119 Questions
What is perception?
A complex cognitive process that yields a unique picture of the world
What does cognition involve?
Knowing an item of information
What are the sources of information involved in the cognitive process?
Physical, social, cultural, environmental, and internal factors
What are external stimuli?
Factors like weather, light, sound, smell, and sight
What is the role of stimuli in perception?
Enabling or disabling factor to act or not to act within an individual
What factors contribute to determining social identity according to the text?
Demographics, social status, income, race, and organization
What does perceptual context in a group setting refer to?
The structure and culture of a group
What is the term for building a defense against stimuli that are personally or culturally unacceptable or threatening?
Perceptual defense
What affects interpretation in organizational behavior according to the text?
Characteristics of the perceiver and the situation
What is the term for the information selected from the external environment through stimuli, organized and interpreted by cognitive processes, turning into perception?
Perceptual output
What is the halo effect?
Biased perceptions based on a single trait, affecting objectivity
What is selective perception?
Focusing on certain aspects of the environment due to defense mechanisms and beliefs
What is attribution focused on when explaining behavior?
Internal or external causes for behavior
What does Kelly's model suggest influences casual attributions?
Consistency cues, consensus cues, and distinctiveness cues
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Underestimating external causes and overestimating internal causes on behavior
What does the perceptual process involve?
Receiving, selecting, and organizing sensory stimuli
What are the factors affecting perceptual selectivity?
Intensity, size, contrast, repetition, motion, novelty, and familiarity
What influences perceptual set?
Professional experience, knowledge, and emotional state
What principle is involved in organizing inputs in perceptual organization?
Figure-Ground principle
What are the factors of perceptual grouping?
Similarity, closure, continuity, and proximity principles
What is the Golem effect in organizational behavior?
Managers' negative expectations leading to low performance
Which perceptual error can lead to inaccurate perceptions and biases in decision-making?
Recency effect
What is a key strategy for accurate perception in organizational settings?
Self-awareness
What is the purpose of impression management used by employees?
Regulate how they are perceived
How is learning defined in organizational behavior?
A change in knowledge or observable behavior resulting from practice or experience
A minimum and desirable level of stress is known as
Mild Stress
Sandra is experiencing a lot of stress at work due to lot of paperwork and tight deadlines. The stress has consequences on her psychology. Which of following changes may be noticed in her ? i. Loss in personal appearance ii. Poor concentration iii. Apathy"
all
Rahil wants to adopt time management technique in order to manage stress at work. He is doing the following things to manage his time. Observe him and correct the step which is not right
More time is allocated to routine work
Sonia is trying to change her food habits in order to control her high blood pressure which is caused due to stress. Which of the following should she consume in order to relieve stress ?
Green tea
The management of Avon Investments is trying to implement methods to give mild stress to the employees to improve effectiveness. They can use all the following methods except _______
No delegation of authority
Which of the following organizational strategy is not useful in preventing stress for the employees > (Stress Mgmt)
Tall structures
Which of the following Organizational processes is not a cause of organizational stress
Upward communication
Measures should be taken by an individual to shift personality from type A to B to reduce stress
True
Which type of transaction allows both parties to think rationally and make strategic decisions ?
Adult - Adult
Arun is area sales manager at Phera Nutrition in Punjab. He is trying for getting promoted to the Regional sales manager. However opening for this position is in the South India region and he will have to relocate to Chennai. What type of conflict is he facing ?
Approach – Avoidance conflict
Mr. Kapoor is 60 year old manager who holds traditional view about conflicts whereas Rohan is a 30 year old manager who holds modern view about conflicts. Rohan disagrees with all the points of Mr.Kapoor regarding conflicts except ________
They are inevitable
There is a conflict between people within a group in a company regarding process to be used to achieve the goal. They are thinking of how to resolve the conflict. They finally use a third party arbitrator to resolve the issue and come up with a solution. What type of strategy is this ?
Lose-lose strategy
Shikha is the manager of her department and has formed two groups for a project. There are some conflicts among the group regarding use of resources. She has listed down few strategies to resolve the conflict. As her superior guide her as to where is she wrong ?
Restrict communication between groups to avoid conflict
Sameer is a software programmer in an IT company. He has worked for 2 years and wants to get promoted to the supervisor level. For this he has to clear the technical and management test of the company. He appeared for it and failed. He is frustrated and a uses fixation as a defense mechanism. Which of the following does he do ?
