BSIT 1-3 Finals COMP001 Reviewer PDF

Reviewer Introduction to Computing BSIT 1-3​ 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 Finals Coverage:​ ​ System Clock ​ Unit 3: Hardware ○​ Controls the timing of ​ Unit 4: Peopleware...

Reviewer Introduction to Computing BSIT 1-3​ 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 Finals Coverage:​ ​ System Clock ​ Unit 3: Hardware ○​ Controls the timing of ​ Unit 4: Peopleware computer operations; ​ Unit 5: Software it generates regular electronic impulses (ticks) that sets the UNIT III: Hardware operating pace of the PART 1: components. Hardware ​ Main Storage -​ Is the tangible, physical parts of the -​ Also called the memory or the computer and related devices. primary storage. Types: Main Units of a Computer ​ RAM (Random Access Processor Memory) -​ Interprets and carries out the basic ○​ Stores data and instructions that operate a instructions for computer. processing; volatile Contains: (data is erased once ​ Control Unit power is off). ○​ Directs the flow of ​ Cache Memory instructions and data ○​ High speed holding inside the CPU. area; for information ○​ Acts as a traffic that are frequently controller, interprets used by the CPU. each instruction and ​ ROM (Read Only Memory) initiates the ○​ Contains stored appropriate action to instructions that a carry out. computer requires to ​ Arithmetic and Logic Unit be able to do basic ○​ Performs the operations; non - arithmetic and logical volatile. calculations inside ​ CMOS (Complementary the CPU. Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) ​ Registers ○​ Provides information ○​ Temporarily holds everytime a data and instructions; computer is turned they are small on, e.g. RAM capacity, high-speed location date/time. inside the processor. ​ 1 kreiiii :D Introduction to Computing BSIT 1-3​ 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 ​ Input -​ The basic operations are -​ Device used to send data to a complementation, multiplication, and computer. addition. ​ Output -​ Device used to send data from a How does boolean algebra differ from ordinary computer to other devices. algebra? -​ Ordinary algebra deals with real numbers, which consist of an infinite set of elements. Boolean algebra deals with only two elements, 0 and 1. -​ Boolean algebra does not have additive or multiplicative inverses, so there are no subtraction or division operations. Logic Gates -​ Computer circuits are often called logic circuits. These logic circuits are called GATES. Other Hardware -​ A GATE is a digital circuit having one or -​ Is where data is stored permanently. It is more input signals but only one output outside the primary storage and serves as signal. The basic gates are NOT, AND, OR. a filing cabinet. -​ These are used in the design of the ALU. -​ E.g. Flash Drives, CDs, Cloud Storage -​ We store data here because of two reasons; -​ Primary storage can only store a limited amount of data and data The Basic Gates stored. -​ NOT Gate (Inverter) -​ Data stored in primary storage are volatile and temporary. PART 2:​ Digital Logic System Boolean Algebra -​ OR Gate (Addition) -​ A branch of mathematics developed by George Boole. -​ Provides a system of logic and reasoning using true and false statements suitable for representing switching circuits. 2 kreiiii :D Introduction to Computing BSIT 1-3​ 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 -​ AND Gate (Multiplication) Postulates and Theorems The Universal Gates -​ A universal logic gate is a logic gate that can be used to construct all other logic gates. UNIT IV: Peopleware -​ NAND Gate Peopleware -​ Regarded as the most important element of the computer and communication system. People in ICT -​ NOR Gate Business Analysis Career -​ Evaluate customer business needs, and provide business solutions. ​ Business Analyst ○​ Guide businesses in improving processes, products, services and -​ Exclusive OR (XOR) Gate software through data analysis. ​ Business Systems Analyst ○​ Solve organizational information problems and requirements by analyzing -​ Exclusive NOR (XNOR) Gate requirements; designing computer programs; recommending system controls and protocols. ​ 3 kreiiii :D Introduction to Computing BSIT 1-3​ 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 Computer Engineering Career Database Administration Career -​ Design, install, repair and service of -​ Monitor system performance, computers. managing data, sharing of data. ​ Computer Engineer ​ Database Administrator ○​ Evaluate, design, and ○​ computer systems maintain computer administrator who hardware and maintains a database software systems. environment