscular papilla which decreases the ascending of infection from the uterus to the oviduct and decreases salpingitis. In she-camel: - the uterotubal junction protrudes a few millimeters into the uterine horn-like hose nozzle and acts as a sphincter. In sow: - Has finger-like mucosal folds that become edematous at the end of estrus to prevent ascending of excess sperms so decrease the occurrence of polyspermia. Fixation of oviduct: - By mesosalpinx which is part of the broad ligament. N.B: contraction of fallopian tube muscle leading to: - 1) Help in mixing sperms with oocyte and increase contact between them which helps in fertilization. 2) Remove cumulus cells around the oocyte after fertilization this process is called denude. Normally oviduct can not be palpated rectally but it can be palpated in case of salpingitis, hydrosalpinx like a pencil. Oviduct of she-camel ❖ Salpingitis is more common in cows than mares due to: - 1) Presence of muscular papilla in mare U.T.J which is absent in cow. 2) Orientation of genitalia(The Genitalia of mare is suspended and directed backward so any infection exits while the genitalia of cow are ram horn-like). 3) The oviduct opens in the uterus gradually, has a wide opening, and have a funnel shape in cow which allow uterine secretions to enter the fallopian tube, while in mare opens suddenly and is guarded by papilla so contracted to decrease the entrance of fluid in it. ❖ Hormonal control of kinocilia of oviduct: - 1) Under the effect of estrogen has the upward direction to help in the ascending of spermatozoa. 2) Under the effect of progesterone has a downward direction to help in the descending of fertilized ova to the uterus. Orientation of genitalia(The Genitalia of mare is suspended and directed backward so any infection exits while the genitalia of cow are ram horn-like).