Field Work Report PDF - Master of Science in Psychology

1 SREE SANKARACHARYA UNIVERSITY OF SANSKRIT KALADY, ERNAKULAM-683 574 FIELD WORK REPORT Submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY Reg. No: 23KA11PS23...

1 SREE SANKARACHARYA UNIVERSITY OF SANSKRIT KALADY, ERNAKULAM-683 574 FIELD WORK REPORT Submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY Reg. No: 23KA11PS23 Department of Psychology SSUS Kalady 2023-2025  2 SREE SANKARACHARYA UNIVERSITY OF SANSKRIT KALADY, ERNAKULAM-683 574 FIELD WORK REPORT Submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY Reg. No : 23KA11PS23 Department of Psychology SSUS Kalady 2023-2025  3 DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY SREE SANKARACHARYA UNIVERSITY OF SANSKRIT KALADY PSYCHOLOGY FIELD WORK RECORD During the Academic Year 2023-2025 Reg. No : 23KA11PS23 CERTIFIED BONAFIDE RECORD Name and Supervisor Head of the Department/ Signature of the student Teacher-in-Charge Submitted for M.Sc. Psychology examination held on…………………………………... Examiners:……………………………………………………………………………….  4 CONTENTS Sl.no Title Page. No Observation 5-10 Withdrawal behavior in 11-20 1 alcoholic addicted patients Interview 21-28 Emotional bonding in pet 2 29-41 parenting Content Analysis 42-48 Love as a healing 3 49-59 mechanism portrayed in Indian movies Test Construction 60-71 4 Morbid curiosity 72-90  5 OBSERVATION  6 INTRODUCTION The observation method is the primary technique for collecting data on nonverbal behaviour. It is most commonly involving visual, hearing, touch, and smells data collection. Observation method is a scientific tool for the data collection.it receives the information through direct observation without interact with the group. Observation is a purposeful systematic and selective way of watching and listening to an interaction or phenomenon as it takes place. There are many situations in which the observation is most appropriate method of data collection, observes the patterns of population, ascertain the functions performed by the worker, study the behaviour than the perception of individuals. When the participant is also involved in the interaction that they are unbale to share objective information about it, so observation is the best approach to natural data collection Observation is preferred when one wants to study in detail the behaviour that occurs in some settings, for example Kerr (1979) was interested in the use of space by staff members within the hospital, which surveyed 62 subjects over a four-month period. found that while everyone maintains interpersonal distance during conversation, many people are unaware of their exact distance or changes in it. The observational method provided some support for the hypothesis as residents or senior physician Holdaway ‘s observational study of space use in a British police station found that the station manages its space in terms of public and private areas, public areas like the entrance foyer, have strict legal limits, while the police station office serves as a border between the two, private areas like the charge room and cell areas, often allow for interrogation practices beyond formal legal boundaries. Observational studies provide a comprehensive, in-depth picture of behaviour over a long period of time. Including nonverbal behaviour, in various settings such as schools, nursing homes and stores.  7 TYPES Observation method is classified into 3 groups that are participant and nonparticipant method, structured and unstructured observation and controlled and uncontrolled observation 1.Participant observation: The observer participates in the activities of group being observed in the same manner as its members, the observer joined the group that he needed to observe without known by the group members.in simple words we can say the observer joined to the group that he needs to observe and performs in the group how the group acts, and observe them without known by the groups. The advantages and disadvantages to the participant observation the advantages are, the observer can record the natural behaviour of the group, the observer can verify the truth by questions. disadvantages are, reduce the observer’s objectivity when it emotionally connected and reduce the range of experience 2. Non participant observation The observer does not get involved or interact in the group and their activities and remains passive observer, the observer watching and listening to the group by their activities and drawing a conclusion from this. the observer watches the group without interacting with the group and the group doesn’t know that observer is watching them The advantages of the method where the observer was more objective to collecting data and it could be reliable. The disadvantages are distance from the group can’t collect accurate data and it could be led to a hawthorn effect when participant group know someone is withing them.  8 3. Structured observation and unstructured observation Structured observation is a quantitative research methodology and it is also systematically and comprehensive. The style of collecting data in a formal procedure that involves properly defined units, information selection, data standardization, and standardised conditions. It requires specific plan for data collection and recording with high level of controlled and differentiation, and predetermined categories are used to guide the recording process. For example: class room, workplace, Unstructured observation is opposites to the structured observation, it has no pre planned data, it is a naturalistic one there is no control on over the data should be collected. the observing and recordings are done without imposing a pre-defined data and not imposed a structure. the observer collects the data in a naturalistic way. For example: playground, mall, social dynamics 4. Controlled observation and uncontrolled observation In controlled observation, the observation is done in a controlled setting with predetermined data and pre-arranged plans, for example: laboratory experiments The uncontrolled observation is naturalistic there is no pre-arranged plans for collecting data. PURPOSE The observation technique is used to acquire accurate data for qualitative or quantitative research in both fundamental and applied fields, the purpose of observation listed down To capture humans’ real-life behaviour, observe the actions of human being To provide more visual representations of social life To analyse the significand events and situations to verify and expand on previous researches To gain insights in to the situation  9 CHARACTERISTICS The characteristics of data collections are It involves both mental physical activities, the observer may see many things but attention must be drawn only on the items needed to study Observation is made on selective basis and it is takes on natural surroundings it helps the observer to determine the reality by himself It avoids manipulation It is systematic and analyse on quantitative or qualitative way The observation can be controlled environment and could be uncontrolled MERITS If the observation is done accurately the subjective bias were eliminated Can be collect data of nonverbal communications Questioning a person about their behaviour can lead to paraphrasing, but observing them can collect the data’s showed by the person Helpful in framing hypothesis For animal studies observation method is helpful. DEMERITS Lack of control over the naturalistic environment Observation is difficult in the unstable environment They are more likely to acts when they know they are being watched, it does not help to find their true nature It may time consume and expensive process The observer’s ability, consistency, knowledge, bias, and familiarity influence the data collected  10 CONCLUSION The observation method is used to collecting data through observing groups and peoples. The observer is watching them in a systematic way, and record data, there are few types of observations, one is participant observation, the observer is joined in the group for data collection without giving the details of observing them another is non participant in this method the observer is watching the from a distance without reveal to the group. Next is structured method, the field was structured and can be controlled, easy to observe another is naturalistic or unstructured, the field was uncontrollable and not structured. in structured method the observation done with a prearranged data. The merits and demerits of the observation method are, it gets accurate data, it was flexible, easy to framing a hypothesis. the demerits are it is time consuming and expensive, the recording data is affected by the observer REFERENCES. Bharathi bhavan publishers and distributers Kothari. (1985) Research methodology. Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi Publishers of e-book. ISBN 978-3-030-46404-2 Rosenbaum, R. P. (2010) Designs of observational studies (2nd ed) springle series in statistics Singh, A.K(2019), Tests measurement and research methods in behavioural science (6th ed).  11 WITHDRAWAL BEHAVIOUR IN ALCOHOLIC ADDICTED PATIENTS INTRODUCTION Addiction is a chronic lifelong condition that involves compulsive seeking and taking of a substance or performing of an activity despite negative or harmful consequences. Addiction can significantly impact on physical health, mental health, relationships and overall quality of life. The American society of addiction medicine (ASAM)defines addiction as a chronic brain disorder, the brain chemistry changes with addiction. There are 2 types of addiction, The first one is substance addiction (substance use disorder) Substance addiction is now referred to as substance use disorder, with the American Psychiatric Association's DSM- 5 providing diagnostic criteria. Substances, including alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, hypnotics, sedatives, anxiolytics, inhalants, opioids, stimulants, and tobacco/nicotine, activate the reward centre of the brain and produce pleasure, leading to mild, moderate, or severe SUDs, with addiction being the most severe form. The next is non-substance addiction (behavioural addicts) Behavioural addictions involve activities stimulating the brain's reward system, like substance addictions. The DSM- 5 only recognizes gambling disorder as a diagnosable behavioural addiction. Examples include gambling, eating, exercising, shopping, shoplifting, sex, pornography, video gaming, and internet use. Alcohol addiction Alcohol addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder associated with compulsive alcohol drinking, the loss of control over intake, and the emergence of a negative emotional state when alcohol is no longer available. