History of Intelligence - Part 2 (5) PDF

Introduction To Intelligence – INT 200 Mark S. Chandler Intelligence in History, Part 2 (American Revolution to World War II)  No consistent intelligence apparatus established...

Introduction To Intelligence – INT 200 Mark S. Chandler Intelligence in History, Part 2 (American Revolution to World War II)  No consistent intelligence apparatus established Early U.S. Leaders’ thoughts: Early European intelligence use = tyrannical rule Intelligence perceived as “dirty business” Intelligence Established in ad-hoc fashion during this time George Washington a believer in intel Intelligenc Established “HUMINT” efforts Established Culper Spy Ring in Revolutionary War No permanent intelligence apparatus; disbanded effort after war(s) e – The Early Years– Post Revolutionary War “New” intelligence efforts/capabilities stood up for Civil War Revolution to Focus on subversion (counter-intel) and Enemy capabilities (Lincoln hired Allan Pinkerton to collect intel) Post-Civil War Harriet Tubman established HUMINT network – collected intel behind Confederate lines via network of slaves; reports known as Black Dispatches New Technologies HUMINT still leading collection method Developed this thing called COMINT (Communications Intelligence) – Intercept of telegraph communications via “cryptanalysts” Developed this second thing called IMINT (Imagery Intelligence) – 1861 Thaddeus Lowe flew in a hot air balloon and transmitted back what he saw below  Minor progress to institutionalizing Intelligence Established Office of Naval Intelligence – 1882 (still exists today) Established Military Intelligence Division for the Army – 1885 World War I (WW I) Still a focus on internal threats; Law enforcement efforts – pre-FBI; focus on Anarchists – led to Palmer Raids following collection against suspected anarchists 1919/1920 New COMINT (Communications Intelligence) initiative(s) Black Chamber was decryption program against foreign communications Intelligenc State Department and Military Department Intelligence Success against Japanese and Latin American countries; failed against Soviets; poor after 1921 against European powers MAGIC decryption program began after WW I e – The Early Focused against Japanese communications in the Pacific Didn’t enjoy Presidential interest Disorganization in sharing and coordinating information Failure in identifying Pearl Harbor attack Years– WW I – WW II World War II (WW II) Disarray aptly describes U.S. intelligence efforts/capabilities in place 1942 Roosevelt created Office of Strategic Services (OSS) under Bill Donovan Focus on collection, analysis, covert action Still separate from Military Departments; but subordinate to Joint Chiefs of Staff Turf battles ensued (until 1947) New Technologies COMINT continued developing HUMINT vital Aircraft collected “imagery”; slow process  World War II and The British British Intelligence operating relatively smooth U.S. UK formed critical intelligence partnership; UK more prepared than U.S. British Alliance Benefits - Key Efforts COMINT - Project ULTRA Intelligenc Cracked critical Nazi communications code sent via the Enigma machine Extremely sensitive program e – The Early HUMINT – British enjoy great success against Germany Double Cross System – turning most German agents operating in UK Years– Helped in success of Operation FORTITUDE – deception over location of D-Day invasion location WW II War is Over Advances made during WW II Rivalries within U.S. intelligence remained order of the day OSS Disbanded Military departments maintained primacy for their own intelligence Looming New Threat We’ll discuss next class QUESTIONS?