Police Intelligence PDF

***Police intelligence*** ***"WHATEVER I SEE OR HEAR OF A CONFIDENTIAL NATURE*** ***THAT IS CONFIDED TO ME IN MY OFFICIAL*** ***CAPACITY WILL BE KEPT EVER SECRET UNLESS REVELATION IS*** ***NECESSARY IN THE*** ***PERFORMANCE OF MY DUTY"*** ***An Excerpt from the Law Enforcement Code*** **"If yo...

***Police intelligence*** ***"WHATEVER I SEE OR HEAR OF A CONFIDENTIAL NATURE*** ***THAT IS CONFIDED TO ME IN MY OFFICIAL*** ***CAPACITY WILL BE KEPT EVER SECRET UNLESS REVELATION IS*** ***NECESSARY IN THE*** ***PERFORMANCE OF MY DUTY"*** ***An Excerpt from the Law Enforcement Code*** **"If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles."** **"If you know yourself and not the enemy, for every victory, you are a fool who will meet defeat in every battle" -** **SUN TZU** **"Against organized crime, internal affairs** **in my defensive arm; Intelligence is my offensive arm."** **-- W. Parker** ***The old saying of Sun Tzu and the statement of William Parker are true in military intelligence as well as in the field of law enforcement and public safety. In other words, intelligence is knowledge and knowledge is power. This, the need of intelligence is increasingly important and apparent as the study of history continues*.** **- RKM** **Definition of Terms** - **National Intelligence** -- the total product of intelligence developed by all governmental agencies that cover the broad aspects of national policy and security. - **Military Intelligence** -- it is used in the preparation of military policies, plans and programs. It includes the strategic and combat intelligence. - **Strategic Intelligence** -- that knowledge pertaining to the capabilities and probable courses of action of foreign nations. - **Combat Intelligence** -- is required by the commander in order to determine the best use of his available firepower and maneuver forces, to accomplish his mission, and to maintain the security of his command. - **Counter Intelligence** -- an integral part of all intelligence operations and as such can't be separated from combat and strategic intelligence. Its objective is to safeguard information against espionage, material and installations against sabotage, and personnel against subversive - **Order of Battle Intelligence** -- concerns the manner in which military forces are organized and disposed. - **Technical Intelligence** -- concerns foreign technical developments, which have a practical military application and the physical characteristics, performance, capabilities, and limitations of material and installation, used by and for foreign. - **Area of Operation** -- those aspects of the operational environment exclusive of the military forces involved. It concerns weather economics, politics, sociology, hydrographic (study of seas, lakes, etc.) and characteristics of the environment of an area in which military operations are taking place or planned. - **Capabilities** -- form a military standpoint, enemy capabilities are courses of action which the enemy can adopt and which, if adopted, will influenced the accomplishment of the friendly mission, either favorable or not. From a broader national standpoint, capabilities of a nation are the available, workable, courses of action to accomplish national objectives. - **Vulnerabilities** -- A nation's vulnerabilities are the weaknesses, which make it susceptible to any action, which reduces its war, potential, and or its will to fight. **HISTORICAL FEATURES\ (Selected Concepts Only)** **Biblical Setting** The earliest source of intelligence, in the age of belief is super natural interventions in the affairs of men, were prophets, seers, oracles, soothsayers and astrologers. Since God knew what was going to happen ahead to time, having to some extent ordained the outcome of events, it was logical to seek out divine intentions in the inspiration of holy men in the riddles of oracles, in the stars and often in dreams. The earliest recorded instances of intelligence fathering can be found in the Holy Bible (Numbers 13) "*When Moses was in the wilderness with the children of Israel, he was directed by the Lord to send a ruler to each of the tribes of Israel to spy out the Land of Canaan which the Lord had designed as their home. They spent forty days on their mission and thereafter reported back to Moses their findings."* **MOSES** One of the first recorded formalized intelligence efforts, with format, can also be found in the Holy Bible Numbers 13:17 *"And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan and said unto them, get you up this way southward, and go up into the mountain; and see the lands, what it is; and the people that dwell therein, whether they are strong or weak, few or many; and what the land they dwelt in, whether in tents, or in strongholds; and what land is; whether it be fat or lean, whether there be wood therein, or not. And be of good courage and bring of the fruit of the land."