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a condition characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. It is  12 a spectrum disorder and can be mild, moderate, or severe and encompasses the conditions that some people refer to as alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, or the colloquial term, alcoholism. Alcohol addiction refers to the moderate to severe end of the AUD spectrum. Alcohol addiction, also known as alcoholism, is a disease that affects people of all walks of life. Experts have tried to pinpoint factors like genetics, sex, race, or socioeconomics that may predispose someone to alcohol addiction. But it has no single cause. Psychological, genetic, and behavioural factors can all contribute to having the disease. Alcoholism is an excessive and repetitive drinking of alcoholic beverages to the extent that the drinker repeatedly is harmed or harms others. Alcoholism is a complex phenomenon and it has many formal definitions that vary according to the point of view of the definer. “Alcoholism is a disorder caused by chronic, compulsive drinking. The use of alcohol is usually considered to be compulsive and under markedly diminished voluntary control, alcoholism is considered by most clinicians as an addiction and a disorder. The concept of inveterate drunkenness as a disorder appears to be rooted in antiquity. Alcohol is produced through fermentation by microorganisms, with five molecular forms. Methanol is dangerous and can cause death. Ethyl alcohol, also known as ethanol, is hydrophilic and polar, making it easily mixed with water. Both ethanol and water are diluted to some degree. Most Alcohol drinking is linked to acceptable social behaviour, but individual differences in violent behaviour stem from genetic, developmental, social, and environmental factors, with genetic association between antisocial personality and alcoholism not yet established. Alcohol increases sexual desire and pleasure in women, but it lowers physiological arousal and affects sexual behaviour in few. Ethanol's effects on sleep are complex and paradoxical. It shortens the latency to sleep onset and initially increases relaxed, deep slow- wave sleep. It also reduces REM sleep, affecting the second REM period. The effects are observed during the first half of an eight-hour sleep period. Ethanol is metabolized at a  13 constant rate, and after elimination, a compensatory effect occurs. Within three to four nights, tolerance occurs, and the initial effects are lost. A REM rebound is seen when nightly ethanol administration is discontinued. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), developed by the World Health Organization, is a screening instrument for hazardous alcohol consumption. It is the first international alcohol screening instrument, based on a cross- national study. While screenings estimate the likelihood of a disorder, they do not provide definitive diagnoses. Psychological aspects of alcohol addiction Psychological dependence on alcohol is a complex issue involving emotional and mental ties formed to cope with stress, pain, or social acceptance. Understanding this requires a multi-faceted approach, considering brain function, emotional responses, and cognitive perceptions. Physical withdrawal symptoms are evident but debilitating. The human brain's reward system, designed for survival, can be disrupted by substances like alcohol. Alcohol releases dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure, leading to a reinforcing cycle of drinking. Chronic alcohol use can cause depression and anxiety, complicating recovery and causing individuals to drink to alleviate symptoms. Alcohol addiction is a complex emotional issue that often serves as a temporary coping mechanism for pain, trauma, and stress. However, this can lead to a dangerous pattern, where numbing emotions with alcohol can cause overwhelming anxiety and fear Psychological dependence on alcohol leads to cognitive distortions and denial, affecting an individual's perception of their drinking habits. This denial serves as a protective mechanism, shielding them from the painful reality of their situation. Holistic treatment approaches are crucial, and Kembali is committed to addressing these issues and providing hope for those entrapped by psychological dependence.  14 Withdrawal symptoms Withdrawal symptoms are part of a condition called alcohol withdrawal syndrome, which is a reaction caused when someone who has become dependent on alcohol is deprived of it. Withdrawal symptoms can be physical and psychological and it ranges from severity from mild to severe. Alcohol withdrawal is thought to arise as a function of various changes in brain activity caused by prolonged and excessive alcohol use. Though the neurochemical derails of alcohol withdrawal syndrome are somewhat complicated, its associated effects reflect a compensation for previous disruptions in both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter activity, the balance between the two having been upended to begin with because of prolonged alcohol use. The effects of alcohol on the body are complex, but two neurochemicals contribute to both short-term effects of drinking as well as the development of alcohol withdrawal syndrome when someone stops drinking: the brain’s main inhibitory chemical, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the brain’s main excitatory chemical, glutamate. When a person drinks alcohol, it changes the functioning of GABA receptors as well as certain glutamate receptors, resulting in a slowdown of brain functioning that a person typically experiences as decreased anxiety and sedation. The brain reacts by decreasing the amount of GABA being released and increasing glutamate signalling to compensate for how alcohol alters these levels. This adaptation functions if they continue to drink alcohol, this is known as “tolerance.” If they stop or significantly reduce alcohol intake, it disrupts their brain activity, causing a hyper-aroused state, which leads to a range of withdrawal symptoms that can appear within hours after their last drink. The withdrawal symptoms a person experiences, as well as the severity of each, may vary greatly from one person to the next, and it has been  15 estimated that more than 80% of those with an alcohol use disorder may experience withdrawal symptoms. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a set of symptoms that can occur following a reduction in alcohol use after a period of excessive use. Symptoms typically include anxiety, shakiness, sweating, vomiting, seizures, delirium. symptoms start at around 6 hours after last drink. peak incidence of seizures occurs at 24 to 36 hours and peak incidence of delirium remains is at 48 to 72 hours. Milder symptoms usually start within eight to 24 hours from the last alcoholic drink. Typical withdrawal symptoms of alcohol withdrawal can include: ▪ Abnormal eye movement ▪ Rapid breathing ▪ Shaky hands ▪ Over sweating ▪ Abnormal sleep ▪ Tiredness ▪ Nausea ▪ Vomiting ▪ Headache ▪ Loss of appetite ▪ Depression ▪ Anxiety ▪ Irritability ▪ Restlessness Alcohol slows the brain, causing excessive drinking. The brain compensates by releasing more stimulating chemicals. Stopping can cause withdrawal symptoms due to overstimulation. The brain will readjust, but withdrawal may cause discomfort. Withdrawal  16 symptoms usually start a few hours to a day or two after the last drink. Usually, 24 to 72 hours after quitting drinking, symptoms reach their peak. AIM To observe the withdrawal behavioural characteristics shown by the patients in de addiction centre having alcohol addiction. METHOD Subjects 17 alcohol addict patients undergoing treatment in a de addiction centre Materials Observation chart prepared by the observer PROCEDURE At first, the observer took permission from the institution for a visit. Olive, An Institute of Mental Health was chosen for the observation which is a de addiction centre treating patients with alcoholic addiction, drug addiction and other psychiatric disorders. After discussing with the authorities about the purpose of study, the observer got consent to carry out observation. Before starting the observation, the observer prepared a chart to record the target behaviours. The observation was conducted in 3 days and 1 night. On the first day, observation began at 9:00 a.m. For the morning rounds, a psychologist assisted in the observation to assess their condition. The second day of the observation began at 9:00 am; it was noted from lunch, breakfast, and seminars on this day. The third day of observance begins with morning observations in the classroom, followed by amusement and exercise periods. The sleep period at night begins at 9.30 p.m. The observed withdrawal symptoms are marked on the prepared chart. It was an observation taken as a non-participant observation method.  17 RESULTS Table 1: Behavioural Characteristics Of 7 Alcohol Addicts (Day 1) Abnormal eye Rapid Shaky Over Patient Tiredness movement breathing hands sweating 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes yes 2 No No No No No 3 Yes Yes No Yes Yes 4 Yes Yes Yes No Yes 5 Yes No No No No 6 Yes Yes Yes No Yes 7 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Table 2: Behavioural Characteristics Of 6 Alcohol Addicts (Day 2) Over Abnormal Abnormal eye Rapid Shaky Patients sweating sleep Tiredness movement breathing hands 1 No No No No No No 2 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 3 No Yes Yes No Yes Yes 4 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 5 Yes No No No No Yes 6 No Yes yes No Yes No  18 Table 3: Behavioural Characteristics Of 4 Alcohol Addicts (Day 3 /Night) Abnormal eye Rapid Shaky Over Patients Tiredness movement breathing hands sweating 1 Yes No No Yes Yes 2 No Yes No Yes Yes 3 No Yes Yes Yes Yes 4 Yes Yes Yes Yes yes DISCUSSION The aim of the study was to observe the withdrawal behavioural symptoms shown by the patients in de-addiction centres with alcohol addiction. Withdrawal symptoms are part of a condition called alcohol withdrawal syndrome, which is a reaction caused when someone who has become dependent on alcohol is deprived of it. The withdrawal symptoms include abnormal eye movement, rapid breathing, shaky hands, over sweating, tiredness and abnormal sleep (not able to continue the sleeping – 2 hours after sleep). The observation is conducted over a time of 3 days and 1 night. Table 1 shows the observation chart on the 1st day of observation there were 7 patients with alcoholic addiction in the age group about 25 to 40. they were 6 are shows the abnormal eye movement, they can’t maintain their eye contact during communication and in attending classes. 