He takes the test gain and again till he passes
Mixed stroking damages interpersonal relations
True
What is the modern view of conflicts?
Conflicts enhance individual and organizational competitive ability
What type of conflicts are concerned with the formation, structure, and process of group tasks and performance?
Process conflicts
What do relationship conflicts mainly relate to?
Interpersonal relations and are mostly dysfunctional
What do functional conflicts enhance within a group?
Group thinking and skill sharing
Which strategy involves allowing conflict to surface and discussing and resolving the issues?
Containment
What is the primary aim of the win-win strategy for conflict resolution?
To work out a solution that satisfies both parties
Which of the following is a potential cause of inter-group conflicts?
Resistance to communication
What is the focus of the lose-lose strategy for conflict resolution?
To ensure both individuals lose
In the context of conflict resolution, what does the Johari window model emphasize?
Self-disclosure and feedback
What is the primary purpose of complementary transactions in transactional analysis for conflict resolution?
To establish effective communication
Which strategy involves aiming at solving the problem rather than beating the other party in a conflict?
Win-win strategy
What is the primary goal of team building as a conflict resolution strategy?
To encourage people to focus on organizational goals
What type of conflict arises when a goal has both positive and negative features?
Approach-avoidance conflict
Which ego state in transactional analysis is characterized by rational, logical, and problem-solving behavior?
Adult (A) ego
In the Johari Window, what does 'blind self' refer to?
Not knowing about oneself but known by others
What type of transaction between ego states can affect the dynamics of interpersonal interactions and conflicts?
Ulterior
What is the primary source of intra-personal conflict arising from conflicting expectations and inadequately defined roles?
Role conflict
What is the term for recognizing the presence of others, which can be positive, negative, sarcastic, or mixed?
Stroking
Which type of conflict occurs when a motivated drive is blocked before reaching a desired goal?
Frustration
What does 'open self' in the Johari Window refer to?
Knowing about oneself and others
Which type of conflict arises due to competing needs and roles?
Role conflict
What are the three ego states in transactional analysis?
Child (C) ego, Adult (A) ego, Parent (P) ego
What is the term for the concept based on open self, hidden self, blind self, and undiscovered self, affecting interpersonal conflict based on self-awareness and knowledge of others?
Johari Window
What type of conflict arises when a goal has both positive and negative features, leading to a struggle in decision-making?
Approach-avoidance conflict
What is the primary difference between a group and a team?
Groups are formed based on voluntary participation, while teams are selected based on skill requirement for a specific purpose
What is the impact of synergy in team activity?
It results in higher performance
What is the main focus of teamwork in a team?
Achieving a common purpose with collective accountability
How do team members contribute to tasks in comparison to individuals in a group?
Team members contribute collectively like a single individual performing the task
What is a critical success factor for virtual teams?
State-of-the-art IT
Which is a characteristic of empowered teams?
Encourage creativity
What is a condition for effective team empowerment?
Encourage employees to take risks
What is a characteristic of virtual teams?
Dependency on IT
What differentiates virtual teams from normal teams?
Virtual teams are dependent on IT
What is a characteristic of empowered teams' vision formulation?
Formulate a vision
What is a characteristic of virtual teams' organizational boundaries?
Loose organizational boundaries
What is a characteristic of effective team empowerment?
Encourage employees to take risks
Which of the following is not an essential condition for team building?
Diverse skill sets
Which factor does not contribute to increasing team cohesiveness?
High turnover rate
What is the primary goal of team building interventions?
Improving task accomplishment and relations between team members
Which is not a type of team as described in the text?
Collaborative teams
What do team norms encompass?
Appearance, social, and performance norms
What is the focus of employee empowerment?
Enabling lower-level employees to make decisions
What is the primary purpose of job enrichment?
Providing decision-making authority and responsibility
What are the ingredients of team building as explained in the text?
Complementary skills, fostering team member relationships, addressing high-priority problems
What does conformity involve in the context of team behavior?
Aligning behavior with team norms
What is the role of team leader as described in the text?
Guiding and directing the team's activities
What is the purpose of team building goals as outlined in the text?
Directing member skills and behavior towards business goals
What are team building strategies focused on as per the text?
