Chapter 8 - Living with the Legacies of Historical Globalization PDF

Living with the Legacies of Historical Globalization Chapter 8  To what extent have attempts to respond to the legacies of historical globalization been effective?  Key Terms Genocide Gacaca Courts Apartheid Enemy Aliens Non- Foreign Aid...

Living with the Legacies of Historical Globalization Chapter 8  To what extent have attempts to respond to the legacies of historical globalization been effective?  Key Terms Genocide Gacaca Courts Apartheid Enemy Aliens Non- Foreign Aid Governmental Organizations Gross National Income Case Study Rwanda  Rwanda - Pre-colonization Before the scramble for Africa, the area now known as Rwanda had two dominant Indigenous groups ○ Hutus and Tutsis Hutu population: 85% Tutsi population: 15% Traditionally, Tutsis held positions of power, while Hutus were labourers ○ Although Hutu social status was seen as lower, the two groups coexisted peacefully  Rwanda - Colonization During the scramble for Africa, the territory that makes up Rwanda was colonized by Germany German colonial officials reinforced the traditional hierarchy ○ Tutsis were appointed to key positions ○ Tutsis seen as “more European” and were given higher status  Rwanda - Post-Colonization After WWII, most European colonies in Africa were demanding independence ○ Belgium left Rwanda in 1962 Civil war broke out between Hutus and Tutsis over who would assume political power When Hutus formed a majority government, tension between the groups became deadly ○ This caused many Tutsis to flee Rwanda  Rwanda - Post-Colonization In the late 1980s, the Hutu government became unpopular due to economic problems Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front invaded Rwanda from refugee camps in Uganda ○ In response, the Rwandan government started a campaign against the Tutsis and the Hutus who seemed sympathetic towards Tutsis In 1993, a peace agreement was signed to end the fighting ○ This did not end the hatred between the two groups ○ They agreed to share power with other political groups, including RPF This angered many Hutus  United Nations Response to Rwanda Small number of UN peacekeepers sent to Rwanda when peace agreements were signed The policy of the United Nations was that their role was to interfere with conflicts between countries, not conflicts within countries  Romeo Dallaire Brigadier General in charge of UN peacekeeping unit in Rwanda Repeatedly warned the United Nations of growing tensions in Rwanda ○ Dallaire was tipped off about the future genocide from an informant who was ordered to obtain a list of all Tutsis in Kigali The United Nations ordered the peacekeepers not to interfere and only fire weapons in self defence ○ Peacekeepers were explicitly told not to help civilians as to not appear to be taking sides  The Rwandan Genocide On April 6, 1994, a planes carrying the President of Rwanda was shot down ○ It was unknown who shot down the plane ○ Prime Minister was later murdered, and Hutu extremists took control of the government and military ○ The Rwandan government and Hutu militants blamed the Tutsis In retaliation, many Hutus began a genocide against Tutsis and moderate Hutus Radio broadcasts encouraged Hutu civilians to take revenge against the Tutsis The militias favoured hacking their victims to death with machetes  “ By July 19, 1994, an estimated 800 000 to 1 000 000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed. This is 7 out of every 10 Tutsis  Genocide The deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group with the aim of destroying that nation or group  What other example of genocide can you think of throughout human history? What ended the Rwandan Genocide? By mid July, 1994, RPF forces seized the capital of Rwanda After doing so, they established a new, multiethnic government Around 2 million Hutus fled Rwanda after the genocide out of fear of Tutsis exacting revenge ○ This created a new wave of Rwandan  Aftermath Around 2 million Hutus fled Rwanda into Zaire (D.R.C.) after the genocide out of fear of Tutsis exacting revenge ￫ This created a new wave of Rwandan refugees ￫ Many Hutu leaders and government officials left as well Paul Kagame and the R.P.F. began to fight these rebel groups In 1996, Rwanda, Uganda, and allies invaded Zaire to find Hutu rebel groups and depose the government in the First Congo War The Second Congo War, called the “Great African War” was fought from 1998-2003, and killed over a million people  Post-Genocide One of the biggest issues facing Rwanda after the genocide was finding justice for the victims In 1994, the UN Security Council established the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ○ The purpose of this was to try high ranking government and army officials who took part in the genocide So many men were killed in the genocide that in 2006, 70% of the population was female ○ At this time, 49% of the Rwandan parliament