Lab 1 Theriogenology STG 411 (1) PDF
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King Salman International University
Ahmed Hassaneen, Mohammed Salama
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Summary
This document provides detailed notes and diagrams concerning the functional anatomy of female genital systems in cows and mares. The text covers key differences between these species and includes the embryonic origins, relations, and differences between cow and mare ovaries, oviducts, and the uteri. The document gives details of the functions of the organs involved and includes information related to diagnosis and importance.
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Field of Veterinary Medicine Theriogenology (STG411) Section 1 : Functional Anatomy of Female Genital System Dr : AHMED HASSANEEN Date : 7/10 /2024 Dr : MOHAMMED SALAMA 1 Functional anatomy of the cow genitalia 1- Primary or...
Field of Veterinary Medicine Theriogenology (STG411) Section 1 : Functional Anatomy of Female Genital System Dr : AHMED HASSANEEN Date : 7/10 /2024 Dr : MOHAMMED SALAMA 1 Functional anatomy of the cow genitalia 1- Primary organs for reproduction:- The two ovaries (Glandular part). Ovary 2- Secondary organs for reproduction:- The two oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina and external genitalia (Tubular part). 3- Accessory organs for reproduction:- The udder (Mammary glands) Reproductive tract 2 Udder Functional anatomy of the cow genitalia 3 Parts of female genital tract Embryonic origin Two ovaries Genital ridge Two oviducts Two uterine horns Uterine body Mullerian ducts Cervix Vagina Vulva Urogenital sinus 4 Relations of female genital tract Dorsally: The rectum is located above the reproductive system. Ventrally: The bladder lies below the reproductive tract and is connected at the urethral opening located on the vaginal floor.5 6 7 8 Differences between cow & mare ovary Cow Mare Shape Almond shape Kidney shape Size 3*2*1.5 cm 6*4*4 cm Germinal epithelium Covers the whole surface Only the ovulation fossa Tunica Albugenia Thin Thick (landmark during R.E) Medulla ( supporting) central peripheral Cortex (functional) Peripheral Central Ovulation fossa Absent Present Graafian follicle 1.5-2 cm (at any part of the surface) 4-6 cm only (at ovulation fossa) Corpus Luteum 9 2.5 cm protruding above surface Larger size & tends to grow centrally Ovary 10 Differences between cow & mare ovary Cow Mare 11 Functions of Ovary ▪ Exocrine : production of ova ▪ Endocrine : production of hormones (estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin, inhibin and relaxin). 12 How to differ between Graafian follicle & Corpus Luteum ? Graafian Follicle Corpus Luteum ✓ Slightly protruding ✓ More protruding ✓ No neck and no line of ✓ Has neck and line of demarcation demarcation from the ovary from the ovary ✓ Thin wall, convex ✓ Irregular shape ✓ Fluctuated (fluid cont. structure) ✓ Liver like in texture ( hepatized ) 13 ✓ Size is less than 2 cm ✓ Usually more than 2 cm Oviduct 14 Oviducts/ Fallopian tubes/ Salpinx/ Uterine tubes Mare Cow Opening in uterine horn Opens abruptly Opens gradually Uterine Papilla with without So Salpingitis is more common in15cows Uterine wash could be done in the Mare but contraindicated in Cow Function of Uterine tube: 1. Picking up of ova with fimbria 2. Aid the passage of sperm, ova and zygote. 3. Site of fertilization. 4. Nutrition for the zygote. 