5 patients were showed the rapid breathing and tiredness, they were continuing their steps they felt increased fatigue and struggle in breathing. And for some it will cause an over sweating 3 which shows the over sweating, and 3 patients are shown the shaky hands during the morning time and while holding the pen during writing, they were struggling in writing that time.  19 The table 2 shows the observation chart done on the 2nd day, in day time and night. In this day 6 patients, observation done during the breakfast timing during this time the patients were shown unable to eat or they were struggling in consumption of food, and some 2 or three patients showed a binge eating behaviour. In observed patients 3 patients did not maintain their eye contact during their eating, they were confused about how to focus on one thing. 2 patients were shaky hands during eating, 2 patients were tired after eating food and walking causes rapid breathing for 4 patients. During the night after the food, they have medicines to control their alcoholic consumption and help to sleep, the sleeping time starts at 9:30 pm. When the lights are off on 9.45, the sleep behaviour of patients is observed through live camera vision. 4 patients were shown an abnormality in their sleep, the sleep observed from 2 hours when they got on their bed. The 2 patients are getting up from their bed and walking around the room again. They came to sleep and continued this process for 4 to 5 times. Other 2 patients are not getting up from the bed but they are back and forth on their bed and wake up and sitting on their bed and showing some dizziness. In the observed 2 hours they are not committed in their sleep. The table 3 shows the observation chart of the 3rd day, the observation is done during the class setting, entertainment time and play time. Observation took in 4 patients. During the class time they were not interested in attending the class, they were engaged in other things like somewhat thinking or looking outside. In the entertainment time they were talking to each other and sharing the stories. This time 2 patients were not making any eye contact during the conversation. In the exercise time the patient's breath is very fast except 1 patient, and the 4 patients are over tired and sweating. After the exercise the 2 patients were shaking hands and they were middle-aged patients. Even though the alcoholic addict patients exhibited physical characteristics like anxiety and irritability which indicates the withdrawal behaviour. And the middle-aged  20 patients are showing some memory loss and missing in their steps. They have their medicines to control their behaviour, but some patients are highly addicted to the alcohol so they are taking time to be a normal character, this may be shown in middle-aged patients than the young aged patients CONCLUSION The aim of the study was to observe the withdrawal behaviours of patients undergoing treatment in the addiction centre having alcohol addiction. The withdrawal symptoms may vary, the tiredness and the abnormal breathings are commonly shown by the 17 patients, the sleep is difficult for the aged patients. From the observation the patients with the alcoholic addiction withdrawal symptoms are varied and it will affect more on the aged patients than the young one. The aged patients may cause extra physical and mental illness with the withdrawal symptoms like memory loss and difficulty in walking at the age of 50+. REFERENCES Korsmeyer, P., & Kranzler, H. R. (2009). Encyclopaedia of Drugs, Alcohol & Addictive Behaviour. Macmillan Reference USA, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. Mack, A. H., Harrington, A. L., & Frances, R. J. (2010). Clinical Manual for Treatment of Alcoholism and Addictions. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. Washington, DC London, England. Heather, N., & Stockwell, T. (2004). The Essential Handbook of Treatment and Prevention of Alcohol Problems. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England.  21 INTERVIEW  22 INTRODUCTION Interview is a face-to-face situation between the interviewer and the respondent, which intends to elicit some desired information from the latter. Thus, an interview is a social process involving at least two persons, the interviewer and the respondent. For success of the interview, one must take care of the interaction between the interviewer and the respondent. The respondent's answer to the questions raised by the interviewer and his other behaviour serves as important clues to the interviewer and are likely to affect the behaviour of the latter. Likewise, during the interview, the respondent tries to size up the interviewer and his inference about the interviewer is likely to influence his answers. Apart from these, the success of the interview is also dependent upon three important conditions, namely, accessibility, cognition and motivation. Krishan Kumar (1992) defines “interviewing is a process of personal interaction between a researcher and a respondent.” Ranjit Kumar in his book Research Methodology (1999) opined that “any person- to- person interaction between two or more individuals with a specific purpose in mind is called interview.” O’ Leary (2004) of the view that “Interviewing a method of data collection which involves researchers asking respondents basically open-ended questions.” Functions of an Interview Interview as a research tool is selected basically because it serves two functions which mark it out with a positive advantage from the rest of the methods of data collection. These two functions are: 1. Description An interview has been found to be particularly useful in providing insight into the interactive quality of social life. In an interview, people spend most of the time with one another in some  23 form of verbal interaction. The verbal interaction enables the interviewer in understanding how people view the subject under investigation. This understanding helps him know his social life which is otherwise abstract and merely a statistical phenomenon. 2. Exploration Another purpose of an interview is to provide insight into the unexplored dimensions of a topic or subject. A review of the work done in this area reveals that an interview helps a lot in exploring some new variables for study as it also helps sharpen the conceptual clarity. Talking with interviewees and thereby gaining insight into their conduct from inquiries about their behavioural dimensions provides adequate stimulation for development of various hypotheses for subsequent testing and research. Characteristics of Interview Black and Champion (1976) have pointed out the following characteristics of an interview: Personal communication: There is a face-to-face contact, conversational exchange and verbal interaction between the interviewer and the respondent. Equal status: The status of the interviewer and the interviewee is equal. Questions are asked and responses received verbally. Information is recorded by the interviewer and not the respondent. The relationship between the interviewer and the interviewee, who are strangers to Each other is transitory. The interview is not necessarily limited to two persons. It involves two interviewers and a group of respondents, or it could be one interviewer and two or more respondents. There is considerable flexibility in the format of the interview.  24 Types of Interviews There are many types of interviews which differ from one another in terms of structure the interviewer's role, number of respondents involved in the interview, etc. Some types of interviews are employed in both quantitative and qualitative research, but others are used in one research type only. 1. Unstructured v/s structured interviews In the unstructured interview, there are no specifications in the wording of the questions or the order of the questions. The interviewer forms questions as and when required. The structure of these inter- news is flexible, being presented in the form of a guide. The structured interview is based on the structured interview guide which is slightly different from the questionnaire. In reality, it is a set of specific points and definite questions prepared by the interviewer. It allows little freedom to make adjustments to any of its elements, such as content, wording, or order of the questions. 2. Standardized v/s non standardized interviews In standardized interviews, answer to each question is standardized as it is determined by a set of response categories given for this purpose. The respondents are expected to choose one of the given options as the answer. For example, the alternative answers could be yes/no/don't know; agree/disagree; illiterate/less educated/highly educated; for/against/undecided; and so on. This is mainly used in quantitative research. Unstandardized interview is one in which the responses are left open to the respondent. This is used mainly in qualitative research. 3. Individual v/s group interviews Individual interview is one in which the interviewer interviews only one respondent at a time, While in a group interview, more than one respondent is interviewed simultaneously. The group can be small, say, of two individuals (e.g., husband and wife, or two co-workers in a factory, etc.) or large, say, of 10 to 20 persons (e.g., all students in a class).  25 4. Self-administered v/s other-administered interviews In self-administered interview, the respondent is supplied a list of questions along with instructions for writing answers in the appropriate place on the interview form. In other- administered interview, the interviewer himself writes answers to questions on the response sheet. 5. Unique v/s panel interviews Unique interview is one in which the interviewer collects entire information in one interview. However, he is not barred for approaching the interviewer for the second time for seeking additional information. In panel interview, the interviewer collects information from the same group of respondents two or more times at regular intervals. If different respondents are involved in various stages of asking the same questions, it is called trend study. 6. Soft v/s hard interviews In soft interview, though the interviewer holds a secondary position in the process of data collection but he guides the respondents without putting any pressure on them. In hard interviews, the interview resembles a police interrogation. The interviewer questions the validity and the completeness of the answers obtained, often warning the respondents not to lie and forcing them to give an answer when they hesitate. This type of interview appears more in quantitative than in qualitative form. 7. Personal v/s non-personal interviews In the personal interview, there is a face-to-face contact between the interviewer and the interviewee, while in the non-personal interview there is no face-to-face relationship, but the information is collected through telephone, computer or some other medium. 