* The scriptures also named the twelve intelligence agents whom the Lord directed Moses to send into the land of Canaan and records that "all those men were heads of the children of Israel." **THE 12 MEN SENT BY MOSES TO SPY CANAAN** - SHAMMUA THE SON OF ZACCUR -- Tribe of Reuben - SHAPAT THE SON OF HORI -- Tribe of Simeon - CALEB THE SON OF JEPHUNNEH -- Tribe of Judah - IGAL THE SON OF JOSEPH -- Tribe of Issachar - HOSHEA THE SON OF NUN -- Tribe of Ephraim - PALTI THE SON OF RAPHU -- Tribe of Benjamin - GADDIEL THE SON OF SODI -- Tribe of Zebulun - GADDI THE SON OF SUSI -- Tribe of Joseph, that is from the Tribe of Manasseh - AMMIEL THE SON OF GEMALLI -- Tribe of Dan - SETHUR THE SON OF MICHAEL -- Tribe of Asher - NAHBI THE SON OF VOPSHI -- Tribe of Napthali - GEUEL THE SON OF MACHI -- Tribe of Gad **IMPORTANT EVENTS AND PERSONALITIES\ IN THE WORLD OF INTELLIGENCE** **RAHAB** The Harlot of Jericho (Joshua 2:1-21)" who sheltered and concealed the agents of Israel, made a covenant with the agents and duped their pursuers. She was not only an impromptu confederate of immense value for the Jewish leader of that far distant day, but also established a plot-pattern which is still of periodic relief to motion picture producers. **DELILAH** The Philistine used her when she allowed Philistine spies to hide in her house (Judges 16). Delilah was an impromptu intelligence agent. Apart from her tonsorial specialty, she also allowed sex to gain intelligence from a powerful enemy. She achieved the largest effective force of her employer's adversaries and contriving the stroke which put that force out of action". **Sun --Tzu** A Chinese philosopher, creator of the "The Art of War" *"Information must be obtained from men who knew the enemy situation."* *"Know thy enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the results of a hundred battles"* *"If you know yourself and not the enemy, for every victory, you are a fool who will meet defeat in every battle."* **Alexander the Great** When Alexander the Great was marching to Asia, were rumors of disaffection growing among his allies and mercenaries, he sought the truth, and got it by simplest expedient by devising the first "letter sorting" and opening to obtain information. **Sertorius** He was the Roman Commander in Spain who possessed a White Fawn and allowed it to become widely known - that he derived secrets and guidance from the fawn. His intelligence agents credited their information to the supernatural power of animals. **Akbar** He was known to be the sagacious master of the Hindustan. He employed more than 4,000 agents for the sole purpose of bringing him the truth that his throne might rest upon it. **Genghis Khan** He was known "The Great Mongol", who used intelligence to conquer China and invade Cathay. He instructed his Generals to send out spies and used prisoners as sources of information. The leader of the so-called MONGOL CONQUERORS - made use of effective propaganda machine by spreading rumors of Mongol Terror, they collected information on weaknesses and rivalries of Europe. The leaders usually disguised as merchants. With the rise of Nationalism and development of modern armies, intelligence became apparent to large states. In England, **Sir Francis Walsingham**, under Queen Elizabeth, organized the first National Intelligence Service. He employed spies on the staff of the Admiral in Command of the Spanish Army and able to obtain information regarding Spanish Army as to their ships, equipment, forces and stores. He protected Queen Elizabeth I from countless assassins. In France, **Richlieu**-- introduced the network of covert collectors who transmitted prompt and accurate information to Paris regarding the activities of the rebels and dissidents of the kingdom. **Louis XIV** -- systematized political policy, continuous surveillance, postal censorship and military intelligence organization were his contributions. **The *French Intelligence System* continued since 15th Century.** **Napoleon Bonaparte** once said, "One Spy in the right place is worth 20,000 men in the field". He organized two Bureaus of Interest: ***Bureau of Intelligence***-- which consolidate all incoming information regarding the enemy for presentation to the emperor and to obtain information as desired, and ***Topographic Bureau***-- which maintains a large map which covers the latest information regarding both enemy and friendly forces. He maintained Military Intelligence and Secret Political Police Service all over Europe. His main arm was "*Spy against spy"* concept*.* **Frederick the Great** **He was known as the *"Father of Organized Military Espionage"*. He has divided his agents into four classes:** - ***Common spies* -- those recruited among poor folk, glad to earn a small sum or to accommodate as military officer.** - ***Double spies* -- are unreliable renegades, chiefly involved in spreading false information to the enemy.** - ***Spies of Consequences* -- couriers and noblemen, staff officers, and kindred conspirators, requiring a substantial bribe or bait,** - **Persons who were forced to undertake espionage against their own will.