79 Questions
What is the first step in the physiological actions of glucagon?
Binding to liver cell membrane receptor
Which enzyme is activated by cAMP in the presence of glucagon?
PKA
What is the primary energy source for cells when glucose levels are below 60 mg/dL?
Fatty acids
Which process occurs when there is reduced glucose intake in the body?
Gluconeogenesis
What effect do glucagon and epinephrine have on blood glucose levels?
Increase blood glucose levels
Which hormones have antagonistic effects to insulin to prevent hypoglycemia?
Cortisol and GH
What triggers the synthesis and secretion of glucagon?
Low glucose levels
What is the half-life of endogenous glucagon?
5-7 minutes
Which pancreatic cell type produces somatostatin?
Delta cells
What is the main function of pancreatic somatostatin?
Inhibits glucagon release
How does low glucose concentration affect ATP levels in cells?
Decreases ATP levels
What is the main function of Glucagon in response to hypoglycemia?
Stimulate lipolysis of stored fat
Which type of diabetes is characterized by impaired insulin action in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue, along with beta cell failure?
Type 2 Diabetes
What is the main cause of diabetes in cats?
Obesity
In diabetic patients, what process leads to the formation of excess phospholipids and cholesterol in the liver?
Lipolysis
Which hormone is produced and secreted by beta cells along with insulin secretion, increases satiety, and reduces glucagon production?
Amylin
What causes the toxic deposition within pancreatic islets known as amyloidosis in diabetic patients?
Beta cell dysfunction
What is a characteristic feature of Glucagons effect on the GI tract?
Increases gut motility
What stimulus inhibits the secretion of glucagon?
Somatostatin
What is the primary stimulus for the synthesis and secretion of glucagon?
Decreased glucose concentration in the blood plasma
Which type of ion influx is the primary trigger for the exocytosis of glucagon?
Calcium (Ca2+)
What is the main function of pancreatic somatostatin?
Inhibition of insulin and glucagon secretion
What is the net effect on glucose metabolism as a result of glucagon action?
Increased gluconeogenesis
Which cell type in the pancreas produces polypeptide in addition to somatostatin?
Delta cells
Which process results in the conversion of hepatic glycogen to glucose by glucagon?
Glycogenolysis
Which hormone, released in response to low glucose levels, promotes the conversion of proteins and fats into glucose?
Growth Hormone
What is the main function of cortisol in response to hypoglycemia?
Inducing gluconeogenesis
Which process results from glucagon and epinephrine release in response to excess glucose in the blood?
Lipogenesis
What effect does glucagon have on the availability of glucose in the body?
Increases glucose availability to other organs
What is the most common long-term complication in diabetic dogs induced by the accumulation of sorbitol and galactitol?
Cataracts
What process is expected in a diabetic patient due to an increase in blood lipids?
Hyperlipidemia
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of insulin deficiency in diabetic dogs?
Catabolism of protein
What effect does insulin deficiency have on glucose transport for muscle and adipose tissue?
Compromised transport
Which substance is released in large amounts due to the hydrolysis of stored triglycerides when there is insulin deficiency?
Ketone bodies
What is the main effect of glucagon on the GI tract?
Increases motility and secretion
What is the main function of amylin, or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP), produced by beta cells?
Increases satiety
What happens to the lens fibers in diabetic patients due to the accumulation of alcohols like sorbitol and galactitol?
Swelling and rupture
What leads to nerve injury in diabetic patients mainly affecting Schwan cells and myelinated fibers?
Hyperglycemia
What is the primary trigger for the synthesis and secretion of glucagon?
Increased glucose concentration in the blood plasma
What is the primary impact of low glucose levels on ATP levels within cells?
Low intracellular ATP levels
Which hormone is responsible for promoting the conversion of stored proteins and fats into glucose in response to low glucose levels?
Glucagon
What is the net effect on glucose metabolism due to glucagon action?
Increased hepatic glucose production
Which ion influx is the primary trigger for the exocytosis of glucagon?
Calcium (Ca2+)
What is a characteristic feature of glucagon's effect on target tissues?
Activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels
Which hormone has antagonistic effects to insulin to prevent hypoglycemia?
Glucagon
What is the primary energy source for cells when glucose levels are below 60 mg/dL?
Fatty Acids
What is the primary function of cortisol in response to hypoglycemia?
Stimulate Gluconeogenesis
Which process occurs when there is reduced glucose intake in the body?
Fatty Acids Utilization
What leads to nerve injury in diabetic patients mainly affecting Schwan cells and myelinated fibers?
Hyperglycemia
What is the main effect of glucagon on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?
Inhibition of Digestive Enzymes
What is the most common long-term complication in diabetic dogs?
Neuropathy
What is the primary effect of glucagon on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?
Inhibition of pancreatic digestive enzymes secretion
What is the main cause of diabetes in cats?
Obesity
What leads to the formation of excess phospholipids and cholesterol in the liver in diabetic patients?
Increased glucagon levels
Which process occurs when there is a reduction in glucose intake in the body?
Ketone bodies synthesis
What is the main function of pancreatic somatostatin?
Inhibition of all Islet of Langerhans cell types
What is the primary impact of low glucose levels on ATP levels within cells?
Decreased ATP production
What is the main function of amylin, or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP), produced by beta cells?
Promoting satiety
What does glucotoxicity lead to due to chronic exposure to high glucose levels?
Reversible damage in insulin secretion
Which ion influx is the primary trigger for the exocytosis of glucagon?
Calcium (Ca2+)
What is the primary trigger for the synthesis and secretion of glucagon?
Increased glucose concentration in the blood plasma
Which ion influx is the primary trigger for the exocytosis of glucagon?
Calcium
What is the main function of amylin, or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP), produced by beta cells?
Regulating appetite and food intake
What is the net effect on glucose metabolism due to glucagon action?
Stimulation of glycogen breakdown
Which process occurs when there is a reduction in glucose intake in the body?
Suppressed glucagon release
What is a characteristic feature of insulin deficiency in diabetic dogs?
Leads to higher blood glucose levels
Which enzyme is activated by cAMP in the physiological actions of glucagon?
Protein Kinase A
What process does glucagon primarily promote in the liver?
Gluconeogenesis
Which hormone is released in response to excess glucose in the blood and promotes storage of glycogen and fat?
Insulin
What is the main energy source for all cells when glucose levels are above 110 mg/dL?
Glucose
Which type of metabolism is favored in cells when glucose levels are below 60 mg/dL?
Glycolysis
In response to reduced glucose intake, what becomes the primary source of energy for most cells except the brain?
Fatty Acids
What characterizes Type 1 diabetes?
Auto-immune disease
What is the primary energy source for cells in the absence of glucose due to insulin deficiency?
Ketone bodies
What is a common risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?
Obesity
Which hormone is responsible for the hydrolysis of stored triglycerides in diabetic patients?
Insulin
What leads to the formation of excess phospholipids and cholesterol in the liver in diabetic patients?
Hydrolysis of stored triglycerides
What does amyloid deposition within pancreatic islets lead to in diabetic patients?
Altered osmotic relationship in the lens
What causes microvascular abnormalities in diabetic patients?
Hyperglycemia
Test your knowledge on the synthesis and secretion of the glucagon hormone, physiological actions, glucose metabolism effects, glucose homeostasis, and the differences between Diabetes mellitus type I and II. Identify clinical signs of diabetes mellitus and understand insulin action in target tissues.
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