NUR 235 Exam 3 Guide Fall 2024 PDF

# NUR 235 Fall 2024 Exam 3 Review ## Exam 3 will cover textbook chapters 9, 19, 7, 18, and 20. (Textbook: Applied Pathophysiology, Nath, Fourth edition.) ### Chapter 9: Altered Acid-Base Balance * Physiologic pH: be able to identify acidosis and alkalosis by serum (blood) pH level * Why must we...

# NUR 235 Fall 2024 Exam 3 Review ## Exam 3 will cover textbook chapters 9, 19, 7, 18, and 20. (Textbook: Applied Pathophysiology, Nath, Fourth edition.) ### Chapter 9: Altered Acid-Base Balance * Physiologic pH: be able to identify acidosis and alkalosis by serum (blood) pH level * Why must we maintain the physiologic pH? What happens to cells and tissues when the pH goes out of range? * What are the 3 buffer systems that our bodies use to keep the pH in check? How do they work? * Model: metabolic acidosis ### Chapter 19: Degenerative Changes in Aging * What is expected in aging vs. pathophysiological changes * Manifestations of aging (concept map, figure 19.2 in textbook) and examples of each category. * Models: osteoporosis, Alzheimer disease ### Chapter 7: Altered Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation * Proliferation vs. differentiation (flashback to Ch 2!) * What is cancer? What is a neoplasm? What are characteristics of neoplastic cells? * Carcinogenesis – what is it and how does it happen? * Genetic mutations – how do they happen? What processes in the body are meant to protect against and repair mutations? * What are friendly environments for cancer formation (polymorphisms, epigenetic changes)? Why? * Carcinogens – what are they and why/how do they cause problems? * Basics of initiation-promotion-progression theory * Characteristics of cancer cells/neoplasms: autonomy, anaplasia, changes in cell-to-cell communication, changes in energy needs, changes in cohesion and mobility, angiogenesis. * Benign vs. malignant * Ways that cancer cells spread * Basics of naming and classifying cancers (are bigger numbers better or worse prognosis?) * General vs. localized manifestations of cancer * Diagnosing cancer * Cancer treatments * Models: lung cancer, brain cancer, colon cancer, leukemias, lymphomas ### Chapter 18: Altered Elimination * Urine production AND removal process: what is the function of the nephron? Glomerulus? What are the kidneys supposed to reabsorb and excrete? How does the urine get from the kidneys to the outside of the body? * Urine characteristics and analysis – including what an abnormal finding means. * Be able to identify cases of alterations in urinary motility, neuromuscular function, perfusion, and patency. * Manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of alterations in urinary elimination. * Stool production AND removal process: what is the function of the colon? How does stool travel through the gastrointestinal tract to the outside of the body? * Stool characteristics and analysis – including what an abnormal finding means * Be able to identify cases of alterations in bowel motility, neuromuscular function, perfusion, and patency. * Manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of alterations in stool elimination. * Models: urolithiasis, urinary incontinence, polycystic kidney disease, diverticular disease (diverticulosis and diverticulitis) ### Chapter 20: Integrated Pathophysiologic Concepts (Glucose Regulation and Diabetes) * Glucose, energy, insulin, and the pancreas – how does it all work? Know how our body is supposed to process sugar and what happens when this system fails. * Diabetes Mellitus * Type 1, Type 2, and gestational * What are the causes? * What are the acute symptoms? Do they all have acute symptoms? * How are they diagnosed? * What are some common treatments? (Including non-pharmacological approaches) * Compare all 3 types of diabetes – how is the pathophysiology different? How are signs and symptoms different? Do we diagnose and treat the same way? What can be long-term effects of each form - same or different? * Complications of diabetes (long-term effects of hyperglycemia) * Microvascular * Macrovascular * Hypoglycemia – why is low blood sugar dangerous? * Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) * Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNK) * Somogyi effects and dawn phenomenon ## List of all Exam 3 diagnoses (clinical models): * Metabolic acidosis * Osteoporosis * Alzheimer disease * Lung cancer * Brain cancer * Colon cancer * Leukemia (acute and chronic) * Lymphomas * Urolithiasis * Urinary incontinence * Polycystic kidney disease * Diverticular disease * Diabetes (type 1, type 2, gestational) ## General studying advice: * How should you study? Use a variety of sources: the textbook, your notes from pre-lecture preparation and class discussion, your pre-lecture study guides. If you like videos, use the resources posted on Brightspace. There are some videos embedded in the powerpoints that I find helpful. Use other videos you have found helpful. If writing helps you, make a concept map. * Brain-based techniques for learning: https://medicine.Ilu.edu/academics/resources/brain-based-techniques-retention-information * What content should you focus on? For most chapters, remember we learned about how the body is supposed to work first. This should be a review of anatomy and physiology - you should know the expected functions of the body. We also learned what happens when the body functions are altered – aka pathophysiology. What happens when things go wrong? * Remember what we stressed in class. Use your notes from pre-lecture reading or class. * **DO NOT RELY SOLELY ON POWERPOINTS.** We added a lot of information to those in class. If you must use powerpoints to study, please supplement the slides with your readings and class discussions. ## Main topics and some advice on how to approach a test question: 1. Make sure you are familiar with the foundational concepts that we studied - how cells respond to stress, process of inflammation, how we repair our tissues, the immune response, and how the body gets infected and responds to infection. The book can get very complicated and technical but don't get bogged down in the granular details. Think about how we discussed the basic concepts in class. 2. Use your notes from class, the textbook, and your pre-lecture study guides to help you organize your review. 3. At the end of each chapter, we used **real diagnoses as examples of each concept** we studied. Remember, in class I gave you the pathophysiology of each diagnosis and then we talked through the **signs and symptoms, tests, and treatment**. We could do this ourselves because we already learned the core concepts! Remember how we did that and use that knowledge to answer questions about the diagnoses.