** Conspirator under oath abounds in the history of every nation. George Washington was grand master in intelligence. He mobilized the Free Masons of the colonies at the outbreak of the American war of Independence. He was Napoleon's eye, Napoleon's military secret, born on August 5, 1770. He began his career in offensive espionage under a cover role. He was able to infiltrate the Austrian General Staff. He incorporated intelligence in the General Staff Support System. He further device military censorship and organized military propaganda. He introduced military censorship and organized military propaganda. He works as a census taker and developed informal gathering of data. He was one of the most brilliant intelligent agents. Though a homosexual, he became Chief of the Austro -- Hungarian Secret Service. He became a double agent of Russia. In 1913, his treason was discovered and he was forced to commit suicide. His treason also led to the death of almost 500,000 agents and soldiers combined in his 13 years espionage episode. **Brahma Kautilya** In Ancient India, he overthrew the Nanda Dynasty and established the first MAYURYAN king in the Indian throne. He recommended to his king that for the ruler to succeed, the ruler should strike at his enemy's weak points by means of spies. He proposed the following means to conquer enemy's stronghold: Intrigues and spies - Winning over enemy's people - Siege and assault - Before beginning military operation, a conqueror should know the comparative strength and weaknesses of himself and his enemy. No war should be undertaken without careful examination of all factors reported by the kings' spies. **Maj. General Donovan** He was the organizer of the OSS, builder of a central intelligence system - OSS whose exploits become legendary in World War II. OSS agents working in conjunction with the British Intelligence, through penetration and technical intelligence discovered Punemundo which was the V2 guide missile research project of Nazi Germany. It resulted to its destruction and heavy bombing. In June 1442, the turning point of the Naval in the Pacific, the victory gained by the Americans was due to the disrupted messages from the Imperial Japanese Navy. April 1943, He was the crypto analyst of the U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence intercepted a top-secret signal relaying the travel of the Admiral. En route, he was intercepted and crashed in the Jungles of Baungainville. - **Committee for State Security-**Russia - The Intelligence agency known as the **KGB** -- Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (KGB) - **British Secret Service** -- Great Britain - **Mossad** -- Israel - **Britain: Scotland Yard, London Metropolitan Police Force** It was established by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 which signaled the beginning of a colorful legendary police force and considered one of the most efficient in the world today. **Intelligence and the World Wars** **WORLD WAR 1** - 1900 -- Europe powers developed modern staff systems and place intelligence on the same level with personnel, operations and logistics. Intelligence then functioned in time of peace and war. Intelligence during this period, concentrated on information about the armed forces of the enemy and their capabilities. AIRCRAFT was introduced as a method of conducting aerial reconnaissance. WIRELESS TELEGRAPH was used wherein CODES AND CIPHERS were applied. ARMY INTELLIGENCE rapidly expanded during this period. - GERMAN INTELLIGENCE -- gained a high reputation for offensive effectiveness throughout Europe but declined at the outset of the war. - BRITISH INTELLIGENCE -- succeeded greatly by means of censorship and its CODE ROOM combined with skillful use of COVERT agents. - US expanded their NAVAL INTELLIGENCE wherein DOMESTIC COUNTERINTELLIGENCE became a principal activity. At this time US created three branches of its Intelligence System: POSITIVE BRANCH -- function of collecting evaluating and disseminating intelligence. Prepare situation estimate and translate documents; NEGATIVE BRANCH -- it is the counterintelligence functions which involve in investigating disloyalty and sedition, investigate enemy activities, investigate graft and fraud in organization; GEOGRAPHIC BRANCH -- Produces maps, photographs, and terrain studies. SECTIONS - Administration, Collection by attaches and troops, Codes and ciphers **WORLD WAR II** - GERMAN INTELLIGENCE -- started the war with the world's best organized intelligence service through advance preparation of intelligence accompanied by troop movements. GERMAN INTELLIGENCE WEAKENED by the attitude of the Officer Group wherein they subordinated intelligence to operation and did not regard intelligence assignment worthy of a soldier. - JAPANESE INTELLIGENCE -- failed because it was not provided with sufficient number of trained personnel to assemble and evaluate the mass of materials which were collected although Japanese Intelligence was involved in short war and defensive in nature. - BRITISH INTELLIGENCE -- the delay in the use of German V-BOMB against them was their main achievement during this time. - In 1942 -- a female special agent was able to transmit vital information concerning the activities and installations of the main research station at Penemuenda. Its intelligence failed in the defeat of GENERAL MONTGOMERY'S forces at ANNHEIM. - US INTELLIGENCE -- In 1941, The US Strategic Service was established to research and analyze military, political and economic information as it affected the security of the country. US JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFFS -- was organized to act in support of the army and the navy in the collection