MSN 2m PDF - Short Answers on Common Signs & Symptoms & Management

UNIT 2 : COMMON SIGNS & SYMTOMS & MANAGEMENT SHORT ANSWERS 1. Define Edema. List any 2 causes. Edema is swelling that occurs when too much fluid becomes trapped in the tissues of the body, particularly the skin. There are different causes and types of edema. Seve...

UNIT 2 : COMMON SIGNS & SYMTOMS & MANAGEMENT SHORT ANSWERS 1. Define Edema. List any 2 causes. Edema is swelling that occurs when too much fluid becomes trapped in the tissues of the body, particularly the skin. There are different causes and types of edema. Several diseases and conditions may cause edema, including: Congestive heart failure.... Cirrhosis.... Kidney disease.... Kidney damage.... Weakness or damage to veins in your legs.... Inadequate lymphatic system.... Severe, long-term protein deficiency. 2. Enlist types of edema. Types of Edema Pedal edema- affects lower legs, ankles, and feet. Possible causes: pregnancy, being older. Peripheral edema/Lymphedema- affects the arms, legs, and feet.... Pulmonary edema- affects lungs, makes it hard to breathe, especially when lying down.... Cerebral edema- affects the brain. 3. Enlist nursing responsibilities for generalized edema. Movement. Moving and using the muscles in the part of your body affected by edema, especially your legs, may help pump the excess fluid back toward your heart.... Elevation.... Massage.... Compression.... Protection.... Reduce salt intake. 4. Define Shock  Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow. Lack of blood flow means the cells and organs do not get enough oxygen and nutrients to function properly. Many organs can be damaged as a result 5. Enlist types of shock The main types of shock include: Cardiogenic shock (due to heart problems) Hypovolemic shock (caused by too little blood volume) Anaphylactic shock (caused by allergic reaction) 6. Enlist causes of hypovolemic shock The most common cause of hypovolemic shock is blood loss when a major blood vessel bursts or when you're seriously injured. This is called hemorrhagic shock. You can also get it from heavy bleeding related to pregnancy, from burns, or even from severe vomiting and diarrhea 7. Enlist causes of Vomiting foodborne illnesses (food poisoning) indigestion. bacterial or viral infections, like viral gastroenteritis, which is often referred to as a “stomach bug” motion sickness. chemotherapy. migraine headaches. medications, like antibiotics, morphine, or anesthesia. excessive alcohol consumption. 8. Enlist clinical manifestations of Septic shock Early symptoms of sepsis should not be ignored. These include: fever usually higher than 101˚F (38˚C) low body temperature (hypothermia) fast heart rate rapid breathing, or more than 20 breaths per minute Severe sepsis is defined as sepsis with evidence of organ damage that usually affects the kidneys, heart, lungs, or brain. Symptoms of severe sepsis include: noticeably lower amounts of urine acute confusion dizziness severe problems breathing bluish discoloration of the digits or lips (cyanosis) 9. Define Incontinence lack of voluntary control over urination or defecation 10. Define Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia is the medical term that describes a potassium level in your blood that's higher than normal. Potassium is a chemical that is critical to the function of nerve and muscle cells, including those in your heart. Your blood potassium level is normally 3.6 to 5.2 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). 11. Define Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia is a condition in which the calcium level in your blood is above normal. Too much calcium in your blood can weaken your bones, create kidney stones, and interfere with how your heart and brain work. Hypercalcemia is usually a result of overactive parathyroid glands. 12. Enlist causes of Syncope Syncope is a symptom that can be due to several causes, ranging from benign to life- threatening conditions. Many non life-threatening factors, such as overheating, dehydration, heavy sweating, exhaustion or the pooling of blood in the legs due to sudden changes in body position, can trigger syncope. 13. Causes of Cardiogenic shock  Cardiogenic shock can be caused by problems outside the heart, including fluid buildup in the chest causing cardiac tamponade, internal bleeding or blood loss, or pulmonary embolism, a type of venous thromboembolism. Trauma or injury to the chest can damage the heart so that it no longer pumps blood effectively. UNIT 3 : NURSING MANAGEMENT OF OF PATIENT (ADULT INCLUDING ELDERLY) WITH RESPIRATRY PROBLEMS 1. Define Flail chest Flail chest — defined as two or more contiguous rib fractures with two or more breaks per rib — is one of the most serious of these injuries and is often associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. It occurs when a portion of the chest wall is destabilized, usually from severe blunt force trauma 2. Enlist types of Pneumonia Bacterial pneumonia. This type is caused by various bacteria.... Viral pneumonia. This type is caused by various viruses, including the flu (influenza), and is responsible for about one-third of all pneumonia cases.... Mycoplasma pneumonia.... Other pneumonias. 