M.I.L. – Media and Information Literacy PDF

M. I. L. – MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY are using applications and websites, read first the “terms of use”. It’s Subject Teacher: Sir Elias, JR. L. Dichoso wise to take a close look and read all the sections thoroug...

M. I. L. – MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY are using applications and websites, read first the “terms of use”. It’s Subject Teacher: Sir Elias, JR. L. Dichoso wise to take a close look and read all the sections thoroughly. 2. Get permission – When posting videos or pictures of other people on your social media account, do not forget to ask for the owner's Media- Physical objects used to communicate with, or the approval and of the people who appeared in the video or picture. mass communication through physical objects such as radio, TV, computers film, etc. 3. Think before you click – When posting or sharing on social media, Technology- A practical application of knowledge especially think first if the information you are going to post or share is in a particular area. accurate, helpful, informative, nice, and kind to others. Avoid posting or sharing inappropriate, uncomfortable, or rude insights on your Information- Broad terms that cover processed data, account. knowledge, derived from study, experience, instruction, 4. Keep your password safe – Keep an eye on your account; do not let signals, or symbols. others know your password. Update your password often to avoid Literacy- Ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, your account from being hacked or used by a poser. communicate and compute, using printed and written materials 5. Spread positivity – Share positive and uplifting posts to your associated with varying contexts. friends. As much as possible, avoid negativity and hate in your account because what you post on social media becomes a reflection Media Literacy- Ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and of yourself. create media in a variety of forms. (The capacity of an individual to understand the functions of media and determine the relevant use and worth The Evolution of Traditional to New Media of media platforms) The term “media” is described as means of communication for people FOCUS: Understanding how media messages are constructed, their potential impact, and how to critically engage with them. Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s) Technology Literacy- Ability of an individual, either working During pre-industrial age, about 4.5 million years ago, the Independently, or with others, to responsibility, appropriately early hominids discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and effectively use technological tools. (Skill of an individual to and built weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and manipulate technology independently or with the assistance of others in using iron. the technology in an efficient and suitable way.) - They use fabrics or paper and traditional writing materials to FOCUS: Using technology as a tool for learning, communication, and problem-solving. keep information and to send messages to other people. - Used horns to capture attention or call everybody’s attention Information Literacy- Ability to recognize when information if there are important messages that everyone needs to hear. is needed, locate, evaluate, and effectively communicates - Use fire as electricity, Smoke to call everyone’s attention. information in its various formats. (The communication or acquiring of data or facts that relate to the use of media information. This Cave paintings (35,000 BC) involves a careful and thoughtful way of gathering information legally, - These are painted drawing on the wall of a cave walls or ceiling often avoiding such pitfalls as violating intellectual property rights and plagiarism.) depicting animals- started 40,000years ago. FOCUS: Finding reliable sources, assessing the credibility of information, and Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC) using information ethically. - Carved in the rocks or clay tablets. Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC) MIL- Ability to access, analyze, and create media and Dibao in China (2nd Century) Information responsibility effectively and efficiently. (Enable Bamboo inscription- as the main media for documents people to become a responsible user and producer of media and information.) Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century) FOCUS: Navigating the complex media landscape, developing critical thinking skills, and becoming responsible digital citizens. Industrial Age (1700s - 1930s) Question asked to improve Media Literacy: People used the power of steam, develop machine tools, - Who created it? established iron production, and the manufacturing of various - Why did they make it? products (including books through the printing press). - To whom is the message for? - Telegraph (long-distance) by Samuel Morse. It worked by - What technique is used to make the message believable or transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. credible? - Type writer by Cristopher Latham Sholes with the help of Carlos - How did the message make you feel? Glidden and Samuel W. Soule. - Spinning Jenny, used to make fabrics. Netiquette or network etiquette is a set of rules for behaving - Steam engine, used for their transportation. properly online. It is necessary to help minimize mistakes, - Analytical engine by Charles Babbage, used as Calculator. - Phonographs by Thomas Edison, some people can hear their untoward encounters, and unkind experiences online and by favorite band’s songs. understanding and applying some rules. Printing press for mass production (19th century) Here are some tips for the responsible use of media and information. Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640) (WALA SA PPT NI SIR) Typewriter (1800) Telephone (1876) Motion picture photography/projection (1890) 1. Ensure personal information safety – Do not display or give away Commercial motion pictures (1913) your personal information on your social media account. When you FOR THE TAOS OF ABM USE ONLY_J.C. DUGAN  Motion picture with sound (1926) - Provides connection with people across the globe, making it Telegraph easy to transmit information. Punch cards MEDIA CONVERGENCE – Involves the merging of the Electronic Age (1930s - 1980s) different types of media: Print, Broadcast, New. The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the Example of Broadcast and New Media Convergence: transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computer. - Online Videos/Vlogs - Online streaming - Video conferencing - Online messaging Transistor Radio - Blogs - Online books Television (1941) - Online Magazines - New Portals Large electronic computers (1951) Mainframe computers (1960) Media and Information Sources Personal computers (1976) - Native; Local; Original or produced naturally in a particular OHP, LCD projectors region or locality. - Forms of media expression conceptualized, produced, and Information Age (1900s - 2000s) circulated by indigenous peoples worldwide as vehicles for - The internet paved the way for faster communication and the communication, including cultural presentation, cultural and creation of the social network. artistic expression, political self-determination, and cultural - People advanced the use of microelectronics with the sovereignty. invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. EXAMPLES OF INDIGENOUS MEDIA: - Voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We are now 1. Northern Dispatch Weekly (NORDIS) Philippines living in the information age. 2. Zigzag Weekly 3. Northern Philippine Time Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet Explorer (1995) CHARACTERISTICS of INDIGENOUS MEDIA: Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal (1999), Wordpress - The oral tradition of communication (2003) - Scores information in memories Social media: Friendster (2002), Multiply (2003), Facebook - Information exchange in face-to-face (2004) Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007) - Information in contained within the border of the community Video: YouTube (2005) - Knowledge is unique to a given culture and society Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality - Relayed through people media and communication media Video chat: Skype (2003), Google Hangouts (2013) FORMS OF INDIGENOUS MEDIA: Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo (1995) 1. Folk or traditional media Portable computers- laptops (1980), tablets (1993) netbooks 2. Gathering and social organizations (2008), 3. Direct observation Smartphones 4. Records Wearable technology 5. Oral instruction Cloud and Big Data INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE - Knowledge that is unique to a specific culture or society; most often TYPES OF MEDIA it is not written down. INDIGENOUS COMMUNICATION PRINT MEDIA - This type of media paper and ink is reproduced - Transmission of information through local channels or forms. It is a in a printing process that is traditionally mechanical such as books, means by which culture is preserved, handed down, and adapted. newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, and brochures. Print media may include text, graphics, or a combination of both. INDIGENOUS MEDIA AND INFORMATION - Involves the usage of physical medium such as paper and - Original information created by a local group of people. cloth. - Printed and Distributed TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES - Involves reporting, writing, and editing. BROADCAST MEDIA - A type of media that reaches target PRIMARY- record of events or evidence as they are first described or audiences using airwaves as the transmission medium. Examples of happened without any interpretation or commentary. broadcast media are radio and television. NEW MEDIA - A term used to integrate the different technologies -Scholarly Journal Articles (research-based) emerging on one digital platform to organize and distribute content. -Thesis -Dissertation Some examples are podcasts, augmented reality, video games, blogs, -Some Government Reports -Symposium and wikis. -Conference proceedings -Original Artwork - Newest type of Media -Photographs Speeches Letters - Memos - INTERNET is the main gateway in accessing information. FOR THE TAOS OF ABM USE ONLY_J.C. DUGAN -Personal Narratives - Diaries 3. Malinformation: refers to true information that is shared with the - Interviews -Autobiographies intent to harm a person, organization, or entity. It involves the - Correspondence - Poems dissemination of private or sensitive information, such as personal data, confidential documents, or damaging truths, often without SECONDARY- accounts written after the fact with the benefit of context and with the aim of causing harm, embarrassment, or distress hindsight. They are interpretations and evaluation of primary sources. to the subject. - Articles that interpret or review research works - Literary Criticism and Interpretation SKILLS IN DETERMINING THE RELIABILITY OF THE - Reviews of Law and Legislation INFORMATION - Textbooks - Edited works  Check the author. - Books - Histories  Check the date of publication.  