and analysis of strategic information and to be responsible for the planning and operation of special services. US greatest contribution to intelligence was the development of the AMPHIBIOUS WARFARE where coordination of many types of intelligence activities was required to provide adequate knowledge of the successful operation of a complex military force transported over water with the objective of establishing itself on an enemy -- held shore against opposition. US successes in WW II were based on personnel drawn from CIVILIAN POPULACE, BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL MEN AND WOMEN. - CHINESE INTELLIGENCE -- In 1932, TAI LI -- organized the China's Secret Police to conduct espionage and counterespionage against Japanese Spies and Chinese communist. - SOVIET INTELLIGENCE -- AMTORG was organized for the purpose of purchasing all kinds of materials for the Soviet Union. - SMERSH or "DEATH TO SPIES" was organized during the war as counterintelligence concerned with disaffection among Soviet troops and anti-communism in any form. Its five major divisions are: Administration, Operation, Investigation, Prosecution, and Personnel **POST WAR PERIOD: The superpowers** It was described as omnipotent and omnipresent for its vast intricate organization involving millions of people. SOVIET COUNTERINTELLIGENCE known as "IRON CURTAIN" signified that no one may cross the borders of the USSR without being detected. This means that all communications are rigidly controlled. Its contribution to modern intelligence was the dissemination of false information designed to mislead and confuse opponents and prospective victims. The MGB -- MILITARY INTELLIGENCE AND THE MINISTRY OF STATE SECURITY formerly NKGB was concerned on political espionage and propaganda abroad and for the control of espionage activities of foreign communist countries. The **KGB** resumed the former function of the old MGB. It is now the official secret police agency of the Soviet Union, in charge of the state security **KGB** means (Commission of State Security) K- Omissija G- Osudarstyennoj B -- Ezopasnosti or **Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti.** It is composed of several intelligence agencies such as the BRITISH MILITARY INTELLIGENCE DIVISION (MID) which is divided into 20 different departments. The M15 -- devoted to counterespionage and security. It is the special branch of the SCOTLAND YARD charged with guarding the Royal Family and important British officials and Visiting Foreign Dignitaries. The SDECE DE DOCUMENTATION EXTERIEURE ET DEER CONTRE ESPIONAGE (SDECE-FOREIGN Intelligence and counterintelligence Service) was under the office of the Prime Minister. GENERAL CHARLES DE GAULLE set up the Bureau Central de Renseignements et d' Action (BCRA Central Office for Intelligence and Action in London in 1940. It is an expansion of the Service De Reassignments (SR-Intelligence Service which is a part of the Old Renzieme Bureau (Second Bureau) of the French General Staff. SDECE concerned on Strategic and Counterintelligence while SURETE NATIONALE became part of French Intelligence Service. The **RED GESTAPO** which serves as security service organized by East Germany to combat the covert activities of West Germany Group when Germany was still divided by the Berlin Walls. The CIA and the FBI -- the CIA is one among the biggest in the world in terms of intelligence networking. CIA and the FBI and the other state/ federal units of intelligence services were US main intelligence agencies. **AGENTS BETRAYAL** Intelligence is sometimes described as a "world of deceit and betrayal". Some of the high personalities which evidence this description are: - J**UDITH COPLON,** a political analyst of a Department of Justice, was accused of taking unlawful possession of government documents and spying for a foreign power. - **DR. EMIL JULIUS KLAUS FUCHS** was accused of releasing American Atomic Secrets to the Soviet in 1945 and to the British in 1947. He detailed knowledge of the construction of atomic bombs. - **ERNST HILDING ANDERSON** was a Royal Swedish Navy who provided military secrets to a foreign power and was found guilty and sentences to life imprisonment in 1951. **The Principal Areas of Interest in Intelligence** - ***Military*** -- offensive and defensive tactics, war plans, strategic concepts and tactical principles, organizations, installations, industrial lease, armed forces, command structure, command personnel, material, tactics, morale, - ***General*** -- topographical and hydrographic characteristics, historical backgrounds - ***Diplomatic***-- foreign policies, alliances, diplomatic establishment, foreign service personnel, technique of conducting foreign relations - ***Political*** -- ideology, traditions, institutions, personalities, area of friction - ***Communications and Transportation*** -- telephones, telegraphs, wireless, railways, shipping, automobiles and trucks, highways, aviation, ownership, policies, organization, personnel - ***Social*** -- nationality structure, classes and caste, historical factors, census, personal aspects, characteristics and mentality of people forces, social legislation, radio, television, press, motion picture - ***Intelligence*** -- organizations, methods