Introduction to Computing PDF

Computer Serial Port connects a computer to peripheral devices. is an electronic device that is used to Parallel Port connects a computer to peripheral devices. manage,store,process and retrieve information, or Universal S...

Computer Serial Port connects a computer to peripheral devices. is an electronic device that is used to Parallel Port connects a computer to peripheral devices. manage,store,process and retrieve information, or Universal Serial Bus (USB) Connects a computer to data. peripheral devices. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) adapter connects CPU SCSI devices, such as hard drives or tape drives, to a processes instructions from software and performs computer. calculations needed to carry out tasks. Adapter Cards by adding controllers for specific devices or Controls all other components in the system. by replacing malfunctioning ports. Network Interface Card (NIC) connects a computer to a Memory (RAM) network using a network cable. A temporary storage that holds data and programs Wireless NIC: connects a computer to a network using that are currently in use by the CPU. radio frequencies. Allows for quick access, speeding up tasks like Sound Adapter - provides audio capability. opening applications. Video Adapter: provides graphic capability. Capture card - sends a video signal to a computer so that Storage (HDD/SSD) the signal can be recorded to the computer's hard drive provide long-term storage for data, programs, and with video capture software. the operating system. TV Tuner card: provides the ability to wach and record television signals on a PC by connecting a cable television, Input/Output Devices satellitye, or antenna to the installed tuner card. Input devices, allow user to enter data. Modem adapter - connects a computer to the internet Output devices, it display results. using a phone line. Operating System CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER Manages all hardware components and allows other Accuracy - calculates numbers and values faster and applications to run. accurately. It manages, files, and processes,, and allows users to Reliability - does not need any motivation to perform a interact with the system through a graphical user ny jobs. interace. Storage - store data iin itself for accessing it again in the future. Applications Adaptability - can replace the jobs of multiple specialists designed for spec ific tasks. due to its flexibility. they rely on the OS to interact with the hardware. Speed - computers need very little time than humans in completing a task. Local Area Network Connect computers and devices within a small LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER geographic area. NO IQ - incapable of executing actions that are not pre- programmed or influenced by its environment. Internet No Feelings/Emotional Intelligence - programmed to Connects millions of computers and allows to follow specific instructions and does not exhibit human communicate and share information. like emotions. Lack of Decision-Making - operate based on instructions ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM and codes, but cannot distinguish between right and consists of several key components that work wrong, good and bad. together to process data and execute tasks efficiently. Lack of Common Sense - operate solely on stored programs or logics. Hardware Cannot Implement - cannot autonomously execute tasks, Physical aspects of a computer. and only humans can establish and enfore rules and They are tangible policies for them. Software Human Dependency - reliant on human interaction for A set of program instructions which helps the user their functionality. to do a set of specific tasks. Data TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY information that is still unprocessed are being THE FIRST DIGITAL COMPUTER - ABACUS (2700 B.C0 processed by the system to provide useful Around the area of Mesapotamia information. THE FIRST ANALOG COMPUTER - ANTIKYTHERUS (200 Peopleware B.C) Found in Kythera. Use to interact with the computer system that is BINARY SYSTEM AND STEP RECKONER (1703) GOTTFRIED directly controlling it, they provide input and WILHELM LEIBNIZ consume the output generated by the system. FIRST PROGRAMMABLE LOOM (1801) JOSEPH JACQUARD Procedures [punch card] steps of instructions to follow or guidelines on how FIRST STEAM-DRIVEN COMPUTER (1837) CHARLES to operate a computer system. BABBAGE [ANALYTICAL ENGINE] Connectivity FIRST COMPUTER ALGORITHM (1843) ADA LOVELACE connect multiple system, that enable to share and communicate.  TURING MACHINE (1936) ALAN TURING BY FUNCTIONAL FIRST AUTOMATIC COMPUTER (1943) KONRAD ZUSE ANALOG COMPUTER - continous data to solve problems, invented the Z3 Computer. making them ideal for applications that reuire high FIRST ELECTRIC DIGITAL COMPUTER (1942) PROF. precision., such as scientific calculations and real time JOHN VINCENT ATANASOFF [ATANASOFF-BERRY simulations. COMPUTER (ABC)] DIGITAL COMPUTERS - process data in binary from (0s FIRST PROGRAMMABLE ELECTRONIC DIGITAL and 1s), such as smartphones and personal computer. COMPUTER (1944) British Engineer Tommy Flowers HYBRID COMPUTERS - combine features of both analog FIRST GENERAL-PURPOSE DIGITAL COMPUTER (1945) and digital computers, often used in specialized ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) application like hospita;s, (Intensive Care Units for by Prof. John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. monitoring. FIRST GENERAL-PURPOSE COMMERCIAL COMPUTER (1951) Prof. John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert WHAT IS SYSTEM UNIT? build UNIVAC The system unit typically a rectangular box that FIRST PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE - (1954) FORTRAN contains important parts like the motherboard, central or Formula Translation processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), and FIRST COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEM - GM-NAA I/O storage drives. (1956) FIRST WIDE AREA COMPUTER NETWORK (1969) MOTHERBOARD ARPAnet. The main circuit board connects all components, FIRST PERSONAL COMPUTER - (1971) [kenbak-1] facilitating communication between the CPU, RAM, created by John Blankenbaker storage, and expansion cards. Floppy Disk (1971) Team of IBM Engineers led by Alan Shugart CPU (Central Processing Unit) Apple-1 (1976) The brain of the computer IBM Personal Computer (1981) A chip that performs billions of calculations per second. Osborne-1 (1981) first laptop in the history Window 1.0 (1985) Microsoft released its first version RAM of the windows operating system. temporarily stores data World Wide Web (1989) Sir Tim Berners-Lee allowing quick access and improving multitasking FIRST PLATFORM-INDEPENDENT PROGRAMMING performance. LANGUAGE (1995) Java was the first computer Volatile programming language in history GOOGLE (1996) Sergey Brin and Larry Page {Stanford Hard Disk Drive University} Google Search Engine. Stores all permanent data including the OS. Wi-Fi (1999) mechanical storage device using magnetic recording to First USB Flashdrive - (2000) First USB Flash Drive in store data. computer history, a 1.44 MB flash drive. Non-volatile First 64-bit Processor (2003) AMD Athlon 64, the first 64-bit processor personal computers. Video Card Quantum Computers - (2016) Responsible for generating and displaying images. Molecular Informatics (2017) - The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Power Supply Quantum Computer (2019) converts electrical energy into the direct current needed by the system. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE AND CAPACITY DIGITAL LOGIC SYSTEM Supercomputers - used for large-scale application refers to as the basis for digital computing and provide such as weather forecasting, scientific simulations and fundamental knowledge about how circuits and hardware complex data analysis. are communication inside the computer. Mainframe Computers - large, powerful systems used primarily in large organizations for bulk data BINARY LOGIC processing. Digital logic systems are based on binary (0s and 1s) Minicomputers - (1960) control systems, human interaction, and record keeping. These two states represnt: Microcomputers - small, relatively inexpensive 0: Low voltage or “off” computer with a microprocessor as its CPU. Ex. 1: High voltage or “on” The system manipulates these Desktop, Laptop. binary values to perform calculations or make decisions. BY PURPOSE LOGIC GATES General Purpose Computers - perform variety of The fundamental building blocks of digital logic circuits. tasks, such as personal computers, laptops and smartphones. These include: Special- Purpose Computers - specific tasks, including AND Gate: Outputs 1 if both inputs are 1. gaming consoles, ATMs, and embedded systems in OR Gate: Outputs 1 if at least one input is 1 household devices. NOT Gate: Inverts the input (outputs the opposite)k NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR Gates: Variants that combine basic gate behaviors. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC 2. RAM (Random Access Memory) memoryless digital logic circuits whose output at amy Direct access iinstant in time depends only on the combination of its Storage location iputs. processory combines various logic gates without involving memory or time-based operations. 3. Cache Memory output depends solely on the current inputs. temporary storage cpu memory SEQUENTIAL LOGIC integrated into cpu chip use flipflops as memory elements and in which their bus interconnect with the cpu output is dependent on the input state. involves memory lements like flip-flops that store Erasable PROM (EPROM) previous states, reusable output depends on current inputs as well as past ultraviolet light erasure states (feedback is involved) Key characteristics of Computer Memory BOOLEAN ALGEBRA provides ultrafast data access for the CPU category of algebra in which the variable’s values are Volatile and erases when computer turns off the truth values, true and false, ordinarily denoted 1 more RAM allows smoother multitasking and better and 0 respectively. performance. the mathematical framework used to simplify and common capacities range from 8-32gb or more in analyze digital logic circuits. modern systems. Boolean expressions represent logical operations, computer short term memory, handling active tasks and rules like De Morgan’s Theorem help simplify and calculations. circuits. INPUT DEVICES - any hardware device that sends data to a APPLICATIONS computer, allowing you to interact with and control it. the one who controls the entire code. digital logic is the foundation of microprocessors, Keyboard - typing tasks digital signal processing (DSP), memory devices, and Mouse - small hardware input device used by hand. various consumer electronics. Microphone - convert sound waves into electrical waves. It;’s used in control systems, computing, networking Webcam - small digital video camera directly connected to and data processing. a computer. PROCESSOR OUTPUT DEVICES - a piece of equipment/hardware which an integrated circuit that performs mathematical gives out the result of the entered input once it is calculations and logical