8. Focused interview Focused interview is one which is focused on a specific topic. In this, all respondents are subjected to the same experience.  26 9. Telephone interview This type of interview is common in western societies but not in India. However, gradually, it is now being used in urban areas. Newspapers, radio and TV personnel use this method more to assess public opinion on important issues. 10. Computer interview This interview is conducted with the help of computers. in India this be conducted only by those who own computers and very few people own computers with internet facilities. Therefore, this method is not popular. Factors Affecting the use of interviews Social science has recognized various factors that influence the usefulness of interviews. There can be grouped into three major factors: 1. Characteristics of interviewers A review of the work done in this area reveals that both the subjective and objective characteristics of the interviewers do influence the usefulness of the interview, Subjective characteristics are those which are peculiar to the individual and are extremely important where the major function of the research is exploratory. For the effectiveness of the interview, it is essential that the interviewers must have inquisitive minds so that they are capable of readily attuning themselves to the newly emerging facets of a problem. When the interviewer possesses this quality, he can readily sharpen the questions, redirect and concentrate on other matters if needed during the time of interview. The interviewer must also have the ability for drawing together the scattered pieces of information into a uniform and integrated whole, which helps he conducted the interview in a smooth way. 2. Characteristics of the interviewees Since an interview is a special form of conversation, it is expected that the characteristics  27 possessed by the interviewees can also affect the effectiveness of the interview. There are two basic characteristics of the interviewees that tend to influence the effectiveness of the interview. The first characteristic is the capacity of the interviewees to verbalize. The second characteristic is the willingness of the interviewees. 3. Nature of the problem under study The nature of the research problem or topic also influences the effectiveness of interviewing. In general, it is believed that when the research problems are such that they touch the segments of the persons' private lives and/or when the problems are such that they create special difficulties in verbalization, they tend to have an impact upon the scientific quality of interviewing. Merits of interview Gordon (1969) has listed five major advantages of the interview technique as under: Quick information: The information is obtained quickly. Proper interpretation: Respondents interpret the questions properly. Flexibility: It permits flexibility in questioning. Checking validity: The validity of the information can be readily checked. Control: Exercising control on the context of questions and answers is possible. Demerits of interview The interviewees can hide information or give wrong information because of fear of identity. Interviews are more costly and time-consuming than questionnaires. The nature and extent of responses depends upon the interviewee's mood. If he is tired,  28 He will be distracted. If he is in a hurry, he will try to dispose of the interviewer quickly. There could be variability in responses with different interviewers, particularly when The interview is unstructured. The interviewer may record the response differently, depending upon his own interpretation sometimes. It offers less anonymity than other methods. It is less effective for sensitive questions. REFERENCES Ahuja, R. (2001). Research Methods. Rawat Publications. Black, W. C., & Champion, D. J. (1976). Research methodology: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences. Wiley. Gordon, S. P. (1969). Research in social education. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Singh, A. K. (2019). Tests, measurements and research methods in behavioral sciences. Bharati Bhawan Publishers & Distributors  29 EMOTIONAL BONDING IN PET PARENTS INTRODUCTION Emotional bonding between humans and pets fosters a profound connection that enhances mental well-being. This bond fosters feelings of responsibility, nurturing, and attachment, like traditional parenting roles. It reduces stress, anxiety, and depression by providing comfort, security and companionship, ultimately increasing happiness and self- esteem. Pets offer unconditional affection, which aids emotional regulation and promotes stability in pet owners' lives. Additionally, the presence of pets encourages routines and physical activity, enhancing mental wellness through the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin. Overall, the emotional bond with pets significantly contributes to improved mental health by facilitating social connections, boosting self-esteem, and providing psychological and emotional support. Theories related to Pet parenting There are three key theories related to the emotional bond between humans and pets. Attachment Theory, Developed by John Bowlby, this theory posits that early caregiver relationships influence an individual's capacity to develop emotional bonds throughout life. In the context of pet ownership, pets can fulfil emotional needs, particularly for those experiencing loneliness or social isolation, by providing secure attachments. Biophilia Hypothesis, Proposed by Edward O. Wilson, this hypothesis suggests that humans have an inherent affinity for nature and living things. Pet parenting exemplifies this connection, as it fosters emotional bonding and promotes psychological resilience, leading to healthier lifestyles.  30 Cognitive Behavioural Theory, This theory emphasizes the role of thoughts and beliefs in shaping emotions and behaviours. Engaging with pets can enhance positive thinking and emotional regulation, often resulting in reduced anxiety and improved mood. Pets equally serve as coping mechanisms, promoting resilience during life's challenges. Research supports that interactions with pets can lower stress and anxiety levels, improve cardiovascular health through physical activity, and enhance social connections, ultimately contributing to better mental well-being. Animal Assisted Therapies Animal Assisted Interventions (AAI) are structured, goal-oriented interventions that intentionally incorporate animals into health, education and human services to achieve therapeutic gains for humans. These interventions involve knowledgeable professionals who work with both people and animals. Three main types of therapies are used, they are. Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT): AAT is a planned therapeutic intervention directed by licensed professionals with expertise in health, education or human services. It aims to enhance the physical, cognitive, behavioral, and socio-emotional functioning of individuals, with progress documented professionally.. Animal Assisted Education (AAE): AAE is a structured intervention conducted by qualified educators, including general and special education teachers. It focuses on academic goals, such as promoting responsible pet parenting through structured visits. Animal Assisted Activities (AAA): AAA consists of informal, goal-oriented interactions and visits by human-animal teams for motivational, academic, and recreational purposes. These interventions are developed adopting an interdisciplinary approach to maximize their therapeutic benefits.  31 AIM To study the emotional bonding and mental well-being of persons involved in pet parenting, METHOD Participants The study was conducted with pets owned persons from the age group of 20 to 60, to study the emotional bonding between the humans and the pets who owned the pets. Materials 1. Interview questionnaire 2. Blank sheet and pen and pencil Procedure The interviewer prepared questions on the areas of emotional bonding of humans and pets and how it affects their mental well being, referring previous research studies. There was a total of 18 questions. Semi-structured interview method was conducted for data collection. The interviewer established rapport with interviewees and requested permission to record their response on paper. And noted responses in blank sheets. Each interview took approximately 10-20 minutes. The interviewer interviewed 10 participants from the family who owned the pets and care taking of pets.  32 RESULTS Table 1: Central theme and sub theme of emotional bonding in pet parenting. SL. Central subtheme No of participants NO. theme reported 1 Attachment Intimacy Enhance wellbeing:8 Support of difficult Not Enhancing:2 situations Emotional bonds Comfort feeling 2 Self-efficacy Responsibility increases Enhance wellbeing:7 Adjustment Not Enhancing:3 Have time schedules. 3 Cohesion Interaction with family Enhance wellbeing: 7 Enhance Happiness. Not Enhancing:3 strengthened affection 4 Empathy Recognition of pets Enhance wellbeing: 6 Communication Not Enhancing:4 Increase tolerance. Forgiveness More kindness  33 DISCUSSION The aim of the study was to analyse the emotional bonding in parenting. An emotional bond is a strong feeling of connection or attachment to another person. The study is held in a semi structured interview method with pet owners 10 participants selected for the study. The study is to analyse the emotional bonding of humans with their pets. From the responses of the participants, we can relate the bonding with their pets, from the socio demographic data analyses that dogs may be the common pets that had in a home. And cats, birds and the fishes are included in the pet’s category. Participants reported their pets provided intimacy, support during difficult times, and a sense of comfort, leading to enhanced well-being. The sense of responsibility associated with pet care was linked to improved self- efficacy and structured routines. Interaction with pets was found to strengthen family cohesion and happiness, while empathy towards pets fostered recognition, communication, and kindness. Table 1 shows the corresponding responses to the questions being asked to the interviewee. Four key themes emerged from the interviews are the attachment, self-efficacy, cohesion and empathy. By examining these themes, the researcher can interpret how the humans are emotionally connected with their pets like their children, some are taken as the pets as a child also. Persons interaction with pets was found to enhance cohesion and happiness, as shared experiences with animals