was female - the highest number of female parliamentary in the world  Gacaca Courts By 2006, only 22 judgements had been made by the UN involving 28 people ○ There were more than 130 000 people awaiting trial who participated in the genocide To combat this, traditional Rwandan gacaca courts were set up to try low level officials and regular people who participated in the genocide ○ Gacaca courts mean “justice on the grass” ○ The community, which appoints the judges and is involved with the trials, seek justice and community reconciliation  “ How would Gacaca Courts promote community reconciliation more than Western-style Law Courts? International Support  Rebuilding the Economy During Belgian rule, coffee became the main export of Rwanda ○ ¼ of the land on all farms were ordered to grow coffee ○ After gaining independence, coffee remained a main export During the genocide, many coffee farms were destroyed ○ With international help, many of these farms were rebuilt By 2006, 30% of Rwanda exports was coffee  “ “Until the lions have their own historians, the history of the hunt will always glorify the hunter.” - Chinua Achebe South Africa South Africa - History In 1652, South Africa was colonized by the Dutch, French, Portuguese, and British ○ Every wave of colonization led to more and more of the region being taken from Indigenous peoples Eurocentric views ensured that Indigenous peoples and Indian immigrants were always seen as  Racism as Government Policy In 1926, South Africa became an independent dominion within the British Empire ○ Black South Africans outnumbers white South Africans 10 to 1 Laws were passed to ensure that whites held onto political and economic power ○ An example of this was barring black people from voting After WWII, Indigenous peoples across Africa demanded independence  Apartheid In response, South Africa enacted policies of apartheid ○ Laws that strictly segregated the population All South Africans were classified based on their race ○ White, Asian, Coloured (Mixed race), and Black Different races went to different schools, lived in different regions, and worked at seperate, racially designated jobs  Apartheid Opposition Apartheid laws were heavily contentious Throughout the 1970s/1980s, many groups struggled to end apartheid through non- violent and violent means The government response was to ban protest organizations and lock up their leaders ○ One of these leaders was Nelson Mandela  Soweto Protests On June 16, 1976, between 15 000 to 20 000 black high school students in the South African Township of Soweto demonstrated for better education ○ 664 rands per white student per year ○ 42 rands per black student per year Apartheid laws said: ○ “Natives must be taught at an early age that equality with Europeans is not for them.” Instruction in Black schools was to be switched to Afrikaans from English. Archbishop Desmond Tutu referred to Afrikaans as the "the language of the oppressor."  Soweto Protests The actions of the police were seen around the world, leading to international demand to end apartheid Many credit this protest as the beginning of the end of apartheid in South Africa  Apartheid Boycott The Boycott movement began in London in 1959 from South African Exiles. They advocated for the British public to stop buying South African goods to cut support for the Apartheid regime. The movement grew in the International Community, and South Africa was kicked out of the Commonwealth in 1961. In 1970, they were expelled from the Olympics  Soweto Protests In response to these protests, police officers opened fire on the students ○ Students responded by throwing rocks and glass bottles back at police ○ Students set fire to buildings and vehicles in protest According to the South African government, 168 black students were killed by police that day ○ Soweto people say the number is closer to 350  Truth and Reconciliation In 1986, the South African government started dismantling apartheid laws ○ Over the next 8 years, they worked to slowly introduce fairness and equality In 1994, South Africa held its first election where all South Africans - regardless of race - were allowed to vote ○ Nelson Mandela won the election  Truth and Reconciliation Nelson Mandela established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission ○ Helped to confront their violent past ○ Brings together victims and those accused of crimes ○ Tried to reconcile peoples who had been in deadly conflicts with one another for a long time  Truth and Reconciliation Archbishop Desmond Tutu chosen as the chair of Commision hearings ○ These were court-like sessions where people who wished to speak could have their voice heard ○ Those accused of human rights abuses could plead for amnesty Found that the government, civil servants, and security forces had violated human rights ○ Also found that some African liberation movements, on occasion, violated human rights Organization s