and personnel of competing intelligence system - ***Economic -*** On economics, the areas are on: **Industrial** -- structure of Capacity, manufacturing plants and processes, raw material, energy rotations, labor relations, personalities **Principles of Intelligence** - ***Objectivity*** - in intelligence, only the well guided succeed. It is a basic intelligence concept that there must be unity between knowledge and action. It follows therefore that intelligence should interact and condition the decision. Intelligence must be adapted to the needs of the decision; it is both giver and taker. Action or decision is planned by knowledge and guided by it at every step. - ***Interdependence*** - Intelligence is artificially subdivided into component elements to insure complete coverage, eliminate duplication and to reduce the overall task or manageable sizes. Nevertheless, each subdivision remains as essential part of unity; contributes proportionately to the end result; possesses a precise interrelationship; and interacts with each other so as to achieve a balanced and harmonious whole. - ***Continuity*** - Intelligence must be continuous. It is necessary that coverage be continuous so that the shape of what happens today could be studied in the light of what happened before, which in turn would enable us to predict the shape of things to come - ***Communication*** - Intelligence adequate to their needs must be communicated to all the decision makers in manner that they will understand and form that will permit its most effective use. - ***Usefulness*** - Intelligence is useless if it remains in the minds, or in the files of its collectors or its producers. The story must be told and it must be told well. The story must be convincing and to be convincing it must not only be plausible or factual but its significance must be shown. - ***Selection*** - Intelligence should be essential and pertinent to the purpose at hand. Intelligence involves the plowing through a maze of information, considering innumerable number of means or of picking the most promising of a multitude of leads. The requirement of decision-making covers very nearly the entire span of human knowledge. Unless there is selection of only the most essential and the pertinent, intelligence will go off in all directions in one monumental waste of effort. - ***Timeliness*** - Intelligence must be communicated to the decision maker at the appropriate time to permit its most effective use. This is one of the most important and most obvious, for Intelligence that is too soon or too late are equally useless. Timeliness is one principle that complements all the others. - ***Security* -** Security is achieved by the measures which intelligence takes to protect and preserve the integrity of its activities. If intelligence has no security, it might be as well being run like a newspaper to which it is similar. **General Activities\ in Police Intelligence** 1. **Strategic Intelligence** -- it is an intelligence activity which is primarily long range in nature with little practical immediate operation value. 2. **Line Intelligence** -- it is an intelligence activity that has the immediate nature and value necessary for more effective police planning and operation. 3. **National Intelligence** - it is the integrated product of intelligence developed by all the governmental branches, departments concerning the broad aspect of national security and policy. It is concerned to more than one department or agency and it is not produced by single entity. It is used to coordinate all the activities of the government in developing and executing integrated and national policies and plans. 4. **Counter-Intelligence** -- phase of intelligence covering the activity devoted in destroying the effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info against espionage, subversion and sabotage. 5. **Undercover Work** -- is an investigative process in which disguises and pretext cover and deception are used to gain the confidence of criminal suspects for the purpose of determining the nature and extent of any criminal activities that maybe contemplating or perpetuating. **Functional Classification of Police Intelligence** - **Criminal Intelligence** -- refers to the knowledge essential to the prevention of crimes and the investigation, arrest, and prosecution of criminal offenders. - **Internal Security Intelligence** -- refers to the knowledge essential to the maintenance of peace and order. - **Public Safety Intelligence** -- refers to the knowledge essential to ensure the protection of lives and properties. **Forms of Intelligence** - **Sociological Intelligence** -- deals with the demographic and psychological aspects of groups of people. It includes the population and manpower and the characteristics of the people, public opinion -- attitude of the majority of the people towards matter of public policy and education. - **Biographical Intelligence** -- deals with individual's personalities who have actual possession of power. - **Armed Force Intelligence** -- deals with the armed forces of the nation. It includes the position of the armed forces, the constitutional and legal basis of its creation and actual role, the organizational structure and territorial