operations. processed. THREE CORE COMPONENTS Monitor - displays video images and text the c ontrol unit directs the operation of the Projector - image displays it on a screen or wall. processor by telling other ocmponets how to execute Printer - accepts text and graphic output and transfers instructions. info to paper. the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs Speaker - produce sound mathematical and logical operations. Headphones - helps us listen to the audio registers are small storage locaitons within the 3D Printer - creates physical object from a digital design by processor that are used to save data, addresses, and laying down thin layers of material. control information actively being processed. Braille Display/Embosser - converts digital text into braille characters for visually impaired users. MEMORY stores information, such as data and programs, for Expansions Slots - allows you to add adapter card on your immediate use in the computer. MOBO in order to provide additional functionality to your PC. TWO MAIN SEMICONDUCTOR AGP - for older graphics cards, now outdated and VOLATILE - flash memory, and ROM, PROM, replace by PCIe. EPROM, and EEPROM memory. PCI - used for devices like sound cards and network NON-VOLATILE - dynamic random-access memory cards. (DRAM) used for primary storage and static What is PCIe? random-access memory (SRAM) used mainly for used in computers to link different components to the CPU cache. motherboard. PCIe x1: The smallest slot, typically used for sound cards, SOME TYPES OF PRIMARY MEMORY network cards, and other low-bandwidth devices. 1. ROM (Read-only-memory) PCIe x4: Offers more bandwidth, suitable for SSDs, nonvolatile capture cards, and some network adapters. permanent data PCIe x8: Provides even more bandwidth, often used for readonly high-end network cards and some graphics cards. types: programmable ROM PCIe x16: The largest and most common slot, primarily used for graphics cards (GPUs) and other high-bandwidth devices. Assembly Language Javascript type of low-level computer programming language interactivity to HTML pages consists of symbolic equivalent of a particular it runs scripts without needing prior compilation computer’s machine language. May 1995 by Brendon Eich provides a direct map between the numerical machine code and a human readable mnemonic. JAVA efficient and comprehendable metthod of high level programming language developed by Sun programming,, Microsystems. composed of symbols that we understand and are James Gosling (May 1995) at Sun Microsystem familiar of. processor-specific and not portable across C architectures. general purpose programming language slightly slower Dennis Ritchie (1969 and 1975) needs to be translated system development very fast and efficient. C++ PROS multi-paradigm, compiler ability to interact closely with hardware and deliver Bjarne Stroustrup (1979) high performance. C# CONS Microsoft’s Anders Hejisberg (2000) low-level nature, which makes it more complex and a Danish Software Engineer less-user friendly..NetFramework Machine Code (Machine Language) SWIFT instructions executed by the CPU general purpose programming language approachable composed of binary digits for newcomers and powerful for experts. numerical language and it is the lowest level fast, modern, safe, and a joy to write. interface to the CPU. develop by Apple Inc (2014) by Chris Lattner. difficult to absorb and input due to its adherence to binary code. SQL composed of strings of 0's and 1's Structured Query Language extremely difficult to read, write and debug domain-specific language does not resemble conventional mathematical used to manage data especially in a relational notation or human language, and its codes. database management system. specific to each processor architecture. useful in handling structured data. fast because CPU can execute them directly without needing translation. What is Operating System? Intuitive. program that, loaded into the computer by a boot program. Programming Language manages all applications programs in a computer. formal language use of the operating system by making requests for set of instructions designed to produce various services through a defined application program kinds of output. interface (API) users can interact direclt with the operating system Why study programming languages? thorugh a user interface, such as a command-line allows one to have a better understanding of the interface (CLI) or a graphical UI (GUI) pros and cons of various languages features. provides numerous advatanges that enhance both What is the purpose of the operating system? personal and professional development. to serve as the backbone of a computer system, it significantly improves problem-solving skills. managing both the hardware and software resources effectively. Types of Programming Languages allowing users to interact with the machine through a user-friendly interface Low-level Language provides stable and secure environment for users to computer codes are written in the binary language perform their tasks. machine language enables the computer to function smoothly and less friendly for human efficiently, making it easier for users to accomplish their goals. High-Level Language uses english like statement to write the computer Why are operating system important? instructions. the most important software that runs on your easy to understand to human-being. computer. assembly language it manages the computer’s memory and processes and all of its software and hardware. Python enables you to communicate with the computer emphasis on code readability, shorter syntax, and without knowing how to speak the computer’s ease of writing. language. (1980) by Guido Van Rossum (Netherlands) Example of Operating Systems 1. Windows - used OS dev’eloped by Microsoft, user- friendly interface and compatibility with various software applications. 