Pancreas Pt 2 Quiz

Questions and Answers

Why does the body experience osmotic diuresis in diabetes mellitus?

To excrete excess glucose via urine

What is the result of the body excreting lots of water with the urine during osmotic diuresis?

Very dilute urine

In diabetes mellitus, why does the body increase thirst (polydipsia)?

To replenish water lost through urine

What role does hepatic gluconeogenesis play in diabetes mellitus?

Provide energy from other sources within the body Signup and view all the answers

How does weight loss occur in diabetes mellitus?

Body takes energy from stored sources due to rapid glucose excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of increased lipolysis in diabetes mellitus?

Hyperlipidemia due to high FFA and glycerol in the blood stream Signup and view all the answers

Why does the enzyme HSL become strongly activated in diabetes mellitus?

Due to increased lipolysis Signup and view all the answers

"Polyurea" refers to:

Increased urine due to excreting excess glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucagon?

To increase blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stimulus for glucagon secretion?

Low blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of glucagon in the body?

5-7 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the pancreas are responsible for producing glucagon?

Alpha cells Signup and view all the answers

In the glucagon secretion process, what causes the closure of ATP-sensitive potassium channels?

The stimulation of low ATP levels Signup and view all the answers

Which glucose transporter is involved in the initial step of glucagon secretion?

GLUT-1 Signup and view all the answers

In glucagon secretion, what happens right after the closure of the ATP-sensitive potassium channels?

Depolarization causes the opening of voltage gated calcium channels Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between insulin and glucagon secretion?

Insulin secretion is stimulated by high ATP levels, while glucagon secretion is stimulated by low ATP levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a chronic complication of diabetes caused by hyperglycemia?

Neuropathy Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the pancreas produce somatostatin?

Delta cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of somatostatin on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

Decreases motility and secretory activity Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone secreted by the pancreas is stimulated by vagal stimulation, protein ingestion, or GI hormones?

Pancreatic polypeptide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of pancreatic polypeptide on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

Decreases gastric emptying and gut motility Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone secreted by the pancreas has a greater inhibitory effect on glucagon than insulin?

Somatostatin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is known to cause neuropathy in cats and dogs?

Diabetes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the pathogenicity (cause) of diabetes neuropathy?

The pathogenicity is not well understood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason patients with type 1 diabetes are dependent on insulin?

To increase their chance of survival Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which weight loss occurs in type 1 diabetes?

Inability of glucose to enter and be utilized by skeletal muscle and fat cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a common risk factor for type 1 diabetes?

Anorexia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which glycosuria (presence of glucose in the urine) occurs in type 1 diabetes?

Excretion of glucose due to exceeding the renal tubular threshold Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a common symptom of the "PPP" triad in type 1 diabetes?

Polycythemia Signup and view all the answers

Why does the body experience a state of constant hunger (polyphagia) in type 1 diabetes?

Inability of glucose to enter the satiety center in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the effects of glucotoxicity and amyloidosis on beta cell function?

Glucotoxicity causes reversible damage, while amyloidosis causes irreversible damage to beta cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of amylin in the development of diabetes?

Amylin is secreted by beta cells along with insulin, and its aggregation can lead to amyloidosis and beta cell dysfunction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which glucotoxicity impacts insulin secretion?

Glucotoxicity results in progressive impairment of insulin secretion due to chronic exposure to high glucose levels. Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is the relationship between obesity and the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 in cats?

Obesity increases the risk of developing diabetes by 3.9 times compared to non-obese cats. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus type 2?

Islet amyloidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of amylin?

To increase satiety and reduce gastric emptying, thereby regulating appetite and food intake. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 1 is true?

It is most common in dogs, occurring in 95% of cases. Signup and view all the answers

Cataracts are the most common long-term complication of diabetes mellitus, occurring mainly in dogs. What is the fist step in cataract development due to diabetes?

Aldose Reductase will reduce the glucose in the eye lens and will produce alcohols: sorbitol and galactitol. Signup and view all the answers

After alcohol production within cataract formation, what occurs next?

Alcohol's osmotic relationship with water will result in water influx into the lens. This results in the swelling and rupture of the eye lens, which is what causes opacity within the eye. Signup and view all the answers

Counterregulatory hormones are hormones that counter the actions of insulin to prevent hypoglycemia. Choose the correct statement in regards to insulin's counterregulatory hormones.

Epinephrine/norepinephrine and glucagon are used in acute response, while cortisol and GH (growth hormone) are used in chronic response. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1

Characterized by permanent hypoinsulinemia, with an absolute deficiency of insulin
No increase in endogenous insulin after stimulation
Insulin-dependent to prevent ketoacidosis, maintain glycemia, and increase chance of survival
Most common in dogs (95% of cases)
Risk factors: auto-immune disorders, genetics, obesity, pancreatitis

Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus

Lack of insulin leads to increased blood glucose levels
GLUT-4 transporters are compromised, affecting insulin-sensitive tissues
Weight loss occurs due to glucose not being transported into skeletal muscle or fat cells
Energy is being used in these locations but can't be replenished, causing weight loss symptoms
Triggers polyphagia, as the body is constantly in a state of hunger

Hyperglycemic State

Results in the "PPP" symptoms of polyurea, polydipsia, and polyphagia
Step 1: Insulin deficiency is present
Step 2: Hyperglycemia (increased blood glucose levels) occurs due to insulin deficiency
Step 3: Glycosuria takes place due to exceeding renal tubular threshold

Diabetes Neuropathy

One of the most common chronic complications, where hyperglycemia causes nerve injury in the Schwann cells and axons of myelinated fibers
Can also cause microvascular abnormalities
Pathogenicity is not well understood, but this condition can occur in dogs and cats

Pancreatic Somatostatin and Pancreatic Polypeptide

Somatostatin: decreases motility and secretory activity in the GI tract, inhibits secretion of all endocrine cell types in the Islets of Langerhans
Pancreatic Polypeptide: decreases gastric emptying, decreases gut motility, inhibits gallbladder contraction, and inhibits pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion
Most common in cats (80% of cases)
Risk factors: islet amyloidosis, obesity (metabolic syndrome)

Islet Amyloidosis

Amylin (Islet amyloid polypeptide- AKA: IAPP): a polypeptide secreted by beta cells with insulin secretion
Amylin works by increasing satiety, reducing gastric emptying, and reducing glucagon production
Amyloidosis: the deposition of amyloid within the pancreatic islets, causing irreversible damage to beta cells

Glucotoxicity

Reversible damage to beta cells caused by chronic high glucose levels
Most commonly found in pre-diabetics

Pathway of Symptom Development

Step 4: Osmotic diuresis and polyurea occur due to the body attempting to excrete excess glucose via urine
Step 5: The body tries to compensate by increasing thirst (polydipsia) to replenish lost water

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Description

Learn about the production, function, and synthesis of glucagon, an important hormone produced by the pancreas. Understand its antagonistic relationship with insulin and the stimuli that trigger its release. Explore the clearance half-life and species-specific threshold levels.