brought family members closer together. Additionally, empathy towards pets led to more considerable recognition, communication, and kindness among owners. There are also the exceptions cases but according to the responses of study from ten families only two responses were shared, as well as the less bonding with their pets because of their busy life.  34 1. Attachment The first central theme that emerged was Attachment, which encompasses intimacy, emotional bonds, comfort, and support during difficult times. Most participants expressed their relationship with their pets consist of a significant emotional component, enhancing their overall well-being. For example, Participant 1 said, “My cat, Kurinji, has this amazing ability to sense when I'm feeling down. Whenever I'm sad, she snuggles up next to me, offering her warmth and companionship. It's pretty surprising how much comfort a pet can provide, and I never thought I'd find such solace in her presence.”This sense of emotional bonding provided them with a source of comfort, supporting them cope with challenging emotions. Similarly, Participant 8 noted, “Rocky really helps me out in ways I never expected. Just having her nearby when I'm feeling stress makes everything seem a bit easier to handle.” However, two participants felt that while their pets offered companionship, the emotional support wasn't as profound. For instance, Participant 3 mentioned, “man is more independent.”She's there, but I wouldn't say she really helps when I'm feeling down. It is a neutral presence. " 2. Self-efficacy The second theme, Self-Efficacy, relates to increased responsibility, adjustment, and creating structured schedules. Many participants discussed how having a pet brought more organization and responsibility into their daily lives, which they perceived as beneficial. Participant 6 shared, “my dog Abru needs a walk in the morning daily, so I need waking up in the morning, this helps me to progress my routines.“ Other participants share the similar experience. Participant 5 says, “when she came home, I needed scheduling all my programs. When I compared it, she was the one who set my time table for my programmes.”For some, however, the other responsibility was a source of stress.  35 Participant 4 says , “I don’t think sheen was regulating my day. I have done my work in my way, and my time schedule was unconnected to this.”These differing responses highlight how responsibility can both enhance and detract from well-being. 3. Cohesion Cohesion, the third theme, focused on how pets contributed to family interaction and happiness. Participants with families frequently noted how their pets became central to bonding moments. Participant 10 shared, “Paki and psybo were like my daughters. I have a child, and she also plays with them. I am happy to see them playing ” , Participant 2 said likewise ,“when I go to my family relatives homes. I can't stay there more than 1 day because my zimba is like my son and he cant sleep without me and me also.”. This contrast shows how pets can either strengthen familial bonds or act as individual companions depending on the context Participant 9 remarked, “ I am a working man, and not connected to liza. My wife bought liza...”For the participants with less integration experiences, pets do not necessarily increase family involvement. 4. Empathy The final theme, Empathy, revolved around participants perceptions of their pets’ emotions and behaviors, as well as how they responded with greater kindness and tolerance. Several participants described how their pets seemed to understand their feelings, which increased their empathy. Participant 7 said, “When I feel sad and I didn't talk to anyone at that time, my kereru comes near to me and follows me wherever I go. She knows I need her,... So she was with me. And that's my gift. And she taught me one thing also,.....when we needed a person being with them it was very….. Heartfulled ’” Others, like Participant 9, expressed how their empathy for their pets had grown over time: “look at her… she is a lazy one huzzy was not coming when we called her.. She likes playing hide and seek and I will go and search for  36 her..sometimes it will be irritating and i will get angry “however, some participants felt that their pets’ behavior sometimes caused frustration. Participant 3 mentioned, "It's very sad when minnu avoids me or pushes stuff over. I try being patient, but it isn't always easy.” These responses illustrate how empathy can foster a deeper connection but additionally require a degree of emotional regulation. The responses from respondents indicated an extensive range of experiences, with the prominent concepts of Attachment, Self-Efficacy, Cohesion, and Empathy developing consistently throughout the interviews. A majority of respondents explained positive impacts on their emotional wellness, emphasizing how their pets contributed to solace, structure, family unity, and an improved sense of empathy. Nonetheless, a few of respondents mentioned difficulties, especially in managing responsibilities or establishing a deeper bond. These insights highlight the complex role that pets hold in individuals' emotional experiences, providing both support and occasional stress based on individual’s situations. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the emotional bond between pet owners and their animals plays a crucial role in enhancing their life routines and mental well being. This study has revealed four key themes — Attachment, Self-Efficacy, Cohesion, and Empathy — that highlight the complex and multifaceted nature of the human-animal bond in pet parenting. The majority of participants reported positive impacts on their emotional wellness, with pets providing comfort, structure, family unity, and increased empathy. However, it's essential to note some individuals experienced challenges, particularly in managing responsibilities or forming deep connections with their pets. These findings underscore the significant potential of pet parenting in promoting mental health, while also acknowledging the benefits can vary based  37 on individual circumstances. As we continue to explore the intersection of pet parenting and mental health, it becomes comprehensible that pets can serve as valuable companions in our journey towards emotional well-being, offering unique forms of support that complement human relationships and therapeutic interventions. Future research in this area could further elucidate the mechanisms through which pet parenting influences mental health, potentially informing interventions and support strategies for individuals seeking to enhance their emotional well-being through pet parenting. INTERVIEWER'S REPORT NO. 1 Interviewer:SLTP Interviewee: RR The interviewer approached the interviewee. After building the report, the interview was carried out. The responses are noted in a blank sheet. The interviewee was very cooperative. The interview had taken about 38 minutes. NO. 2 Interviewer: SLTP Interviewee: JS The interviewer approached the interviewee. After building the report, the interview was carried out. The responses are noted in a blank sheet. The interviewee was very cooperative. The interview had taken about 60 minutes. NO. 3 Interviewer: SLTP Interviewee: JR  38 The interviewer approached the interviewee. After building the report, the interview was carried out. The responses are noted in a blank sheet. The interviewee was very cooperative. The interview had taken about 45 minutes. NO. 4 Interviewer: SLTP Interviewee: KPA Interviewer approached the interviewee. After building the report, the interview was carried out. The responses are noted in a blank sheet. The interviewee was very cooperative. The interview had taken about one Hour and 12minutes. NO. 5 Interviewer: SLTP Interviewee: SN The interviewer approached the interviewee. After building the report,the interview was carried out. The Interviewer approached the interviewee. After building the report, the interview was carried out. The responses are noted in a blank sheet. The interviewee was very cooperative. The interview had taken about 50 minutes. NO. 6 Interviewer: SLTP Interviewee: SK The interviewer approached the interviewee. After building the report,the interview was carried out. The responses are recorded on a mobile phone and noted in a blank sheet. The interviewee was very cooperative. The interview had taken about 48 minutes.  39 NO. 7 Interviewer: SLTP Interviewee: AJK The interviewer approached the interviewee. After building the report, the interview was carried out. The responses are noted in a blank sheet. The interviewee was very cooperative. The interview had taken about 38 minutes. NO. 8 Interviewer: SLTP Interviewee: AH The interviewer approached the interviewee. After building the report, the interview was carried out. The responses are noted in a blank sheet. The interviewee was very cooperative. The interview had taken about 57 minutes. NO. 9 Interviewer: SLTP Interviewee: AK The interviewer approached the interviewee. After building the report, the interview was carried out. The responses are noted in a blank sheet. The interviewee was very cooperative. The interview had taken about 30 minutes. NO. 10 Interviewer: SLTP Interviewee: AK  40 The interviewer approached the interviewee. After building the report, the interview was carried out. The responses are noted in a blank sheet. The interviewee was very cooperative. The interview had taken about 48 minutes. REFERENCE Higgins, C. (2015). Theories of Psychology: Fundamentals, Applications and Future Directions. Nova Science Publishers. Holmes, J. (2014). John Bowlby and attachment theory. Makers of Modern Psychotherapy. How emotional connection can strengthen relationships and how to build it. (2017,). EverydayHealth.com. https://www.everydayhealth.com/emotional- health/how-build- emotional-connection/ M, P. (2024, February 27). Mental health and relationships: Understanding the connection. WellnessHub. https://www.Mywellnesshub.in/blog/mental-health-and-relationships- understanding-the-connection/ Mueller, M., Ng, Z., Griffin, T. C.& Tedeschi, P. (2024). Handbook on animal-assisted therapy.  41 QUESTIONS 1. What kind of pet do you have, Do you have any pets before? 2. Why do you buy this pet? 3. How close are they to you? 4. How do you feel when you spent time with your pet?pet?pet? 5. Do you think your daily activities are changed after pet comes.? 6. How do they communicate with you, how do you understand what they say.? 7. Do you like to travel with your pets, what do you think about that trip.? 8. Do you miss your pets when you go for a long trip, do you done it before.? 9. Do you have any experience that pet can unerstand your feelings, how do you get that. 10. How do they support in your difficult time? Like emotionally. 