Selecting members with diverse skills
Mr. Sharma, manager of Yeti Foods, made a work team for aimproving production for his company. He covered all the following aspects for making his team work successfully except ________
He delineated the activity into individual roles
Soha is member of a team formed for the marketing campaign. She makes a cohesive plan, understands interrelation of tasks, and maintains networks. What role is she playing in the team ?
Coordinator
A high performance team has been set up by the management of Ace Ventures. Which of the following is true about this team ?
Dependency on physical meeting
Which of the following is not true about Team Building Strategies ?
Members have same skill set
________________ is the degree to which team members confirm to team norms and are attracted to each other
Team cohesiveness
Self-managed work teams have been by UC Financial. Which of the following is not a benefit of self-managed work teams ?
Increase in management levels
A group of employees had been formed by the manager. The group was highly cohesive for the initial period. However after some time there was decrease in cohesiveness. Which of the factor would be responsible for decrease in group cohesiveness ?
Group members have no common threats
Ajay acts as a challenger in the team. Which of the following statement is not correct about his role as a challenger?
He handles confidential information
Which type of teams are used for assembly lines ?
Loose teams
What type of communication flows from lower to higher level in organizational hierarchy?
Upward communication
What type of groups are preferred by modern organizations for their ability to bring variety of information useful for organizational strategies and creativity demanding tasks?
Diversified groups
Which type of communication network follows the authority chain and is limited to task-related communication?
Formal network
What type of groups perform certain activities more efficiently such as decision making?
Small groups
What is a characteristic of effective groups as per the text?
Decisions based on agreement and not majority voting
What is the primary reason for the development of groups in organizations according to the text?
Organizational goals cannot be achieved by individuals, it requires group efforts
What is one of the factors for the development of groups as mentioned in the text?
Groups provide the benefit of synergy
What is a characteristic of effective groups' purpose formulation as per the text?
Purpose should be formulated, understood and accepted by members
What are the stages of group formation as outlined in Tuckman's Five Stage Model?
Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning
What is the primary difference between formal groups and informal groups?
Formal groups are officially formed and relatively permanent, while informal groups are formed based on social needs and psychological factors
What is the primary reason for the formation of informal groups?
Social relations, recognition for achievement, and release of frustration
What do group norms represent?
Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that vary from group to group
What is the primary role of someone occupying a given position in a social unit?
Expected behavior patterns attributed to that position
What does group cohesiveness influence?
Productivity and member retention
What is an important factor that affects group dynamics and decision-making?
Social loafing
What are the disadvantages of group decisions?
Conflict between individual and organizational goals, social loafing, and inequity in contributions
What are the types of informal groups?
Natural, family, organized, apathetic, erratic, strategic, and conservative
What factors affect formal groups?
Organizational structure, job design, performance appraisal, and organizational culture
What is the primary focus of group decisions?
Enhancing organizational productivity and efficiency through collaborative effort and balanced decisions with less risk
What is the primary purpose of group cohesiveness?
Influencing productivity and member retention
As a human resources information system with integrated process gates implemented, firms often need to ___ the organization.
Restructure
Being Ethical at the work place is initiative taken by the organization, can be supported by which of the following ways;
Dedicated to Hours to work ethically
Study Notes
Perception and Learning in Organizational Behavior
- The Golem effect occurs when managers have negative expectations of subordinates, leading to low performance due to lack of support and confidence.
- Perceptual errors such as the recency effect and projection bias can lead to inaccurate perceptions and biases in decision-making.
- Strategies for accurate perception include self-awareness, empathy, positive attitude, and open communication.
- Avoiding attributions, seeking complete information, and controlling internal factors are key to perceiving accurately.
- Perception in organizational settings directly impacts employee performance, customer service, product quality, financial performance, and corporate image.
- Performance appraisal evaluates employee behavior and accomplishments based on results rather than efforts.
- Biases in performance appraisal include the halo effect, central tendency error, leniency, strictness, personal prejudice, and recency effect.
- Impression management is used by employees to regulate how they are perceived, aiming for higher ratings and career advancement.
- Impression management strategies include enhancing positive outcomes, hiding weaknesses, and associating with positive individuals.
- Job interviewees use techniques like self-presentation, self-promotion, personal stories, opinion conformity, and flattery to manage impressions.
- Organizations create a positive corporate image through annual reports, advertising, and employer branding to attract and retain talent.
- Learning in organizational behavior is defined as a change in knowledge or observable behavior resulting from practice or experience.