by Develops, tests, and keeping the data designs computer secured. processors. ICT Education Career ​ Hardware Design Engineer -​ Specializes in ICT teaching and ○​ develop, improve, and training, and ICT education test components and management. systems including ​ IT Lecturer circuit boards, ○​ educate students on processors, and how computers work, memory cards for from the basic science computers and other and mathematics devices. behind their operation ​ Technical Support Engineer to the actual ○​ also known as an IT hardware and the support engineer, they software built on those help in resolving foundations. technical issues within ​ Training Officer different components ○​ identify staff training of computer systems, and development such as software, needs, and for hardware, and other planning, organizing network-related IT and overseeing related problems. appropriate training. ​ Computer Systems Engineer ​ Education Manager ○​ develop, test, and ○​ develop policy, inform evaluate software and course curricula and personal computers teaching methods, by combining their manage educational knowledge of systems, recruitment, computer science. financial and physical ​ resources. 4 kreiiii :D Introduction to Computing BSIT 1-3​ 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 Internet and E-commerce Careers of content you come -​ Special instances of other ICT across online or while careers. watching television. ​ Web Architect ​ Multimedia Content Author ○​ create and implement ○​ generate and interactive programs. manipulate graphic ​ Web Designer images, animations, ○​ develop and create sound, text and video websites or into multimedia applications. programs. ​ Web Programmer ​ Animator ○​ use a variety of ○​ create extensive series programming of images that form languages to create the animation seen in web applications. movies, commercials, ○​ They also create these television programs, applications based on and video games. requests from clients Software Development Career and feedback from -​ Translation of requirements into a end users. set of instructions. ​ Web Administrator ​ Programmer ○​ maintain and update ○​ code and test their company's programming for website or websites. software and mobile ○​ They help ensure apps. websites are user ​ Software Engineer friendly and offer an ○​ develop information optimal user systems by designing, experience. developing, and Multimedia installing software -​ Create and manipulate graphic solutions. images, animation, sound, text and ○​ They determine video. operational feasibility ​ Multimedia Graphics by evaluating analysis, Designer problem definition, ○​ are the creative minds requirements, solution behind ads, development, and informational videos, proposed solutions. and many other types 5 kreiiii :D Introduction to Computing BSIT 1-3​ 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 Project Management Career needs of specific -​ Problem solving process involving clients. planning, implementation of Systems Management and Administration project. -​ Connections, communication of IT ​ Project Manager infrastructure. ○​ define project scope, ​ Systems Administrator validate requirements, ○​ is a professional who develop solutions, is held accountable plan deliverables, lead for network setup, design. annual server Systems Analysis and Design Career maintenance such as -​ Partner of project managers and mail servers and file system developers. servers, and much ​ Systems Analyst more. ○​ implement computer ○​ Based upon an system requirements organization’s by defining and requirements and analyzing system other IT-related problems; designing infrastructure, a and testing standards system administrator and solutions. is tasked with ○​ They also define providing a reliable application problem work environment, by conferring with particularly whereby clients; evaluating multi-user computers procedures and are associated with processes. the LAN network. ​ Systems Architect ​ Network Administrator ○​ develop computer ○​ assist in network hardware, software, design and and network systems. implementation; ○​ They are responsible provide network for implementing, support with a variety maintaining, and of operating systems; operating these install and configure systems. Systems computer network architects customize equipment; and systems to meet the maintain connectivity of all computers. 