11. How pets' approaches affect how you're in sad feeling at the moment? 12. What are the changes occurred during the period of before the arrival of pet and after that.? 13. Why that change occurred what do you think.?Like emotional changes life styles 14. Do you have any stressful situation that you’re struggling, and the pet helps you? What do you think about the feelings in you, and that heals by your pet. 15. Are they annoying to you? Have you ever felt like you haven't changed? Are they angry or upset about it? 16. Don't you think they are just like us. What do you do for their mental health? 17. What do you feel when they are not attending your communications? 18. What was your feelings when they leave you, what do you think about how much time take from that?  42 CONTENT ANALYSIS  43 INTRODUCTION Content analysis is potentially one of the most important research techniques in the social sciences. The content analyst views data as representations not of physical events but of texts, images, and expressions that are created to be seen, read, interpreted, and acted on for their meanings, and must therefore be analysed with such uses in mind. Analysing texts in the contexts of their uses distinguishes content analysis from other methods of inquiry. Methods in the natural sciences are not concerned with meanings, contents, intentions, and references. These scientists hardly reflect on their own conceptions of nature, excluding their conceptions from their object of study by dismissing them as subjective in contrast to what can be determined through detached observation and objective measurement. Berelson's original definition of content analysis is an example of the first kind. Berelson (1952 ) defined content analysis as "a research technique for' the objective, systematic and quantitative description of the manifest content of communication. His requirement that content analysis be " objective " and “systematic " is subsumed under the dual requirements of replicability and validity. Purpose of content analysis i. To explain and describe the prevailing practices or conditions ii. To identify concepts, ideas, beliefs, thinking and literary styles of a writer that gives a social representation of that period iii. To locate and explain the possible causal factors related to some outcome or event. iv. To analyse the use of different symbols that tend to represent different institutions, countries or even different points of view. v. To find the relative importance of some topics. vi. To make careful evaluation of bias, prejudice or propaganda in textbooks.  44 Types of Content Analysis Mainly there are two types of content analysis. Conceptual analysis and relational analysis. 1. Conceptual analysis Conceptual analysis determines the existence and frequency of concepts in a text. This analysis involves quantifying and counting its presence. Main of this technique is to examine the frequency of selected terms in data. These terms can be either explicit or implicit. Explicit terms are easy to spot. But identifying implicit terms is a bit difficult. Coding should be done using dictionaries or contextual translation rules. To begin a conceptual content analysis, first determine the research topic and select one or more examples to analyse. Next, the text must be organized into manageable content categories. This is essentially a technique of selective reduction. By dividing the text into categories, the researcher can focus on and code specific terms or patterns that inform the research issue. Decide the level of analysis: word, word sense, phrase, sentence, themes Decide how many concepts to code for: develop a pre-defined or interactive set of categories or concepts. Decide either: A. to allow flexibility to add categories through the coding process, or B. to stick with the pre-defined set of categories. Decide whether to code for existence or frequency of a concept. The decision changes the coding process. Coding principles aim to group word fragments logically, allowing for open classification or separation. The level of implication is crucial, with words indicating or clearly stating the concept. However, certain word segments may not merit separate classifications due to the underlying sense of "dangerous." Develop rules for coding texts after completing steps 1-4 to maintain organization and consistency. Validity of the coding process is ensured by consistency and  45 coherent code, which is equivalent to following translation rules in content analysis. Determine whether to ignore irrelevant information, such as common English words, or reexamine the coding scheme if it could enhance the coding outcome. Researchers can code text manually or use software for efficient coding. Hand coding allows easier identification of errors, while computer coding cleans up all data, especially for implicit information where category preparation is crucial for accurate coding. Analyse results, draw conclusions, and consider coding scheme changes for irrelevant text. Interpret results carefully, identifying general trends and patterns 2. Relational analysis Relational analysis starts with selecting a content and exploring the relationship between contents. There are three subcategories of relational analysis to choose from prior to going on to the general steps. 1. Affect extraction: an emotional evaluation of concepts explicit in a text. A challenge to this method is that emotions can vary across time, populations, and space. However, it could be effective at capturing the emotional and psychological state of the speaker or writer of the text. 2. Proximity analysis: an evaluation of the co-occurrence of explicit concepts in the text. Text is defined as a string of words called a “window” that is scanned for the co- occurrence of concepts. The result is the creation of a “concept matrix”, or a group of interrelated co-occurring concepts that would suggest an overall meaning.  46 3. Cognitive mapping: a visualization technique for either affect extraction or proximity analysis. Cognitive mapping attempts to create a model of the overall meaning of the text such as a graphic map that represents the relationships between concepts. General steps for conducting a relational content analysis: ▪ Determine the type of analysis: Once the sample has been selected, the researcher needs to determine what types of relationships to examine and the level of analysis: word, word sense, phrase, sentence, themes ▪ Reduce the text to categories and code for words or patterns. A researcher can code for existence of meanings or words. ▪ Explore the relationship between concepts: once the words are coded, the text can be analysed for the following: Strength of relationship, Sign of relationship, Direction of relationship. ▪ Code the relationships: a difference between conceptual and relational analysis is that the statements or relationships between concepts are coded ▪ Perform statistical analyses: explore differences or look for relationships among the identified variables during coding ▪ Map out representations: such as decision mapping and mental models Methods of content analysis Out of some ways or methods in content analysis Berelson's method (1954) is the most useful and has been commonly used. It is categorised into specification of the universe, Unit of analysis and Quantification  47 Specification of the universe: Just like the name it includes specifying the universe or U of the content. It is one of the most crucial steps as it defines the scope and boundaries of the content being analysed. It includes content of the universe, sampling units, timeframe, inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria Unit of analysis: Unit analysis refers to the measure in terms of which content analysis can be done. According to Berelson five major units of analysis: - words, themes, items, characters and space and time measures. Words are the smallest unit among all these sometimes letters can also be used. Theme is another one which is expressed in terms of sentence or proposition. Sometimes themes can be complex and yield unsatisfactory results. Items is the third one. It refers to the whole production made by the subject towards a given stimulus. When it comes to character and time -and -space, it's not that relevant for behavioural researchers. Character is used by those who work in the field of literature. The time and space refers to the actual physical measurement of the main content eg: number of books. number of paragraphs, number of pages Quantification: This is the third important aspect in content analysis. It can be executed in three ways: - nominal measurement, ordinal measurement and rating. In nominal scale each object assigned to a specific category is counted. It is usually used when objects are large. Ordinal measurement includes ranking objects according to some fixed criteria. Ranking is another form of quantification in which an object may be rated or analysed on several dimensions. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CONTENT ANALYSIS Advantages 1. Directly examines communication using text. 2. Applicable wide resources  48 3. It can be used to examine the effect of experimental manipulation upon dependent variable 4. Simple and economical 5. Not limited to time and space 6. Allows for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. 7. Provides valuable historical and cultural insights over time. 8. Allows a closeness to data. Disadvantages 1. Time consuming 2. Subjectivity and bias 3. Complexity and time consuming CONCLUSION Content analysis is a research method used to systematically analyse textual, visual, or audio content by categorising and quantifying its components. It aims to identify patterns, themes, or meanings within the content. Even though subjective bias and complexity is a major disadvantage still this method helps to analyse any contents efficiently irrespective of time, space or culture. REFERENCE Krippendroff, k.