Anatomy & Physiology Lab Material Ch 1 PDF

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy & physiology = structure & function gross - tissues, organs, systems cellular & molecular Levels of biological organization Systems ∗ integumentary ∗ skeletal ∗ muscular * nervous endocrine cardiovascular lymphatic & immune r...

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy & physiology = structure & function gross - tissues, organs, systems cellular & molecular Levels of biological organization Systems ∗ integumentary ∗ skeletal ∗ muscular * nervous endocrine cardiovascular lymphatic & immune respiratory digestive urinary reproductive Homeostasis negative & positive feedback Anatomical terminology anatomical position planes & sections direction & position regions body cavities & membranes National Library of Medicine/Peter Arnold, Inc. Figure 1.2 Robert Hooke – 1665 (1635 - 1703) Figure 1.1 Figure 1.5 Figure 1.7 HOMEOSTASIS – Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment NEGATIVE FEEDBACK – most important mechanism for homeostasis Figure 1.8 HOMEOSTASIS – Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment NEGATIVE FEEDBACK – most important mechanism for homeostasis Figure 1.9 POSITIVE FEEDBACK – relatively rare Fig. A.1 – 6th edition Anatomical terminology anatomical position prone – face down supine – face up Fig. A.2 – 6th edition pronation – turn palm down  Figure A.1 Anatomical terminology planes & sections direction & position regions body cavities & membranes Anatomical terminology planes & sections direction & position regions body cavities & membranes PLANES & SECTIONS 1. FRONTAL, aka, CORONAL plane → ANTERIOR (front) and POSTERIOR (back) 2. SAGITTAL plane → LEFT and RIGHT (Midline = Midsagittal) 3. TRANSVERSE, aka, CROSS-SECTION plane → SUPERIOR (upper) and INFERIOR (lower)  Figure A.2 Anatomical terminology planes & sections direction & position regions body cavities & membranes (a) Sagittal section Fig. B.14 Anatomical terminology planes & sections direction & position regions body cavities & membranes (a) Sagittal (median) section Fig. B.2 Anatomical terminology planes & sections direction & position regions body cavities & membranes (a) Sagittal (median) section Fig. A.2, b Anatomical terminology planes & sections direction & position regions body cavities & membranes (b) Frontal, aka, Coronal section Fig. B.10 Anatomical terminology planes & sections direction & position regions body cavities & membranes Internal jugular v. Subclavian v. Nerves Lungs Ribs Heart Diaphragm (b) Frontal, aka, Coronal section Fig. B.12 Anatomical terminology planes & sections direction & position Lung regions body cavities & membranes Diaphragm Transverse colon Gallbladder Small intestine Mesenteric arteries and veins Mesentery Descending colon Cecum Sigmoid colon (b) Frontal, aka, Coronal section Fig. A.2, c Anatomical terminology planes & sections direction & position regions body cavities & membranes (c) Transverse, aka, Cross-section Fig. B.13 Anatomical terminology planes & sections direction & position regions body cavities & membranes Duodenum Anterior Subcutaneous fat Stomach Rectus Large abdominis m. intestine Superior mesenteric artery and vein Pancreas Inferior vena cava Kidney Liver Peritoneal cavity Perirenal fat of Peritoneum kidney Aorta Erector Vertebra spinae m. Posterior Spinal cord (c) Transverse, aka, Cross-section  DIRECTIONS & POSITION Anatomical terminology planes & sections Anterior, aka, Ventral direction & position front or toward the front of the body regions Posterior, aka, Dorsal body cavities & membranes back or toward the back of the body Superior, aka, Rostral (also, Cephalic, Cranial) above or towards the head Inferior, aka, Caudal below or towards the tail Medial near midline or toward the median plane (midline) Lateral near side or away from the median plane (midline) Proximal closer to point of attachment / origin / midline Distal farther from point of attachment / origin / midline Superficial closer to body surface Deep farther from body surface Table A.1 Anatomical terminology planes & sections direction & position regions body cavities & membranes Fig. A.3 Anatomical terminology planes & sections direction & position regions body cavities & membranes Figure A.4 superior superior Quadrants Regions lateral medial lateral medial lateral Subcostal line appendix Intertubercular line Midclavicular line inferior inferior Fig. A.4, 8th edition subcostal line is superior to epigastric region is superior to (1) lumbar / umbilical regions Anatomical terminology (1) umbilical / hypogastric regions subcostal line is inferior to planes & sections epigastric region is medial to (1) hypochondriac / epigastric regions direction & position (1) hypochondriac region intertubercular line is inferior to regions hypochondriac region is lateral to (1) epigastric / umbilical regions body cavities & membranes (1) epigastric region intertubercular line is superior to (1) inguinal / hypogastric regions superior Regions lateral medial lateral Hypochondriac region Liver Epigastric Gallbladder region 10th rib Subcostal line Lumbar region Umbilical Large region intestine Small Intertubercular line intestine Hypogastric Urinary Inguinal region region bladder Midclavicular line Urethra (c) (d) inferior  subcostal line is superior to epigastric region is superior to (1) lumbar / umbilical regions Anatomical terminology (1) umbilical / hypogastric regions subcostal line is inferior to planes & sections epigastric region is medial to (1) hypochondriac / epigastric regions direction & position (1) hypochondriac region intertubercular line is inferior to regions hypochondriac region is lateral to (1) epigastric / umbilical regions body cavities & membranes (1) epigastric region intertubercular line is superior to (1) inguinal / hypogastric regions Fig. A.5, a Anatomical terminology planes & sections direction & position regions body cavities & membranes Cranial cavity Dorsal body cavity = cranial cavity + vertebral canal Vertebral canal (central nervous system = brain + spinal cord) Thoracic cavity Ventral body cavity = thoracic cavity (heart + lungs) Diaphragm + abdominopelvic cavity (viscera) abdominopelvic cavity (viscera) = abdominal cavity + pelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity (a) Left lateral view Fig. A.5, b Anatomical terminology planes & sections direction & position regions body cavities & membranes Thoracic cavity: Pleural cavity Mediastinum Pericardial cavity Diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity (b) Anterior view Fig. A.6, a Serous membranes Anatomical terminology pericardium = parietal pericardium + visceral pericardium planes & sections direction & position + pericardial cavity + pericardial fluid regions body cavities & membranes Thoracic cavity: Parietal pericardium Pericardial cavity Visceral pericardium Heart Diaphragm (a) Pericardium Fig. A.6, b Serous membranes Anatomical terminology pleura = parietal pleura + visceral pleura planes & sections direction & position + pleural cavity + pleural fluid regions body cavities & membranes Thoracic cavity: Parietal pleura Pleural cavity Visceral pleura Lung Diaphragm (b) Pleurae Fig. A.8 Serous membranes Anatomical terminology peritoneum = parietal peritoneum + visceral peritoneum planes & sections direction & position + peritoneal cavity regions body cavities & membranes Abdominopelvic cavity: Viscera Fig. A.7 Serous membranes Anatomical terminology peritoneum = parietal peritoneum + visceral peritoneum planes & sections direction & position + peritoneal cavity regions body cavities & membranes Abdominopelvic cavity: Table A.2 Fig. 1.11 Fig. A.9 Fig. A.9 INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy & physiology = structure & function gross - tissues, organs, systems cellular & molecular Levels of biological organization Systems ∗ integumentary ∗ skeletal ∗ muscular * nervous endocrine cardiovascular lymphatic & immune respiratory digestive urinary reproductive Homeostasis negative & positive feedback Anatomical terminology anatomical position planes & sections direction & position regions body cavities & membranes