3. List the complications of Cor pulmonale Complications of cor pulmonale include syncope, hypoxia, pedal edema, passive hepatic congestion, and death 4. Define Empyema Empyema is a collection of pus in the space between the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall (pleural space). 5. Explain the Clinical manifestations of Atelectasis Difficulty breathing. Rapid, shallow breathing. Wheezing 6. Complications of Chest injuries  complications following thoracic trauma, respiratory failure, pneumonia, and pleural sepsis are the most common potentially preventable problems. Respiratory failure and pneumonia are directly related to the severity of the injury and the age and condition of the patient. 7. List the indicators of Oxygen Toxicity Central nervous system oxygen toxicity manifests as symptoms such as visual changes (especially tunnel vision), ringing in the ears (tinnitus), nausea, twitching (especially of the face), behavioural changes (irritability, anxiety, confusion), and dizziness. 8. List the complications of Thoracentesis The most common potentially serious complication of thoracentesis is pneumothorax. Some other possible problems include: Re-expansion pulmonary edema (REPE) Damage to the spleen or liver Infection Air embolism Shortness of breath Pain Bleeding 9. Differentiate between Hydrothorax and pneumothorax Hydrothorax pneumothorax Hydrothorax is a type of pleural A pneumothorax refers to air in the effusion in which transudate accumulates pleural space. Like a hemothorax, this in the pleural cavity. may cause difficulty breathing. 10. Pulse oxymetry- purpose Pulse oximetry is a test used to measure the oxygen level (oxygen saturation) of the blood. It is an easy, painless measure of how well oxygen is being sent to parts of your body furthest from your heart, such as the arms and legs.  11. Define Hypoxia deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues. 12. List the types of Suctioning Nasal suction (suctioning in the nose) Oral suction (suctioning the mouth) Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal suction (suctioning the throat) Deep suctioning. 13. List the actions of Deriphyllin Etofylline is a derivative of theophylline. It works by dilating and relaxing the airway muscles. Theophylline decreases swelling in the lungs of asthma patients and helps to relieve the feeling of blockage. 14. List the Types of Pneumothorax Traumatic pneumothorax. This occurs when an injury to the chest (as from a car wreck or gun or knife wound) causes the lung to collapse. Tension pneumothorax. This type can be fatal.... Primary spontaneous pneumothorax. This happens when a small air Pubble on the lung ruptures.... Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. 15. List the sites for Pleural aspiration The conventional site for aspiration is posteriorly, approximately 10 cm lateral to the spine (mid-scapular line) and 1-2 intercostal spaces below the upper level of the fluid. 16. List the indications for Central venous pressure Indications for central venous access via the subclavian approach to the subclavian vein include the following: Volume resuscitation. Emergency venous access. Nutritional support. Administration of caustic medications (eg, vasopressors) CVP monitoring. Transvenous pacing wire introduction. Hemodialysis.  17. Define military tuberculosis Miliary tuberculosis (TB) is the widespread dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis via hematogenous spread. Classic miliary TB is defined as milletlike (mean, 2 mm; range, 1-5 mm) seeding of TB bacilli in the lung, as evidenced on chest radiography. 