(2004).Content Analysis An Introduction to Its methodology. Sage Publications Ltd.  49 LOVE AS A HEALING MECHANISM PORTRYED IN INDIAN MOVIES INTRODUCTION Love is a main factor in the Indian movies. There are different ways of love that showed in films that reflects in the person. Love is main factor that influence our mental health. The idea of love as a healing force appears in many Indian films, reflecting a deep cultural belief in the transformational power of love and relationships. In Indian cinema, love often influences physical, emotional, and psychological barriers to offer support and comfort and healing to those suffering from a wide range of disorders. This narrative can be analysed through a range of psychological perspectives by utilizing concepts from health psychology and the biopsychosocial model of health. In psychological perspective. Love is an advanced and comprehensive emotional state that psychology has explored in detail. It includes a variety of experiences, such as friendship and family love as well as romantic love, all of which have different effects on mental health and wellbeing. The psychological foundations of love, its effects on mental health, and its application in therapeutic settings will all be covered in this analysis. Love in Indian films is often shown as a powerful healing element, focusing on how psychological and social aspects play a big role in health and sickness. According to the biopsychosocial model, health is a result of the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors (Engel, 1977). Indian movies often show that love and emotional bonds help people heal. Theories of Love in Psychology Several psychological theories have been proposed to understand the nature of love and its effects on individuals:  50 1. Triangular Theory of Love: Proposed by Robert Sternberg (1986), this theory posits that love is composed of three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. The interaction of these components results in different types of love, such as romantic love (intimacy and passion), companionate love (intimacy and commitment), and consummate love (all three components). 2. Attachment Theory: Developed by John Bowlby (1969) and expanded by Mary Ainsworth, this theory focuses on the bonds formed between individuals and their caregivers in early childhood. Secure attachment styles, characterized by trust and emotional closeness, are associated with healthier relationships and better mental health outcomes in adulthood. 3. Love Styles: John Lee (1973) identified six love styles: eros (romantic, passionate love), Ludus (game-playing love), storge (friendship-based love), pragma (pragmatic, practical love), mania (obsessive, dependent love), and agape (selfless, altruistic love). These styles help explain individual differences in how people experience and express love. Love has profound effects on mental health and well-being. Positive relationships and emotional connections contribute to psychological resilience and overall life satisfaction. 1. Emotional Support and Mental Health: Close relationships provide emotional support, which can buffer against stress and promote psychological well-being. Studies have shown that individuals in loving relationships report higher levels of happiness and lower levels of anxiety and depression 2. Self-Esteem and Identity: Love and acceptance from significant others can enhance self-esteem and a positive self-concept. The validation and affirmation received from loved ones contribute to a stronger sense of identity and self-worth (Murray, Holmes, & Griffin, 2000).  51 3. Coping Mechanisms: Love and social support can improve coping mechanisms in times of adversity. People who have strong, loving relationships are better equipped to handle life's challenges and are less likely to experience negative psychological outcomes Love and neuroscience Indian cinema is one of the many cultural narratives that firmly reflects the idea that love has healing qualities. According to neuroscientists, the feelings and actions connected to love can have a significant impact on both general health and brain function. Love is a complex emotional state that engages several brain regions and involves a variety of neurochemical processes. Key areas of the brain associated with love include the ventral tegmental area (VTA), caudate nucleus, and the putamen. These regions are rich in dopamine receptors, which play a crucial role in the reward circuitry of the brain (Aron et al., 2005) A neurotransmitter called dopamine plays a major role in the reward system of the brain. Love causes the ventral tetraploid area (VTA) to become more active, releasing dopamine and producing positive emotions. This may result in happier moods as well as less pain and stress. Oxytocin, also known as the "love hormone," is released during intimate physical contact, like kissing or hugging, and it is important for attachment and bonding. This hormone helps people feel safe and secure, which can improve immunity and reduce stress. Love and affection can also have an impact on serotonin levels. Increased serotonin levels are linked to happier and more contented feelings. This can support general mental health by reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms. Natural painkillers made by the brain are called endorphins. Good relationships with loved ones can cause endorphins to be released, which lowers pain perception and increases pleasure. The neurochemical changes associated with love have several health benefits, which can be observed through various outcomes:  52 Stress Reduction: The presence of loved ones and positive social interactions can reduce the levels of cortisol, a stress hormone, in the body (Heinrichs et al., 2003). Lower cortisol levels are associated with reduced stress and anxiety, promoting better cardiovascular health and overall well-being. Enhanced Immune Function: The emotional support and physical affection from loved ones can boost immune function. Studies have shown that individuals in loving relationships have stronger immune responses, which helps in fighting off infections and illnesses. Pain Management: The release of endorphins and oxytocin in response to love and affection can lead to effective pain management. This is particularly relevant in chronic pain conditions where emotional support from loved ones can enhance pain tolerance and reduce the perception of pain. Oxytocin and Trust: Research on the effects of oxytocin administration has shown that it can increase trust and cooperation among individuals, highlighting its role in social bonding and mental health. The neuroscientific perspective on love provides valuable insights into how love and affection can influence brain function and overall health. The neurochemical changes associated with love, such as increased dopamine, oxytocin, serotonin, and endorphins, contribute to improved mood, reduced stress, enhanced immune function, and better pain management. These findings underscore the potential of love as a powerful and natural healing force.  53 AIM To study the love heals of persons suffering from diseases depicted in Indian movie METHOD Content ‘North 24 katham’ Malayalam movie released in 15 September 2013 ‘My3’ Tamil series released in September 15, 2023 ‘Ormayundo ee mugham’ Malayalam movie released in 14 November 2014. ‘Teddy’ Tamil movie 12 March 2021 Procedure The researcher selected the movies from the sites that show the characters with psychological disorders that heal by love at the end of the films. The researcher selected 4 movies from the content, then watched it several times. The movies selected for the present analysis are “North 24 katham’, ‘My3’, ‘Ormayundo ee mugham’, ‘Teddy’. The researcher then analysed and diagnosed the scenes that showed the disorder's symptoms, and they were healed by love. RESULT Table 1 :selected films with incidences of portrayal of heal effect of love films Portrayal of healing of love My3 The hero is affected by Dermatographia disorder, affected after a trauma. He was an affair of afflicting others, and he was alone in his home. The only contact was a servant and. When he contacts others, he covers his full body and is afraid to touch others. The emotional traumas, anxiety, chronic  54 stress can affect dermatographia. The entry of heroin as a robot changes such types of emotional traumas, this results in the healing of the allergies. The robot is an original girl that lives with him. After realizing that he had been cheated, the allergic infection increased, and they hospitalized him. After the re-entry of the robot and she talks to him, it results in the recovery of the allergy. At the end of the movie, they are getting engaged and living happily. North 24 katham In this movie, the hero is affected by a high level of OCPD. He also shows emotional outbursts, odd mannerisms and avoidance behaviour. He was not interested in socialize and social friendly with others. He was a very selective personality. The entry of the heroine as a co-traveller on the bus with the hero. She is a social worker, and she talks to him very much. The interaction with the heroin results in the hero's changes of personalities. The movie end with the hero and heroine beginning to look all starry-eyed at him and him at last beating his OCPD. with love for the heroin. Teddy In this movie, the hero, who has eidetic memory or photogenic memory and OCD. The entry of the teddy Bear the heroine she gets hand injury from an  55 accident requires hospitalization and IV medication to put the heroine into artificial coma. Her soul is transferred to a teddy bear after she awakens. The teddy bear's entry results in some personality changes for the hero, and he tries to help the heroine to recover. He makes efforts to save her. He realizes that she is a medic to him. He is happy with her and not overthinking and not worried about his condition. He can live like a normal man with her. At the end of the movie, they are getting married and live happily. Ormayundo ee mugham In this movie the heroine is a sand artist. She was affected by Anterograde Amnesia caused by brain injury. During an accident. She has memory loss that can only allow her to remember anything for just 24 hours. She uses a diary to remember past events. In the entry of Hero, they have a date with each other, he feels a love with her. The next day they meet, but she forgets him, and he tries to remember who he is. And they got a breakup after a few years. She draws his face on the sand in a program. They understand that even though she forgets everything after 24 hours, she will never be able to forget him as she loves him.  56 DISCUSSION The aim of the study was to analysis the love heals those suffering from diseases in Indian movie. Love is an emotion of a strong affection and personal attachment. Love is also said to be a virtue representing all of human kindness, compassion, and affection, the unselfish loyal and benevolent concern for the good of another. Love may describe compassionate and affectionate actions towards other humans, oneself, or animal. Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Love and the Intrapsychic Taxonomy characterized in terms of three elements, which are passion, intimacy and commitment. Love and positive social support increase feelings of happiness and reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. Being loved improves self-worth and feelings of being valued, which in turn aids treatment. Involvement of loved ones in treatment and care can also help strengthen relationships and improve adherence and outcomes. The films taken to analyse the healing power of love are “North 24 katham’, ‘My3’, ‘Ormayundo ee mugham’, ‘Teddy’. These four films are showing the changes or differences occurred in the affected persons by the entry of a love to their life. They realise their own personality or feelings can be controlled or can be changed by others these four films end with the theme of affected one is healed by love and they were live happy life together. These four are shows the romantic relationships but also a relationship of family and friends love can be healing the disorders or symptoms in films, the stranger characters enter to their life and give an unconditional love and they feel an unconditional love with them. The physical hormonal influences in the psychological reactions of love, like the testosterone and oestrogen drive lust dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin create attraction and oxytocin and vasopressin mediate attachment. The releasing of these hormones can initiate the emotional controlling, Oxytocin has a calming effect and can influence your emotions and mental health. The neurotransmitters are helps regulate mood, dopamine is  57 involved in many psychological illnesses. Abnormally functioning dopamine receptors play a role in some and mental health disorders. In the movie My3’ Tamil series released in September 15, 2023, Adhithya the, hero is affected by Dermatographia disorder. His father, Chandrasekhar and his mother, Nandhini died in a car accident and only Adithya survived, so he feels dejected. After this accident he get allergic reaction by the human touch. After that, he was an affair of afflicting others, and he was live alone in his home. The only contact was a servant and the doctor When he contacts others, he covers his full body and is afraid to touch others. The emotional traumas, anxiety, chronic stress during the accident trauma was caused the allergic reaction The entry of heroin, Manimekhala as a robot. MY3 -robot is not works after he buy it so the makers put Manimekhala to the Adhithya. At that time, he is not aware about that it was a human. After interact with the my3. Adhithya loves the robot and decide to marry the robot. Her love heals the allergic reactions and helps to recover from the emotional traumas, after some days he know about that the robot is a human and he realizing that he had been cheated, after that the allergic infection increased, and they hospitalized him. After the re-entry of the robot, the Manimekhala. She talks to him that she was really love him, Adhithya also feels a love in her, this results in the recovery of the allergy. At the end of the movie, they are getting engaged and living happily. In the movie North 24 katham’ Malayalam movie released in 15 September 2013. Harikrishnan is a geeky software architect who suffers from OCPD, His colleagues find it hard to work with him due to his emotional outbursts and odd mannerisms, though the company leadership values him as a core asset to the organization. His colleagues hatch a plan to send him off Trivandrum to demonstrate on a webinar, unfortunately for him, the date of his journey coincides with a strike day Seeing the situation, another passenger Narayani, a social worker, decides to join Gopalan. The plan not only upsets his daily routine and  58 schedule but also disturbs his standard of hygiene. Nani on the other hand is carefree and unlike Hari, goes out of her way to help others. The journey becomes a learning experience for Hari and how he understands and overcomes various trying situations in life. The film ends with Hari and Nani falling in love and him finally overcoming his OCPD. In Teddy’ Tamil movie 12 March 2021 movie, the hero, who has eidetic memory or photogenic memory and OCD. The entry of the teddy Bear the heroine she gets hand injury from an accident requires hospitalization and IV medication to put the heroine into artificial coma. Her soul is transferred to a teddy bear after she awakens. The teddy bear's entry results in some personality changes for the hero, and he tries to help the heroine to recover. He makes efforts to save her. He realizes that she is a medic to him. He is happy with her and not overthinking and not worried about his condition. He can live like a normal man with her. At the end of the movie, they are getting married and live happily. The teddy bear's entry results in some personality changes for the hero, and he tries to help the heroine to recover. He makes efforts to save her. He realizes that she is a medicine to him. Shiva reciprocates his feelings, and they get married and lead a happy life. Srividya, alias Sri, is a college student, who helps a person who had been in an accident and in the process, gets her hand injured. She is sent to a hospital where she is given IV drugs to cause an artificially induced coma Sri awakens and is given the medicine and her soul gets transferred to a teddy bear. In ‘Ormayundo ee mugham’ Malayalam movie released in 14 November 2014 movie the heroine is a sand artist. She was affected by Anterograde Amnesia caused by brain injury. During an accident. She has memory loss that can only allow her to remember anything for just 24 hours. She uses a diary to remember past events. In the entry of Hero, they have a date with each other, he feels a love with her. The next day they meet, but she forgets him, and he tries to remember who he is. And they got a breakup after a few years. She draws his face on  59 the sand in a programme. They understand that even though she forgets everything after 24 hours, she will never be able to forget him as she loves him. CONCLUSION The healing power of love is supported by extensive psychological research and empirical evidence. Love, in its various forms, provides emotional support, enhances mental and physical health, and fosters resilience. Understanding the mechanisms through which love exerts its healing effects can inform therapeutic practices and improve overall well- being. REFERENCE Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment And Loss (2nd ed., Vol. 1). Basic Books. John Lee. (1973). Colours of Love. Toronto New Press. Ormayundo Ee Mukham (2014) - User reviews - IMDb. (2014). IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4305802/reviews Sivan, M. D. (2021, April 20). North 24 Kaatham: Fahadh Faasil’s Performance Redeems a Flawed Plot. Filmcompanion.in. https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers- articles/fahadh-faasil-north-24 kaatham- review-performance-redeems-a-flawed- plot-swathi-reddy Sternberg, R. J. (1988). Triangle Of Love (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. Sundar, A. (2023, September 17). MY3 Series Review: Barely quirky, mostly bland, and a missed opportunity. Cinema Express. https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/Sep/17/my3- series- review- barely-quirky-mostlybland-and-a-missed-opportunity-47722.html Teddy (film). (2021, September 30). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_(film) The Anatomy Of Love. (n.d.). The Anatomy of Love. https://theanatomyoflove.com/  60 TEST CONSTRUCTION  61 PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS INTRODUCTION A psychological test is a standardised procedure to measure quantitatively or qualitatively one or more than one aspects of a trait by means of a sample of verbal or non- verbal behaviour. Most tests have norms or standards by which the result can be used to predict other more important behaviour. Psychological tests are based on a limited sampling of behaviour. The stimuli (also known as items) in a test are organized and arranged in a specific way based on certain principles of test construction The purpose of psychological test is twofold, First, it attempts to compare the same individual on two or more than two aspects of a trait, and second, two or more than two persons may be compared on the same trait. Such measurements can may be either qualitative or quantitative. The definitions of psychological testing according to Kaplan and Saccuzzo (2001), “a psychological test or educational test is a set of items designed to measure characteristics of human beings that pertain to behaviour”. According to Bean (1953) a test is “an organised succession of stimuli designed to measure quantitatively or to evaluate qualitatively some mental process, trait or characteristics.” Characteristics of Psychological Testing Test is an organized succession of items arranged based on some principles of test construction. Both quantitative and qualitative measurement is possible through psychological test.  62 A psychological test is based on a limited sample of behaviour. Psychological tests provide scores or categories and can be interpreted based on standardized sample. Some psychological tests are criterion based and some tests are norm reference tests. There is distinction between test and assessment. Testing primarily consists of administering, scoring and interpreting the test scores. Assessment is a wider term that includes the entire process of compiling and synthesizing the information to make a prediction about the person. Classification of Tests 1. ON THE BASIS OF THE CRITERION OF ADMINISTRATIVE CONDITIONS: Based on administrative condition tests are classified into individual tests and group tests. Individual tests are tests that are administered to only one person at a time. An example for individual test is Kohs block design test. Group tests are tests which can be administered among more than one person in a group at a time. An example for group test is Bell Adjustment Inventory. 2. ON THE BASIS OF CRITERION OF SCORING: Based on the criterion of scoring, tests are classified into objective test and subjective test. Objective tests are those tests whose items are scored by the competent examiners so that subjective judgment or opinions does not exist. Scoring in objective tests remains unambiguous. Subjective tests are those tests whose items are scored by competent examiners in a way that there exists some scope for subjective judgment and opinion. As a consequence, some elements of vagueness and ambiguity remains.  63 3. ON THE BASIS OF CRITERION OF TIME LIMIT IN PRODUCING THE RESPONSE: Based on the criterion of time limit, tests can be classified into speed test and power test. Power test is a test that provides generous time limit so that most examinees can attempt every item. It assesses the knowledge of the examinees. In power test, items are usually arranged in increasing order of difficulty. Intelligence and aptitude tests are power tests. Speed test is those te