disposition, and the military manpower recruitment and Order of Battle - **Geographical Intelligence** -- deals with the progress of research and development as it affects the economic and military potential of a nation. **THREE KINDS OF INTELLIGENCE** - **Strategic Intelligence**-- as defined earlier, it is an intelligence data that are not of an immediate value. It is usually descriptive in nature, accumulation of physical description of personalities, modus operandi. It does not have immediate operational value but rather long range that may become relevant to future police operations. - **Line Intelligence**-- It is the kind of intelligence required by the commander to provide for planning and conduct tactical and administrative operation in counter insurgency. This pertains to knowledge of People, Weather, Enemy and Terrain **(PWET)** used in planning and conducting tactical and administrative operation in a counter insurgency. **Intelligence information to be determined in Line Intelligence are:** - **People** - living condition of the people, sources of income, education of the people, government livelihood projects, extent of enemy influence to the people - **Weather** -- visibility, cloudy, temperature, precipitation (rain), wind - **Enemy - l**ocation of the enemy, strength of the enemy, disposition, tactical capability, enemy vulnerability - **Terrain** - relief and drainage system, vegetation, surface material, manmade features. There are military aspects of terrain which includes cover and concealment, obstacle, critical key terrain features, observation and fields of fire, and avenues of approach. **Counter Intelligence (CI)--** This kind of intelligence covers the activity devoted in destroying the effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info against espionage, subversion and sabotage. Hence, the three activities of CI are: protection of information against espionage; protection of personnel against subversion; and protection of installations and material against sabotage. Measures in CI must be both passive and active. Passive measures are those measures which seek to conceal info from the enemy while active measures are those which seek actively to block the enemy's efforts to gain info or engage in espionage, subversion or sabotage **Co*unter Intelligence is also known as Negative Intelligence - a generic term meaning three different things;*** - ***Security Intelligence***-- means that the total sum of efforts to counsel the national policies, diplomatic decisions, military data, and any other information of a secret nature affecting the security of the nation form unauthorized persons. It is an effort to deny information to unauthorized persons by restricting to those who are explicitly authorized to possess it. - ***Counter-Intelligence* -** counter intelligence is the organized effort to protect specific data that might be of value to the opponent's own intelligence organization. Some of its functions are: *Censorship* -- of the following: correspondence, broadcast, telecast, telephone conversations, telegrams and cables, etc., prevention of the dissemination of any information that might aid an opponent; maintenance of files of suspect; surveillance of suspects; mail reading, wire tapping and recording; infiltration of the enemy intelligence organized to procure information about its method, personal, specific operations and interest. - ***Counter-Espionage* -** In counter-espionage, negative intelligence becomes a dynamic and active effort. Its purpose is to investigate actual or theoretical violation of espionage laws, to enforce those laws and to apprehend any violators. **Five Categories of CI Operation** - **Military Security** -- it encompasses the measures taken by a command to protect itself against espionage, enemy operation, sabotage, subversion or surprise. Examples are: - **Secrecy discipline** - Special safeguarding of classified information - Security of troop movement - Special handling of weather & escapes - Counter subversion with in the armed forces - Tactical measures in combat area - **Port Frontier and Travel Security** -- has to do with the application of both military and civil security measures for CI control at point of entry and departure, international borders or boundaries. Examples are: Security screening and control of frontier Security control of merchants, seaman and crew of commercial aircraft, Security control of frontier crossing point **Security control of seaports** - **Civil Security** -- it encompasses active and passive CI measures affecting the non-military nationals permanently or temporarily residing in an area under military jurisdiction. Examples are: Systematic registration of civilians and aliens. Control of circulation, Curfew, Surveillance of suspected political organizations, Security screening of labor, Issuance of passes and permits, Control of internal commerce - **Censorship** -- it is the control and examination of the civil, national, armed forces, field press, and POWs. - **Special Operations** -- counter subversion, sabotage and espionage **Categories of CI Operation** - Counter Human Intel **(HUMINT)** -- seeks to overcome enemy attempts to use human sources to collect information or to conduct sabotage