Anatomical Terminology PDF

Principles of Human Structure AN1004, AN1005, AN1075, AN2003, Dr Siobhain O’ Mahony  Learning Objectives Identify the levels of increasing complexity in the human body, from chemical to organismal. Characterise the four basic types of tissues in the body. D...

Principles of Human Structure AN1004, AN1005, AN1075, AN2003, Dr Siobhain O’ Mahony  Learning Objectives Identify the levels of increasing complexity in the human body, from chemical to organismal. Characterise the four basic types of tissues in the body. Describe the body in anatomical position, and explain why it is important as a visual reference. Define standardized terms of direction, regional terms, and planes of the body.  Subdivisions of Anatomy Anatomy is the study of form and structure – Gross (macroscopic) anatomy – the study of form and function of an organism which can be done without the aid of a microscope – Microscopic (histology) – the study of tissues – Systemic – throughout the entire system of the organism – Regional – only specific to a localized area – Pathological – the study of diseased cells/tissues/etc – Topographical – surface references to locate deeper lying structures – Physiological– the study of function of an organism  Structural Organisation of Matter 1. Chemical Level a. Atoms (Proton, Neutron, electrons) b. Molecules (Two or more atoms joined together). 4 biologically important organic molecules in the human body: Proteins Complex Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Lipids  Structural Organisation of Matter 2. Cells (Smallest structural and functional units of the human body) 3. Tissues (group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function) 4. Organs (composed of two or more tissues work together to provide specific functions and they usually have specific shapes)  Structural Organization of Matter 5. Organ systems (consist of one or more organs that provide a common function) e.g. a. Integumentary system b. Skeletal system c. Muscular system d. Nervous system  The Four Tissues of the Human Body Connective tissue Epithelial tissue – Protection and support – Protection and secretion – Surface cover – Few cells, lots of extracellular matrix – Cavity and duct lining – Glands – Loose connective tissue Fibres spaced in ground substance Adipose, Areolar, Reticular Muscle tissue – Skeletal (striated) muscle – Dense connective tissue – Smooth muscle Fibres tightly packed in ground substance – Cardiac muscle Irregular, Regular, Elastic Nervous tissue – Cartilage – Neurones and supportive cells Collagen and elastic fibres in ground substance Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage – Bone Collagen fibres in ground substance Compact, Spongy – Blood  The eleven systems of the human body Integumentary: skin, hair, nails Skeletal: bones, joints Muscular: skeletal muscles Nervous: brain, spinal cord, nerves Endocrine: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, ovaries, testes Cardiovascular: heart, blood vessels, blood Lymphoid: lymphocytes, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, tonsils, spleen, thymus Respiratory: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Digestive: mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder Urinary: kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra Reproductive: ovaries, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, penis, prostate Fig. 1.5 Martini  Anatomical Position The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references When in the anatomical position, the subject stands – standing upright – facing the observer, head level – eyes facing forward – feet flat on the floor – arms at the sides – palms turned forward (ventral) Fig. 1.3 Marieb  Regional terms – names of specific body areas  Axial region – the main axis of the body  Appendicular region – the limbs Directional terminology  Refers to the body in anatomical position  Standardized terms of directions are paired terms Anatomical terminology Cephalic Cranial Facial Cervical Dorsal Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic Sacral Lumbar Plantar Palmar Brachial Trunk, Head, Neck, Upper limb, Lower limb Fig. 1.2 Tortora  Reclining Position If the body is lying face down, it is in the prone position. If the body is lying face up, it is in the supine position. Planes dividing the body Body cavities Fig. 1.6 Tortora Abdominopelvic quadrants and region Fig. 1.9 Martini Abdominopelvic quadrants and region Abdominopelvic quadrants and region  Body Movements Flexion Movement that decreases Neck: Tilting head anteriorly the angle between 2 bones Trunk: Bending anteriorly Shoulder/Hip: Stretching arm/leg anteriorly Elbow/Knee: Closing elbow/knee Fingers: Forming fist Lateral flexion Special type of flexion where the vertebral column bends laterally Extension Movement that increases the Opposite movement angle between 2 bones Hyperextension Extension beyond the normal range of movement Abduction Movement away from the Shoulder/Hip: Arm / leg moved laterally, median plane / midline away from the body Wrist: In the anatomical position, the hand moves away from the body Fingers/Toes: Spreading the digits away from the middle one Adduction Movement towards the Opposite movement median plane / midline  Body Movements Medial rotation Turning of a bone along First 2 vertebrae its longitudinal axis Trunk toward the median plane Shoulder Hip Lateral Turning of a bone along Opposite movement rotation its longitudinal axis away from the median plane Supination Lateral rotation of the Forearm forearm causing the palm of the hand to face anteriorly Pronation Medial rotation of the Opposite movement forearm causing the palm of the hand to face posteriorly  Body Movements Circumduction Rotation of a limb or finger Fingers, Wrist, Shoulder, Hip around its medial axis creating a circular motion. It involves Flexion, Abduction, Extension and Adduction in succession. Plantar flexion Downward movement of the Ankle: standing on your toes foot at the ankle joint Dorsiflexion Upward movement of the Ankle: Bringing the top of your foot at the ankle joint foot close to your shin Inversion Turning the sole of the foot Foot inwards Eversion Turning the sole of the foot Foot inwards  Body Movements Elevation Lifting a body part Shoulder girdle superiorly Jaw Depression Moving an elevated Opposite movement body part inferiorly Protraction Movement of a body Clavicles part anteriorly in the Jaw transverse plane Retraction Movement of a body Opposite movement part posteriorly in the transverse plane http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YcN APzDxDg&feature=topics  Movements of the thumb A) Neutral Hand Position B) Extension C) Flexion D) Abduction E) Opposition