5. Sperm capacitation 16 Uterus 17 Uterus Bipartiate 18 Uterus Cow Mare Uterine horns Rolled downward, ram horns T or Y shape like (30-40 cm) Body Short (3 cm) Long (10-15 cm) Endometrium Contains caruncles Smooth (longitudinal folds) (80-120 arranged in 4 rows) No caruncles Uterine wash Contraindicated…why??? Done 19 Type of uterus Bicornuate Bipartiate ✓ Important notes about Mare Uterine wash could be done in the Mare and contraindicated in Cow Smooth endometrium in the Mare leads to: ✓ Abortion is easy. Why? ✓ Retention of placenta is rare. ✓ The fetus may be expelled covered with the placenta. No fetal membrane slip (F.M.S) in Mare….Why? ✓ As the type of placenta in pregnant mares is simple diffuse so the attachment between uterus 20 and placenta is complete so that any detachment may cause abortion. Uterus ❑ Function: ✓Transportation of semen &receive the fertilized ovum. ✓Nutrition of Morula before implantation (Uterine milk). ✓Site of Implantation & Placentation. ✓Uterine contractions to help the process of parturition. N.B Contraction of Uterine/myometrial Muscles ✓Circular ms. Only → -ve pressure→ Suction of semen (During estrus ) 21 ✓Circular & Longitudinal ms. → Expulsion of fetus (During parturition) Cervix It is the landmark during rectal examination in Cow. Cow Mare Consistency Firmer (much C.T) Less firm (softer, less C.T) Cervical canal Tortuous Nearly straight Types of folds Circular (3-5 annular rings) No circular folds and longitudinal folds Only longitudinal folds Portio vaginalis uteri Not much protruding in the More protruding (about 5 vagina cm or more ) Fornix Dorsal Annular Dilation of cervix Difficult to dilate…..why?? Easily dilated manually 22 Cervix Penis of Boar 23 ❑ Important notes Cervix in cow is guide (landmark) for RP…….why? Cervix of cow is highly muscular and contain more collagen , so it is firm in consistency. Cervix of mare easily dilated…....why? Cervix of co difficult to be dilated…...why? N.B Cervical mucous: ✓Highly viscous & static (highest viscosity)…. Cervical plug….(Progesterone) ✓Highly viscous & movable (less viscosity)….. Estral mucous…(Estrogen) 24 ✓Watery mucous (pathological)….(Cervicitis) Functions of the cervix ✓ Close the uterine lumen (cervix only open at estrus & parturition) ✓ Passage for the spermatozoa at estrus ✓ Sperm selection ✓ Estral mucous : secreted by Goblet cells (aid in estrus detection) 1. Has Bactericidal effect 2. Forming ultra-channels prevent passage of abnormal spermatozoa 3. keep vitality of the sperms and help capacitation. ✓ In pregnancy, the cervical mucus hardens and seals off the canal by 25 forming the cervical plug. Vagina Fornix Stratified Squamous epithelium Mucosa Submucosa Submucosa 26 Vagina (the copulatory organ) Cow Mare Rectovaginal pouch Covers nearly half the Covers nearly the whole dorsal surface of the dorsal surface of the vagina vagina Coitus Intravaginal Intrauterine (semen deposition) semen is deposited in the urethral opening of dorsal fornix of the penis opens just in front vagina of external os of cervix. 27 Vagina (the copulatory organ) ❑ Vagina divided into to parts: 1. Vagina proper : from external uterine orifice Vagina proper to external urethral orifice 2. Vestibule : from external urethral orifice to vulva External uterine orifice Vestibule External urethral orifice N.B Suburethral diverticulum: Present in Cow, Sow, She-camel 28 Absent in ma Vulva ✓ Well-developed , closed , vertically located ✓ This position protect it against fecal contamination. ✓ If lips are obliquely located (due to emaciation; lose of adipose tissue from perineal region & lips of the vulva) This will lead to Pneumovagina…. Why?? Feces accumulation & gas producing bacteria → Inflammation & suction of air. N.B Clitoris: more prominent in Mare, less prominent in Cow. Broad ligament ✓ Broad ligament : attaches uterus to sub-lumbar region and pelvic cavity. 1. ovary (mesovarium) 2. uterine tube (mesosalpinx) 3. uterus (mesometrium) Clinical importance ✓ Diagnosis of uterine torsion. 30