2. MacOS - designed by Apple for its Mac computers, sleek design and integration with other Apple devices. 3. Linux - generic name for a family open source. Linux Kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. 4. Android - a mobile operating system based on Linux, primarily used for smartphones and tablets, developed by Google. 5. IOS - created by Apple for its mobile devices, including iPhones and iPads, smooth performance and robust security features. 6. Unix - family of multitasking, multi-user computer operating systems that derive from the orignal AT&T, whose development started in 1969 at the Platter/Disk - the platters are rigid, circular disks stacked Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, on top of each other, with spacers between them to Dennis Ritchie, and others. prevent the disks from rubbing together and to 7. Chrome OS - formerly styled as Chrome OS, is a accomodate the actuator arms and their read/write heads. Linux distribution developed and designed by Google. Uses the Google Chrome web browser as Spindle - the spindle is like the axle that runs through the its principal user interface. center of these plates. What are the Advantages of Operating System R/W Head - responsible for reading and writing data on computing source. The OS serves as the point of the magnetic data platters of the hard disk. communication or interface between a user and the computer’s hardware. Actuator Aim - an actuator (or access arm) moves the user-friendly interface heads on an arc (roughly radically) across the platters as resource sharing they spin, allowing each head to access almost the entire no coding lines surface of the platter as it spins. safeguard of data software update Actuator Axis - this holds the arm in place-and is another multitasking component that, if disturbed, could cause a drive failure. hardware accessibility Actuator - hdd actuator is a device wich moves head arm What are the Disadvantages of Operating System assembly. it‘s task is, not only to start and secure real-time operating system is responsible for real- continous movement of hard drive head assembly, but time task management, making it a system that is also to fully control it. difficult to maintain, implement, and design. its low-level programming and higher hardware TYPES OF HARD DISK interaction might increase its complexity. SATA HDD - best fior desktops that perform basic TYPES OF STORAGE computing tasks or need secondary storage. HARD DISK DRIVE SAS HDD - best for workstations and servers. Rarely for is a non-volatile data storage device. personal use. non-volatile refers to storage devices that maintain stored data when turned off. ADVANTAGES all computers need a storage device. HDDS are more affordable compared to other data International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) storage devices. Engineer Reynold B. Johnson, the individual who readily available in the market came up with the idea of the external hard drive. have a larger capacity based. Johnson’s first external hard drive, the IBM 350 disk have a long life span. file, supported the IBM 305 Ramac Computer System. DISADVANTAGES hard drive system was introduced on September are cheap but slow at reading data 13, 1958. tend to have their parts or components break down easily PURPOSE can be slow at retrieving larger files HDD can store operating systems. consume more power compared to ssds, lead to software programs and other data using magnetic shorter battery life in laptops. disk or platter disk. hdd contribute the reading and writing of the hard disk that supply data storage. FLASH MEMORY TYPES OF CLOUD STORAGE ORIGIN Public Cloud - Storage services provide a multi-tenant Dr. Fujio Masuoka is the inventor of flash memory environment for unstructured data on a subscription in the 1980's. basis. Users pay based on usage, with transaction fees Flash memory evolved from “EPROM” to “EEPROM” assessed based on data access frequency. Flash memory is a type of nonvolatile memory. (Google Dive, Dropbox, Microsoft One Drive,) It deletes memory in blocks and rewrites data at Private cloud - Provide a secure, firewall-protected the level of bytes. environment that resembles commercial public cloud The two types of flash memory are NAND and services, enabling easy access and distribution of storage NOR. resources while adhering to object storage standards. (VMWare Cloud) PURPOSE Hybrid Cloud - Hybrid cloud is a mixed computing The purpose of flash memory is in data environment where applications run on public and private enterprises, USB's and various different devices clouds, including on-premises data centers or edge Flash memory can also be used for in-memory locations, using a combination of computing, storage, and computing services. (Microsoft Azure Hybrid Stack) TYPES OF FLASH MEMORY Multicloud - refers to using multiple cloud services from different providers, often public, private, or hybrid clouds, Solid-State Drives (SSDs) to meet business or technical needs. SSDs have quicker charge times and nonstop data (IBM Cloud Storage) storehouse thanks to flash memory. They're being used in laptops, desktop computers, ADVANTAGES and servers more and more. Write Data Backup and Recovery - Cloud storage USB Flash Drives securely stores crucial data, enabling quick retrieval in Popular flash memory-based