6 kreiiii :D Introduction to Computing BSIT 1-3​ 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 ​ Network OS UNIT V: Software - designed a network; resides Software on a server -​ Programs which consist of step-by-step ○​ Administers security instructions to tell the computer how to ○​ Monitors performance perform a task. ​ Utility Program ○​ Allows a user to Two Categories of Software perform System Software maintenance-type -​ Consists of programs that control tasks usually related or maintain the operations of the to managing a computer and its devices. computer, its devices, -​ Serves as the interface between the or its programs. user, the application software, and ○​ Anti-virus programs, the computer’s hardware. spyware removers, file ​ ​ Two Types of System Software compression ​ Operating System programs, etc. ○​ Coordinates all the ​ Compiler activities among ○​ converts the entire computer hardware source program into devices. machine language; ○​ Provides a means for Result is called the users to communicate object code. with the computer and ​ Interpreter other software. ○​ Interprets, converts it -​ Functions: into machine ○​ Helps in the boot language, and operation executes code ○​ Provides user interface statements without ○​ Manages program producing object ○​ Manages memory code. ○​ Schedules jobs ​ Application Software ○​ Configures devices -​ can be called end-user programs ○​ Controls network since they allow users to perform ​ Stand Alone OS tasks such as creating documents, - can operate spreadsheets, publications, running with or w/o a business, playing games, etc. network 7 kreiiii :D Introduction to Computing BSIT 1-3​ 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 Application Software Categories restrictions from the copyright ​ Business holder regarding modifications. ○​ Word Processing ​ Shareware ○​ Spreadsheet -​ Copyrighted software that is ○​ Database distributed at no cost for a trial ○​ Project Management period. ○​ Accounting ​ ​ Graphics and Multimedia ○​ Computer-Aided Design Freeware (CAD) -​ Copyrighted software provided at ○​ Desktop Publishing no cost by an individual or a ○​ Paint - Image Editing company that retains all rights to ○​ Video - Audio Editing the software. ○​ Web Page Authoring Public-Domain Software ​ Home/Personal/Educational -​ Software that has been placed in ○​ Software Suite the public domain; no ownership ○​ Personal Finance such as copyright. ○​ Photo/Video Editing ○​ Educational Programming Languages ○​ Entertainment Low Level Languages ​ Communications -​ (GL - Generation Language) ○​ E-mail ​ 1st GL Machine Language ○​ Chat Facility ○​ Instructions are in the form of ○​ Videoconferencing machine code, 1’s and 0’s ​ 2nd GL Assembly Language Two Categories of Application Software ○​ Uses short, english-like, ​ Packaged abbreviations to represent -​ Mass-produced, copyrighted retail common elements of a software that meets the needs of a machine code. wide variety of users. ​ Procedural Languages (3rd GL) ​ Custom ​ Uses english-like words to write -​ Performs functions specific to a instructions business or industry. ○​ COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) Software is available in a variety of forms ○​ C Language ​ Open Source Software -​ Software provided for use, modification, and redistribution; no 8 kreiiii :D Introduction to Computing BSIT 1-3​ 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 Object Oriented Programming (OOP) ​ Copper Languages ​ Fiber Optic Cables ​ Implements an object oriented ​ Devices design; ability to reuse and modify ○​ Includes computers, routers, existing objects. switches, hubs, bridges and ○​ Java others. ○​ C++ Computer Networks According to ○​ C# Geographic Scope (Smallest to Biggest) ​ Personal Area Network (PAN) ○​ Interconnection of information technology devices within the range of UNIT VI: Network, Internet, and Internet an individual. Protocols ○​ Typically has a range of 10 meters. Data Communication ​ Local Area Network (LAN) -​ Refers to the transmission of digital data ○​ Computers confined to one between two or more computers. building or cluster of buildings. Computer Network ○​ Relatively high speed of -​ Two or more computers interconnected transmission. with one another for the purpose of ○​ Usually privately owned. sharing resources such as databases, ​ Wide Area Network (WAN) backup devices, and others. ○​ Computers located outside a Elements of a Computer Network building or cluster of ​ Protocols buildings. ○​ Rules and agreements on ○​ Computers may be located how the different parts of the between two or more cities, network will operate. or between two or more ○​ A protocol stack is a list or countries. set of protocols used by a ​ Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) system. ○​ Computers located within a ​ Data and Messages city or cluster of cities. ○​ Information used or ○​ Usually facilities of telecom transmitted/received in the or network service providers. network. ​ Communications Medium ○​ Interconnects the different devices in the network. 