Check for citations. - Biographies - Political Analyses  Check the domain or owner of the site or page. - Commentaries  Check the site design and the writing style. TERTIARY- consists of information which is a distillation and SKILLS IN DETERMINING THE ACCURACY OF THE collection of primary and secondary sources. INFORMATION - Encyclopedia (may also be secondary)  Look for facts. - Bibliographies (may also be secondary)  Cross-reference with other sources to check for consistency. - Textbooks (may also be secondary)  Determine the reason for writing and publishing the - Dictionary - Almanac -Directories information. - Guidebooks - Manuals - Handbooks - Indexing - Abstracting Sources 3. HUMAN SOURCES A person who contributes information to a piece of reportage, CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION SOURCES whether or not it is ultimately published or aired in any venue 1. LIBRARY SOURCES – print, the internet, radio (audio podcasts included), video on A library is “a building, room, or organization that has a collection, a news report on television, the web or in a documentary film. especially of books, music, and information that can be accessed by computer for people to read, use, or borrow but not for sale. CATEGORIES OF HUMAN SOURCES: 1. SCHOOL LIBRARY- Serves students from kinder to grade 12. INFORMATION GENERATOR: Who create original ideas, 2. ACADEMIC LIBRARY- Serves colleges and universities. concepts, or data. They might be researchers, artists, writers, or 3. PUBLIC LIBRARY- Serves cities and towns of all types. inventors. 4. SPECIAL LIBRARY- In specialized environments, such as INFORMATION GATHERER: They collect data from various hospitals, corporations, museums, the military, private business, and sources, such as surveys, interviews, or observations. They might be the government. journalists, social scientists, or market researchers. INFORMATION RECORDER: This person documents Skills need to access info: information in a structured format, such as writing reports, taking - The access tool to use notes, or creating database. They might be librarians, secretaries, or - The depth of details required. data entry clerks. INFORMATION PROCESSER: This individual analyzes and 2. INTERNET SOURCES interprets data to extract meaning. They might be statisticians, Is a global computer network providing a variety of analysts, or data scientists. information and communication facilities, consisting of INFORMATION DISSEMINATOR: This person communicates interconnected networks using standardized communication information to others through various channels, such as publications, protocols. presentations, or social media. They might be teachers, public relations specialists, or marketing professionals. CONSIDER FF. IN EVALUATING INFO: TRANSLATOR: Convers information from one language or format 1. RELIABILITY – Information is reliable if it can be verified and evaluated. to another. They might be language translators, technical writers, or 2. ACCURACY- Refers to the closeness of the report to the actual data. data conversion specialists. 3. VALUE- Information is valuable if it aids the user in making or improving CONDENSER: This individual summarizes or simplifies complex decisions. information into a more concise form. They might be editors, 4. AUTHORITY- Sources with an establish expert on the subject matter are considered as having sound authority on the subject. abstractors, or content writers. 5. TIMELINESS- Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary RETRIEVER: This person locates and retrieves information from based on whether it was produced or acquired. various sources, such as libraries, database, or the internet. They might be librarians, researchers, or information specialists. 1. Information: This refers to false or inaccurate information that is TECHNOLOGIST: This individual develops and maintains the spread unintentionally. It can arise from misunderstanding, mistakes, tools and systems used to create, store, and access information. They or misinterpretation of facts. might be computers programmers, network engineers, or systems 2. Disinformation: false information deliberately created and spread analysts. with the intention to deceive and manipulate people. It's often used as INFORMATION PRESERVER: This person ensures that a tool for propaganda, political manipulation, or to advance certain information is preserved for future use through archival or agendas. FOR THE TAOS OF ABM USE ONLY_J.C. DUGAN preservation methods. They might be archivists, curators, or digital 1. Extreme Wide Shot (ELS)- also called extreme wide preservation specialists. shots such as a large crowd scene or a view of scenery MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES as far as the horizon. Language - pertains to the technical and symbolic ingredients 2. Long Shot (LS) / Wide Shot (WS)- a view of a or codes and conventions that media and information situation or setting from a distance. professionals may select and use in an effort to communicate 3. Full Shot (FS)- A view of a figure’s entire body in ideas, information and knowledge. order to show action and/or a constellation group of Media Languages - codes, conventions, formats, symbols and characters narrative structures that indicate the meaning of media 4. Medium Long Shot (MLS) / Medium Wide Shot messages to an audience. (MWS)- - shows a group of people in interaction with Genre- comes from the French word meaning 'type' or 'class‘ each other, example: fight scene with part of their and can be recognized by its common set of distinguishing surroundings in the picture features (codes and conventions). 5. Cowboy Shot- frames the subject from roughly mid- thighs up. “Language may be a source of misunderstanding” 6. Medium Shot (MS)- frames from roughly the waist up – Marshall McLuhan, 1964 and through the torso. REASONS: 7. Medium Close Up (MCU)- shows a subject down to - Language Barriers his/her chest/waist. - Cultural Differences 8. Close Up (CU)- a full screen shot of a subject’s face - Ambiguity showing the finest nuances of expression - Tone and Context 9. Extreme Close Up (ECU)- An extreme close-up is the - Slang and Jargon most you can fill a this is a shot from way up high. It - Non-Verbal communication establishes a large expanse of scenery. frame with your subject. It often shows eyes, mouth and gun triggers. CODES- are systems of signs, which create meaning. In extreme close-up shots, smaller objects get great Semiotics is the study of signs. detail and are the focal point. 