18. Clinical manifestations of Pharyngitis sneezing. runny nose. headache. cough. fatigue. body aches. chills. fever (a low-grade fever with a cold and higher-grade fever with the flu) 19. Define Rhinorrhoea. Rhinorrhea or rhinorrhoea is the free discharge of a thin nasal mucus fluid. The condition, commonly known as a runny nose, occurs relatively frequently. Rhinorrhea is a common symptom of allergies (hay fever) or certain viral infections, such as the common cold. 20. List the emergency management of Epistaxis The management of acute epistaxis follows a stepwise approach, beginning with firm pressure on the alae, application of topical vasoconstrictors, and anterior packing with some form of gauze or nasal tampon. Basic interventions control the bleeding 80-90% of the time. 21. Define Bronchial Asthma Bronchial asthma is a medical condition which causes the airway path of the lungs to swell and narrow. Due to this swelling, the air path produces excess mucus making it hard to breathe, which results in coughing, short breath, and wheezing. The disease is chronic and interferes with daily working 22. List the causes for Cystic Lung CAUSES OF CYSTIC LUNG DISEASE The majority of adults with cystic lung disease have one of four underlying diseases: lymphangioleiomyomatosis  (LAM), pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH), Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD), or lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP). 23. Explain the actions of Bronchodilators Bronchodilators relieve asthma symptoms by relaxing the muscle bands that tighten around the airways. This action rapidly opens the airways, letting more air come in and out of the lungs. As a result, breathing improves. Bronchodilators also help clear mucus from the lungs 24. Clinical manifestations of Bronchitis Cough. Production of mucus (sputum), which can be clear, white, yellowish-gray or green in color — rarely, it may be streaked with blood. Fatigue. Shortness of breath. Slight fever and chills. 25. Define Bronchogram a radiograph of the bronchial tree after injection of a radiopaque substance. 26. List the causes of Respiratory failure chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) complicated pneumonia. cystic fibrosis. spinal cord injuries. stroke. muscular dystrophy. ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) injury to the chest. 27. Define Farmers lung Farmer's Lung is an allergic disease usually caused by breathing in the dust from moldy hay. However, dust from any moldy crop - straw, corn, silage, grain, or even tobacco - can also cause Farmer's Lung.  UNIT 7 : NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT (ADULTS INCLUDING ELDERLY) WITH DISORDER OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1. List the indications of Cystoscopy Investigate causes of signs and symptoms. Those signs and symptoms can include blood in the urine, incontinence, overactive bladder and painful urination.... Diagnose bladder diseases and conditions.... Treat bladder diseases and conditions.... Diagnose an enlarged prostate. 2. List the complications of cystscopy Complications of cystoscopy can include: Infection. Rarely, cystoscopy can introduce germs into your urinary tract, causing an infection.... Bleeding. Cystoscopy might cause some blood in your urine.... Pain. After the procedure, you might experience abdominal pain and a burning sensation when you urinate. 3. List the surgical techniques to treat Beningn prostatic hyperplasia Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). This is the most common surgery to treat BPH. Your doctor removes portions of the prostate that are affecting your urine flow. There is no cutting and no external scars are seen since a scope is inserted thorough the urethra to remove the excess tissue 4. List the complications of TURP Bladder injury. Bleeding. Blood in the urine after surgery. Electrolyte abnormalities. Infection. Loss of erections. Painful or difficult urination. Retrograde ejaculation (when ejaculate goes into the bladder and not out the penis) 5. enlist the treatment options for male infertility Surgery. For example, a varicocele can often be surgically corrected or an obstructed vas deferens repaired.... Treating infections.... Treatments for sexual intercourse problems.... Hormone treatments and medications.... Assisted reproductive technology (ART). 6. Mention the treatment options for female infertility In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common ART technique. IVF involves stimulating and retrieving multiple mature eggs, fertilizing them with sperm in a dish in a lab, and implanting the embryos in the uterus several days after fertilization 7. Differentiate between Epispadiasis and Hypospadiasis Epispadiasis Hypospadiasis epispadias, the urethra generally opens Hypospadias is a birth defect on the top or side of the penis rather of the urethra where the tube stops short than the tip. of the tip of the penis... 8. Enlist the diagnostic tests for Cystitis Cystoscopy and imaging test 9. Define Gynecomastia Gynecomastia (guy-nuh-koh-MAS-tee-uh) is an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men, caused by an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly. 10. Enlist the symptoms of Orchitis Swelling in one or both testicles. Pain ranging from mild to severe. Fever. Nausea and vomiting. General feeling of unwellness (malaise) 11. Define Cryptorchidism a condition in which one or both of the testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum.  