9 kreiiii :D Introduction to Computing BSIT 1-3​ 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 ​ Global Area Network (GAN) ○​ Two stations are ○​ Computers located in connected. different countries around ​ Multipoint the world. ○​ Connects three ​ Internet or more stations. Two Basic Network Models Examples: ​ Peer to Peer Client / Server ​ Bus ○​ All computers share their resources ​ Star with all the other computers. ​ Ring ​ Dedicated Client / Server ​ Mesh ○​ One or more computers are ​ Tree assigned as the server and the rest ​ Hybrid of the computers are clients. ​ Server - manages all network resources; dedicated; engineered to manage, store, send and process data; provides the service. ​ Clients - workstations on which users run applications. Clients rely on servers for resources; requests the Internet Concepts service. ​ Internet ​ Allows any computer connected to Network Topology it to send and receive data from -​ Refers to the appearance or the way a other computers connected to it. network is laid out. ​ The World Wide Web Types: ​ Collection of interlinked ​ Physical Topology multimedia documents that are ○​ Refers to the physical lay out stored on the internet and of the computers in a accessed using a common network. protocol (HTTP). ​ Logical Topology ​ Each electronic document on the ○​ Describes how data actually web is called a web page. flow through the network. ​ A collection of web pages is called Most Basic Topologies a web site. ​ Point to Point ​ 10 kreiiii :D Introduction to Computing BSIT 1-3​ 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) ​ IP Version 4 (IPV4) addresses are ​ Oversees research and sets comprised of four groups standards and guidelines for many separated by dots. areas of the internet. ​ Each number is between 0 to 255. ​ About 350 organizations are ○​ 127.0.0.1 members of W3C. ○​ 253.16.44.22 ​ HyperText Markup Language (HTML) ○​ 72.48.108.101 ​ The markup (formatting) language ​ Domain Name for the web. ​ It is the text version of an IP address. ​ Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) ​ The Domain Name System (DNS) is ​ A kind of “address” that is unique the method that the internet uses and used to identify each resource to store domain names and their on the web. corresponding IP Addresses. ​ Also commonly called a “URL”. ​ A DNS server translates the domain HyperText Transfer Protocol name to its associated IP address. ​ Allows for the retrieval of linked ○​ www.google.com resources from across the web. ​ Protocol Internet Service Provider (ISP) ​ Is the formal specification that ​ Provides services such as internet defines the procedures that must access, internet transit, domain be followed when transmitting or name registration and hosting. receiving data. ○​ PLDT ​ Define the format, timing, sequence, ○​ Converge and error checking used on the ○​ Smart network. ○​ Globe ○​ Transmission Control ​ Connects to its customers using: Protocol / Internet Protocol ○​ Dial-up (TCP/IP) ○​ DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) ​ Foundation protocols ○​ Cable Modem for the internet. ○​ Wireless ​ Manages ○​ Fiber Optics conversations ​ Internet Protocol Address between servers and ​ Commonly called as the “IP web clients. Address” ○​ HyperText Transfer Protocol ​ A number that uniquely identifies (HTTP) each computer or device ​ It’s what browsers and connected to the internet. web servers rely on for exchanging data. 11 kreiiii :D Introduction to Computing BSIT 1-3​ 1st Semester | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 ​ HTTP’s responsibility is the World Wide Web. ​ Information exchanging procedure standard between 2 ​ ​ communicating parties or computers, such as the client and the server. ○​ HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) ​ A secure version of HTTP ​ An encrypted HTTP channel that encrypts all information being exchanged. ○​ File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ​ Used for interactive file transfer between systems ○​ Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) ​ For transfer of electronic messages and attachments. ​ Intranet -​ Private network accessible only by the organization’s members, employees, or others with authorization. -​ Internal website that takes advantage of the same basic technology as the Internet. -​ A private network created using the World Wide Web. goodluck chat 12 kreiiii :D