portable storage case of hardware malfunction or data loss, ensuring devices business continuity and reducing downtime. (Shah, They work well for the quick and safe exchange 2022). and storing of data between computers. Collaboration - The system enables real-time access, Memory Card editing, and sharing of files across multiple users, A memory card is a portable storage device that is enabling simultaneous work on the same document commonly used in electronic devices. across devices.. It is designed to store and transfer data, including Scalability - Cloud storage provides scalability, photos, videos, music, and documents. allowing users to adjust storage capacity without investing in physical hardware, making it an ideal ADVANTAGES budget-friendly solution. Non volatile Versatile DISADVANTAGES Fast Internet Basis - Since it is internet-based or you are DISADVANTAGES required to use the internet for accessing the cloud Expensive storage, some users found it inconvenient, especially Slow at editing when having a bad internet connection. prone to erosion Administrative Control - From the management, some Risk to handle time they incorporate maintenance or updates for their application may limit or else refrain you from CLOUD STORAGE accessing your data. ORIGIN Latency - Some data may have a delay in transmission is a method of storing computer data where digital considering it when its shared for public internet files are kept on servers located off-site. A third- connections can occur as a traffic congestion, and also party supplier looks after the servers; it is in charge it may occur because of bandwidths accessing the data of hosting, overseeing, and protecting data kept on but it can be compromised by the companies to avoid its infrastructure. the occurrence of the problem. Dr. Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider is credited with creating cloud storage in the 1960s with his work OPTICAL DISC on the ARPANET, which allowed individuals to link ORIGIN data and people at any time, anywhere. James T. Russell created the first optical storage CompuServe began providing its customers with a system in the late 1960s, which is when optical disk modest amount of disk space in 1983, which they storage initially emerged. Although his invention could use to store any files they wanted to upload. differed greatly from contemporary CDs and DVDs, it set the stage for further developments. PURPOSE The technology that would eventually be used in CDs This type of cloud computing model allows you to and DVDs was created in 1969 by Dutch physicist organize files and data online via a cloud Peter Kramer at Philips RESEARCH. In order to read computing provider, which you may reach via a data recorded as small dots on the disk, Kramer dedicated private network connection or the public invented the use of a red laser and reflective metallic internet. foil. With the ability to read and store data more precisely, this new technique represented a significant advancement. PURPOSE Magnetic tape data storage — it's one of the oldest An optical disk is an electronic data storage devices used for electronic data storage. It's commonly medium that uses a low-powered laser beam to found in hard drives, floppy disks, and magnetic tape. read and write data. Common formats include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray disks, with Blu-ray offering the SSD - A solid-state drive is a non-mechanical storage highest capacity and data transfer rates. device with no moving parts that contains integrated Optical disks are used for various purposes, circuits to constantly retain data. It is also referred to including storing music, movies, software, and as non-volatile storage media, flash memory storage games. They provide a portable and durable way to device, as well as flash disk. distribute digital content and can serve as backup storage for important data. TYPES OF OPTICAL DISC Compact Disks (CDs) - CDs are primarily used for music and can store about 700 MB of data. They were one of the first optical storage formats and remain popular for audio albums. Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs) - DVDs hold more data than CDs, typically around 4.7 GB for single- layer disks and 8.5 GB for dual-layer disks. They are widely used for movies and videos due to their larger capacity. Blu-ray Disks - Blu-ray disks provide the highest storage capacity, with 25 GB for single-layer and 50 GB for dual-layer disks. Designed for high- definition video and gaming, they use a blue laser for improved data accuracy. ADVANTAGES Optical storage provides high storage capacity, reliable performance, durability, a long lifespan, REMOVABLE STORAGE, and resistance to environmental factors. DISADVANTAGES However, it has slower access times, compatibility issues with some devices, reliance on mechanical components that can wear out, and limitations in size and portability compared to other storage options. OTHER TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES Read only memory (rom) stores software - which is written and turned on, ensuring a computer's booting up process. However, ROM's poor performance and inability to store large amounts of data make it a drawback. RAM - is a temporary storage system used to access data on a short-term basis, allowing applications to access and read data almost instantly, unlike written data. RAM improves performance through data modification, but is volatile and expensive, making it slower and less efficient than ROM. SD (Secure Digital) card - A memory card used for portable devices like cell phones, laptops, cameras, etc.