Intra-Personal and Interpersonal Conflict: Analysis and Types
- Intra-personal conflict arises due to competing needs and roles, frustration, goal conflict, and role conflict.
- Frustration occurs when a motivated drive is blocked before reaching a desired goal, leading to defense mechanisms like aggression and withdrawal.
- Goal conflict occurs when a goal has both positive and negative features, leading to approach-approach, approach-avoidance, or avoidance-avoidance conflicts.
- Role conflict arises from conflicting expectations and inadequately defined roles, especially for managers who have to play multiple roles.
- Interpersonal or intra-group conflicts are analyzed through transactional analysis, focusing on ego states, transactions, and stroking.
- Ego states in transactional analysis include Child (C) ego, Adult (A) ego, and Parent (P) ego, each with distinct characteristics.
- Transactions between ego states can be complementary, crossed, or ulterior, affecting the dynamics of interpersonal interactions and conflicts.
- Stroking, or recognizing the presence of others, can be positive, negative, sarcastic, or mixed, influencing interpersonal relationships and conflicts.
- The Johari Window is based on the concept of open self, hidden self, blind self, and undiscovered self, affecting interpersonal conflict based on self-awareness and knowledge of others.
- Open self refers to knowing about oneself and others, leading to openness and compatibility, reducing interpersonal conflict.
- Hidden self refers to knowing about oneself but not about others, potentially leading to interpersonal conflict due to lack of understanding.
- Overall, intra-personal and interpersonal conflicts stem from a variety of sources, including frustration, competing goals, conflicting roles, and complex dynamics of human personality and interactions.
Types of Teams and Team Building Strategies
- The text describes various types of teams including work teams, high performance teams, improvement teams, and executive teams, each with specific purposes and characteristics.
- Team building strategies involve selecting members with diverse skills, promoting cross-functional and cross-cultural communication, and developing strong bonds with other formal and informal teams.
- Team building interventions include diagnosing barriers to effective team performance, improving task accomplishment and relations between team members, and understanding and managing group process and culture.
- Essential conditions for team building include clear roles for every member, collective responsibility, and a unified team voice.
- Ingredients of team building include complementary skills, fostering team member relationships, addressing high-priority problems, and developing realistic action plans.
- Team building goals involve directing member skills and behavior towards business goals, enhancing creativity and morale, improving synergy for higher productivity, and developing problem-solving skills.
- The text explains various team roles such as team leader, challenger, implementer, external contact, coordinator, idea generator, inspector, contributor, collaborator, and communicator, each with specific activities and responsibilities.
- Team norms are standards of behavior expected from team members, and they vary from team to team, encompassing appearance, social, and performance norms.
- Conformity involves employees aligning their behavior with the norms of the team.
- Team cohesiveness increases with factors such as spending more time together, small team size, close interaction, agreement on common goals, competition with other teams, homogeneity among members, interdependent efforts, and performance success or failure.
- Employee empowerment refers to enabling lower-level employees to make decisions required for carrying out their duties and implementing them, leading to better customer service and organizational restructuring.
- Job enrichment provides employees with decision-making authority, responsibility, and accountability, fulfilling esteem needs through self-management.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Group Decisions
- Group decisions enhance organizational productivity and efficiency through collaborative effort and balanced decisions with less risk
- Disadvantages of group decisions include conflict between individual and organizational goals, social loafing, and inequity in contributions
- Types of groups include formal, informal, command, task, interest, friendship, primary, and coalitions
- Tuckman's Five Stage Model outlines the stages of group formation as forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning
- Formal groups are officially formed and relatively permanent, while informal groups are formed based on social needs and psychological factors
- Factors affecting formal groups include organizational structure, job design, performance appraisal, and organizational culture
- Reasons for the formation of informal groups include social relations, recognition for achievement, and release of frustration
- Types of informal groups include natural, family, organized, apathetic, erratic, strategic, and conservative
- Group norms are acceptable standards of behavior within a group and vary from group to group
- Roles within a group are expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit
- Group cohesiveness is the degree to which group members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group, influencing productivity
- Social loafing, loss of individuality, and group leadership are important factors that affect group dynamics and decision-making
Test your knowledge of perception, learning, and behavioral dynamics in organizational settings with this quiz. Explore topics such as the Golem effect, perceptual errors, strategies for accurate perception, biases in performance appraisal, impression management, and corporate image creation. Perfect for individuals seeking to understand the impact of perception and learning in organizational behavior.
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