UNIT 9 : NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT (ADULTS INCLUDING ELDERLY) WITH DISORDER OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 1) define Urticaria. Urticaria occurs when the body reacts to an allergen and releases histamine and other chemicals from under the surface of the skin. 2) Enlist causes of urticaria Urticaria occurs when the body reacts to an allergen and releases histamine and other chemicals from under the surface of the skin. The histamine and chemicals cause inflammation and fluid to accumulate under the skin, causing wheals. 3) Enlist drugs used to treat urticaria Treatment Loratadine (Claritin) Fexofenadine (Allegra) Cetirizine (Zyrtec) Desloratadine (Clarinex) 4) define Eczema a medical condition in which patches of skin become rough and inflamed with blisters which cause itching and bleeding. 5) enlist clinical manifestations of eczema The main symptom of eczema is itchy, dry, rough, flakey, inflamed, and irritated skin. It can flare up, subside, and then flare up again. Eczema can occur anywhere but usually affects the arms, inner elbows, backs of the knees, or head (particularly the cheeks and the scalp). 6) enlist the medications to treat eczema Best medications for eczema Drug Name Drug Class OTC/Rx Hydrocortisone Corticosteroid OTC Protopic (tacrolimus) Calcineurin inhibitor Rx Elidel (pimecrolimus) Calcineurin inhibitor Rx 7) define Skin graft Skin grafting is a surgical procedure that involves removing skin from one area of the body and moving it, or transplanting it, to a different area of the body. This surgery may be done if a part of your body has lost its protective covering of skin due to burns, injury, or illness. 8) Enlist types of skin graft There are two basic types of skin grafts: split-thickness and full-thickness grafts. 9) Define Pediculosis Pediculosis is an infestation of the hairy parts of the body or clothing with the eggs, larvae or adults of lice. The crawling stages of this insect feed on human blood, which can result in severe itching. Head lice are usually located on the scalp, crab lice in the pubic area and body lice along seams of clothing. 10) Enlist complications of pediculosis Lice and its nits can settle on the eye lashes and cause continuous itching and repeated inflammation of the eye. Lack of proper sleep due to regular scratching of head every time one tries to sleep. Lymph nodes around the head and neck might get enlarged due to severe infestation with lice and/or secondary bacterial infection. Poor performance in school or office due to lack of concentration as there is continuous scratching. 11) Enlist medications used in pediculosis. Permethrin 1% It was introduced for the first time in the year 1986 as a scheduled topical agent.... Malathion 0.5%... Lindane 1%... Permethrin 5% (Permite)...  Crotamiton 10%... Oral ivermectin.... Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim.... Benzyl alcohol 5% 12) Enlist types of skin lesions Blisters. Small blisters are also called vesicles.... Macule. Examples of macules are freckles and flat moles.... Nodule. This is a solid, raised skin lesion.... Papule. A papule is a raised lesion, and most papules develop with many other papules.... Pustule.... Rash.... Wheals. 13) Define acne vulgaris. Acne vulgaris is a common chronic skin disease involving blockage and/or inflammation of pilosebaceous units (hair follicles and their accompanying sebaceous gland). Acne can present as noninflammatory lesions, inflammatory lesions, or a mixture of both, affecting mostly the face but also the back and chest. 14) Define malignant melanoma Malignant melanoma (see the image below) is a neoplasm of melanocytes or a neoplasm of the cells that develop from melanocytes. Although it was once considered uncommon, the annual incidence has increased dramatically over the past few decades. Surgery is the definitive treatment for early-stage melanoma, with medical management generally reserved for adjuvant treatment of high locally advanced melanoma and metastatic disease. 15) Enlist infectious dermatoses Impetigo.... Serratia marcescens infection.... Leprosy.... Chicken pox.... Herpes zoster.... Herpes simplex.... Hand-foot-mouth disease.... Tinea pedis.  16) Enlist non- infectious dermatoses non-infectious skin conditions, including dermatitis, acne, drug rashes, poison ivy/poison oak, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. UNIT 12 : NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT (ADULTS INCLUDING ELDERLY) WITH COMMUNICABLE DISEASE 1. Enlist National and International agencies to control AIDS The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)... Australian AID (AusAID)... British AID (DFID)... US Government Assistance (USG)... German AID (GTZ)... Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) 2. Define Hansens disease Hansen's disease (also known as leprosy) is an infection caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae. These bacteria grow very slowly and it may take up to 20 years to develop signs of the infection. The disease can affect the nerves, skin, eyes, and lining of the nose (nasal mucosa) 3. List four symptoms of tetanus Jaw cramping. Sudden, involuntary muscle tightening (muscle spasms) – often in the stomach. Painful muscle stiffness all over the body. Trouble swallowing. Jerking or staring (seizures) Headache. Fever and sweating. Changes in blood pressure and fast heart rate. 4. Define Paroitis Parotitis is swelling in one or both parotid glands. These are two large salivary glands that are between each ear and jaw 5. Enlist the diagnostic tests of hepatitis  Blood tests. Blood tests can detect signs of the hepatitis B virus in your body and tell your doctor whether it's acute or chronic.... Liver ultrasound. A special ultrasound called transient elastography can show the amount of liver damage. Liver biopsy. 6. Enlist the diagnostic of Meningitis lumbar puncture. This test is also called a spinal tap. It allows your doctor to look for increased pressure in the central nervous system. It can also find inflammation or bacteria in the spinal fluid. Blood cultures identify bacteria in the blood. Bacteria can travel from the blood to the brain. N. meningitidis and S. pneumonia, among others, can cause both sepsis and meningitis. A complete blood count with differential is a general index of health. It checks the number of red and white blood cells in your blood. White blood cells fight infection. The count is usually elevated in meningitis. Chest X-rays can reveal the presence of pneumonia, tuberculosis, or fungal infections. Meningitis can occur after pneumonia. A CT scan of the head may show problems like a brain abscess or sinusitis. Bacteria can spread from the sinuses to the meninges. 7. Define Kernigs sign Kernig described a positive sign as the inability to extend the knees more than 135 degrees. In severe cases, patients were unable to extend the knees past 90 degrees. The maneuver was performed with the patient seated in the upright position with the hips flexed 90 degrees to the trunk 8. List the features of Koplicks spots Koplik's spots: Little spots inside the mouth that are highly characteristic of the early phase of measles (rubeola). The spots look like a tiny grains of white sand, each surrounded by a red ring. They are found especially on the inside of the cheek (the buccal mucosa) opposite the 1st and 2nd upper molars.  UNIT 13 : PERI-OPERATIVE NURSING 1. Enlist Indications for Spinal Anesthesia Indications for spinal anesthesia include lower abdominal, perineal, and LE surgery. Technically one could use it for upper abdominal surgery however because these procedures impact breathing so profoundly, general anesthesia is generally preferred. 2. Enlist the stages of general anaesthesia Stages of Anesthesia Plane I - from onset of automatic respiration to cessation of eyeball movements.... Plane II - from cessation of eyeball movements to beginning of paralysis of intercostal muscles.... Plane III - from beginning to completion of intercostal muscle paralysis. 3. Differentiate between medical and Surgical Asepsis medical asepsis surgical asepsis Medical or surgical or sterile asepsis includes clean asepsis reduces the number of procedures to eliminate micro- organisms and prevents their spread; organisms from an area and is practiced by surgical technologists and nurses. 4. Enlist the types of suture materials Suture types include: Chromic. Nylon. glycolide/lactide polymer. polypropylene. poliglecaprone. silk. 5. Enlist Anesthetic Drugs Barbiturates. Amobarbital (trade name: Amytal) Methohexital (trade name: Brevital) Thiamylal (trade name: Surital)...  Benzodiazepines. Diazepam. Lorazepam. Midazolam. Etomidate. Ketamine. Propofol. 6. Enlist the types of surgical drains DRAIN TYPES Passive Drains. Passive drains are made of latex, polypropylene, or silastic rubber.... Active Drains. Active drains are closed systems that collect fluid into a reservoir.... Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy.... Infection.... Vascular Damage.... Spread of Neoplastic Cells.... Dehiscence.... Blockage. 7. Enlist the needs of informed consent The informed consent process makes sure that your health care provider has given you information about your condition along with testing and treatment options before you decide what to do.