10. Establishing Shot- An establishing shot is a shot at the TYPES OF CODES head of a scene that clearly shows us the location of a. SYMBOLIC CODES- show what is beneath the surface of the action what we see (objects, setting, body language, clothing, color, etc.) or iconic symbols that are easily understood. It includes CAMERA SHOT FRAMING the language, dress or actions of characters, or iconic symbols Camera shot framing is the art and science of placing subjects that are easily understood. in your shots. 1. Single Shot- When your shot captures one subject it’s METHODS OF DESCRIBING A WORD known as a single shot. 1. CONNOTATION- refers to the wide array of positive 2. Two Shot- a camera shot with two characters featured and negative associations that most words naturally in the frame. carry with them. 3. Three Shot- features three characters in the frame. 2. DENOTATION- the precise, literal definition of a 4. Over-the-Shoulder Shot (OTS)- shows your subject word that might be found in a dictionary. from behind the shoulder of another character. 5. Over-the-Hip Shot- similar to over-the-shoulder in  SETTING- time and place of the narrative. that the camera is placed with a character's hip in the  MISE EN SCENE- everything within the frame,’ the foreground, and the focus subject in the plane of description of all the objects within a frame of the acceptable focus. media product and how they have been arranged. 6. Insert Shot- any shot that's sole purpose is to focus the  ACTING- Actors portray characters in media products viewer's attention to a specific detail within a scene. and contribute to character development, creating 7. Point-of-View Shot (POV)- a camera shot that shows tension or advancing the narrative the viewer exactly what that character sees. 8. Crowd Shot b. WRITTEN CODES- the formal written language used in a media product. It is a use of language style and textual layout. CAMERA SHOT ANGLE Example: Speech bubbles, Headline, Captions The camera shot angle is used to specify the location where the camera is placed to take a shot. c. TECHNICAL CODES- are ways in which equipment is 1. Eye Level Shot- When your subject is at eye-level used to tell the story This includes sound, camera angles, types they’re in a neutral perspective (not superior or of shots and lighting as well as camera techniques, framing, inferior). depth of field, lighting, exposure and juxtaposition 2. Low Angle Shot- frames the subject from a low camera height looking up at them. CAMERA SHOTS 3. High Angle Shot- the camera points down at the A camera shot is composed of the series of frames that are shot subject. It usually creates a feeling of inferiority, or uninterrupted from the moment the camera starts rolling until it “looking down” on your subject. stops. FOR THE TAOS OF ABM USE ONLY_J.C. DUGAN  4. Hip Level Shot- A hip level shot is when your camera is roughly waist-high. 5. Knee Level Shot- This is when camera height is about as low as your subject’s knees. 6. Ground Level Shot- A ground level shot is when the camera's height is on ground level with the subject. 7. Shoulder-Level Shot- This is when your camera is roughly as high as your subject’s shoulders. 8. Dutch Tilt Shot- The camera is slanted to one side. With the horizon lines tilted in this way, you can create a sense of disorientation 9. Birds-Eye-View Shot / Overhead Shot- An overhead shot (bird’s eye view) is from way up high, looking down on your subject and a good amount of the scenery surrounding him or her. 10. Aerial Shot / Helicopter Shot- Whether taken from a helicopter or drone. CAMERA MOVEMENT Camera movement is a powerful filmmaking tool employed to modify the relationship between the subject and the camera frame, with the goal of altering the viewer's perspective of space and time for a more impactful and visceral visual storytelling. 1. Static / Fixed Shot- When there’s no movement (i.e. locked camera aim) it’s called a static shot. 2. Dolly Shot- when the camera is affixed to a mechanism called a dolly, which is a specialized push- cart built to handle heavy cinema cameras. 3. Zoom Shot- camera shots that change the focal length of the lens during the shot 4. Pan Shot- Camera pans rotates the camera side to side on a horizontal axis. 5. Tilt Shot- A camera tilt is when you move your camera up and down on a vertical axis. 6. Tracking Shot- A tracking shot moves with your subject. Sometimes it follows behind or beside them on a dolly, Steadicam or a gimbal. CONVENTION- refers to a standard or norm that acts as a rule governing behavior generally established and accepted ways of doing something. EXAMPLES OF CONVENTION A. FORM CONVENTION- are the distinct ways that audiences expect codes to be arranged in media. B. STORY CONVENTION- These story conventions are common narrative structures and expectations from the media. C. GENRE CONVENTION- include the common use of tropes, characters, settings or themes in a certain media. MESSAGES - the information sent from a source to a receiver. AUDIENCE - the group of consumers for whom a media message was constructed as well as anyone else who is exposed to the message. PRODUCERS - People engaged in the process of creating and putting together media content to make a finished media product. STAKEHOLDERS - Libraries, archives, museums, internet and other relevant information providers. FOR THE TAOS OF ABM USE ONLY_J.C. DUGAN