and subversion which includes CI special operations, liaison, counter security, and CI screening. - Counter Imagery Intel **(IMINT)** - includes action taken to determine enemy SIGINT and related enemy weaknesses, capabilities and activities. These actions include surveillance radar, photo thermal and infrared systems. Successful counter -- IMINT operations rely heavily on pattern and movement analysis and evaluation of the enemy. - Counter Signal Intel **(SIGINT)** -- determine enemy SIGINT and related enemy weaknesses, capabilities and activities, assess friendly operations to identify patterns, profiles and develop, recommend and analyze counter measures. **THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE** **PHASE 1\ Planning the Collection Effort** This phase of the cycle involve the determination of the requirements of intelligence. It is concerned with identifying the so called ***Essential Element of Information (EEI) -*** an item of intelligence or information of the characteristics of the area of operations and the enemy, which the commander feels he needs before he needs before he can reasonably arrive at a decision - What are their capabilities and vulnerabilities? What are the physical characteristics of the probable area of operation This phase of the cycle is concerned with identification of the collecting agency, the formulation of procedures on the manner of collecting the information in conjunction with the plans as achieved in phase one. - ***Methods of Collection*** -- information can be collected through overt method (open system) or covert method (secret/clandestine). - ***Collecting Agencies*** -- depending on the type of operation, the collecting agency could be Government Agencies, Intelligence units, or Organizations - ***Trade Crafts*** -- includes the use of photography, investigations / elicitation / interrogation, surveillance, sound equipment, surreptitious entry -- keys and locks, use of an artist, communication This phase of the cycle is concerned with identification of the collecting agency, the formulation of procedures on the manner of collecting the information in conjunction with the plans as achieved in phase one. - ***Methods of Collection*** -- information can be collected through overt method (open system) or covert method (secret/clandestine). - ***Collecting Agencies*** -- depending on the type of operation, the collecting agency could be Government Agencies, Intelligence units, or Organizations - ***Trade Crafts*** -- includes the use of photography, investigations / elicitation / interrogation, surveillance, sound equipment, surreptitious entry -- keys and locks, use of an artist, communication **PHASE 3\ Processing the Collected Information** ***Steps in Processing Raw Information*** - **Collection** -- organization of raw data and information into usable form; grouping similar items of information so that they will be readily accessible. - **Recording** -- is the reduction of info into writing or some other form of graphical representation and the arranging or this info into writing or some form of graphical representation and the arranging of this into groups of related items. Police log book and Journal, Intel-work Sheet - Intel Files, Situation Maps - Rouges Gallery, Modus Operandi Files **Evaluation** -- examination of raw information to determine intelligence value, pertinence of the information, reliability of the source and agency, and its credibility or truth of information. - ***Evaluation*** is the determination of the pertinence of the info to the operation, reliability of the source of or agency and the accuracy of the info. **ACCURACY** **A** - **C**onfirmed by other **B** - **P**robably true **C** - **P**ossibly true **D** - **D**oubtfully true **E** -- **I**mprobable **F** - **T**ruth cannot be judged **RELIABILITY** **1** - **C**ompletely reliable **2** - **U**sually reliable **3** - **F**airly reliable **4** - **N**ot usually reliable **5** - **U**nreliable **6** - **R**eliability cannot be judge **Source of Info** **T-** Direct Observation by Comdr/Chf of Unit **U-** Report by DPA or Resident Agent **V-** Report by PNP/AFP Troops **W-** Interrogation of Captured Enemy **X-** Observation of gov't/civilian employee **Y/Z-** DocumentarY **PHASE 4\ Dissemination & Use of Information** **This phase of the cycle refers to the activities of transferring the processed information to the proper users, most particularly the authority that requires the activity. Processed information can be disseminated through annexes, estimates, briefing, message, reports, overlays, and or summaries.** ***Methods of Dissemination*** - Fragmentary orders from top to bottom of the command - Memorandum, circulars, special orders - Operations order, oral or written - Conference -- staff members - Other report and intelligence documents - Personal Contact ***Who are the users of intelligence?*** - National leaders and military commanders -- formulation and implementation of national policies. - Advisors and Staff -- preparations of plans and estimates - Friendly nations or other branches of the armed forces. - Processor -- basis for evaluation and interpretation. - Head / chairman of an organization Any person with authority for purposes of planning