and Historical Globalization  Non-Governmental Organization Thousands of NGOs exist around the world with a plethora of goals ○ Environmental issues - Greenpeace ○ Human Rights issues - Human Rights Watch ○ Providing Food and Services - Doctors Without Borders NGOs spread awareness and raise funds/support to achieve their goals They are not in the business of making money, so they often rely on volunteers and charitable donations to run ○ They are sometimes sponsored by corporations and governments  What are some NGOs you can think of? In Groups of 4 - create slide Name of the NGO Image of their organization and linked to the website Mission or Goal of the organization  International Campaign to Ban Landmines The International Campaign to Ban Landmines was an NGO that influenced international policy More than 1400 NGOs in 90 countries banded together around this campaign In response, the Canadian government challenged other countries to sign an international treaty to ban landmines Known as the Ottawa Treaty, 164 countries have signed to date ○ 33 countries have not signed, including: China, Russia, The United States, India, North Korea, and South Korea  Why do you believe these countries would be against banning landmines?  Questioning NGOs Critics claim that some NGOs are sponsored by groups trying to undermine or overthrow governments Critics have argued that local NGOs are harmed when international NGOs come into their country Some argue that NGO focuses are too narrow to accomplish their goals of fixing complex problems What are your thoughts on NGOs? Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank Yunus was an economics professor at the University of Bangladesh ○ He witnessed firsthand the poverty and devastation historical globalization caused in his country and felt compelled to do something With the help of his students, he established the Grameen Bank  Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank The Grameen Bank gave out microloans to people in order to help them start their small businesses ○ The thought was that these people would learn to support themselves The repayment rate was at 99% Of the people that took out loans, 58% have risen above the poverty line This bank won Yunus the Nobel Peace Prize  Global Income Inequality Globalization has led to the drastic increase of the speed, depth, and range of trade ○ This has had large impacts, both positive and negative, around the world The drastic increase in standard of living in Europe and North America is a result of this However, this has also led to the global poverty level being the highest it has ever been  Foreign Aid The U.N. encourages developed countries to provide foreign aid to less developed countries This amount should be tied to the giving country’s Gross Domestic Income ○ The amount of money earned by everyone within a country The U.N. says that 0.7% of a country’s GDI is an appropriate amount to be given as foreign aid ○ Few countries have ever reached this goal ○ The closest Canada came was in 1986, at 0.5% ○ Canada currently sits at around 0.3% Do you believe the foreign aid goal set by the U.N. is realistic? Debate!  What is your analysis? 0.7% is not that much money O.7% is too much money Add a 1 for your vote Add a 1 for your vote 1 In 1990, 36% of the population lived on less than $1.90/day  From 1990 to 2020 1.2 billion people have climbed out of extreme poverty  Why do you think Canada voted against the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples? As of 2020, this number has shrunk to 9.2% The United Nations and Indigenous Peoples The official goal of the United Nations is to keep peace, security, and friendly relations amongst countries ○ This is in an effort to promote human rights, protect the environment, fight poverty and disease, and help refugees What if you are not represented in the United Nations? The United Nations and Indigenous Peoples Until recent history, Indigenous peoples did not have a voice in the United Nations ○ More than 370 million indigenous peoples around the world were not represented ○ This is partially to do with the fact that these peoples lived in countries that were formed during historical globalization In an effort to correct this, the United Nations created Permanent Forum on Indigenous  The Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues The members of this forum consisted of indigenous peoples from around this world This forum fought, and continues to fight, to persuade the United Nations to aid indigenous peoples around the world In 2007, they accomplished a major milestone when they persuaded the U.N. General Assembly to pass the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ○ The vote was 144 in favour, 4 opposed, and the remainder abstained from voting  The countries that voted against the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples included: The United States Australia New Zealand Canada