Pancreas 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in the physiological actions of glucagon?

  • Phosphorylation of enzymes
  • Activation of PKA
  • Binding to liver cell membrane receptor (correct)
  • Conversion of ATP to cAMP

    • Which enzyme is activated by cAMP in the presence of glucagon?

  • PKA (correct)
  • Glycogenolysis enzyme
  • Adenylyl cyclase
  • G-protein

    • What is the primary energy source for cells when glucose levels are below 60 mg/dL?

  • TAG
  • Glycogen
  • Proteins
  • Fatty acids (correct)

    • Which process occurs when there is reduced glucose intake in the body?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do glucagon and epinephrine have on blood glucose levels?

    <p>Increase blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones have antagonistic effects to insulin to prevent hypoglycemia?

    <p>Cortisol and GH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the synthesis and secretion of glucagon?

    <p>Low glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of endogenous glucagon?

    <p>5-7 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pancreatic cell type produces somatostatin?

    <p>Delta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of pancreatic somatostatin?

    <p>Inhibits glucagon release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does low glucose concentration affect ATP levels in cells?

    <p>Decreases ATP levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Glucagon in response to hypoglycemia?

    <p>Stimulate lipolysis of stored fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is characterized by impaired insulin action in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue, along with beta cell failure?

    <p>Type 2 Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of diabetes in cats?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In diabetic patients, what process leads to the formation of excess phospholipids and cholesterol in the liver?

    <p>Lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced and secreted by beta cells along with insulin secretion, increases satiety, and reduces glucagon production?

    <p>Amylin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the toxic deposition within pancreatic islets known as amyloidosis in diabetic patients?

    <p>Beta cell dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Glucagons effect on the GI tract?

    <p>Increases gut motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulus inhibits the secretion of glucagon?

    <p>Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stimulus for the synthesis and secretion of glucagon?

    <p>Decreased glucose concentration in the blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ion influx is the primary trigger for the exocytosis of glucagon?

    <p>Calcium (Ca2+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of pancreatic somatostatin?

    <p>Inhibition of insulin and glucagon secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net effect on glucose metabolism as a result of glucagon action?

    <p>Increased gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type in the pancreas produces polypeptide in addition to somatostatin?

    <p>Delta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process results in the conversion of hepatic glycogen to glucose by glucagon?

    <p>Glycogenolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone, released in response to low glucose levels, promotes the conversion of proteins and fats into glucose?

    <p>Growth Hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cortisol in response to hypoglycemia?

    <p>Inducing gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process results from glucagon and epinephrine release in response to excess glucose in the blood?

    <p>Lipogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does glucagon have on the availability of glucose in the body?

    <p>Increases glucose availability to other organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common long-term complication in diabetic dogs induced by the accumulation of sorbitol and galactitol?

    <p>Cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is expected in a diabetic patient due to an increase in blood lipids?

    <p>Hyperlipidemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of insulin deficiency in diabetic dogs?

    <p>Catabolism of protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does insulin deficiency have on glucose transport for muscle and adipose tissue?

    <p>Compromised transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is released in large amounts due to the hydrolysis of stored triglycerides when there is insulin deficiency?

    <p>Ketone bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of glucagon on the GI tract?

    <p>Increases motility and secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of amylin, or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP), produced by beta cells?

    <p>Increases satiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lens fibers in diabetic patients due to the accumulation of alcohols like sorbitol and galactitol?

    <p>Swelling and rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to nerve injury in diabetic patients mainly affecting Schwan cells and myelinated fibers?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary trigger for the synthesis and secretion of glucagon?

    <p>Increased glucose concentration in the blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of low glucose levels on ATP levels within cells?

    <p>Low intracellular ATP levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for promoting the conversion of stored proteins and fats into glucose in response to low glucose levels?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net effect on glucose metabolism due to glucagon action?

    <p>Increased hepatic glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion influx is the primary trigger for the exocytosis of glucagon?

    <p>Calcium (Ca2+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of glucagon's effect on target tissues?

    <p>Activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone has antagonistic effects to insulin to prevent hypoglycemia?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source for cells when glucose levels are below 60 mg/dL?

    <p>Fatty Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cortisol in response to hypoglycemia?

    <p>Stimulate Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs when there is reduced glucose intake in the body?

    <p>Fatty Acids Utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to nerve injury in diabetic patients mainly affecting Schwan cells and myelinated fibers?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of glucagon on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

    <p>Inhibition of Digestive Enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common long-term complication in diabetic dogs?

    <p>Neuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of glucagon on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

    <p>Inhibition of pancreatic digestive enzymes secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of diabetes in cats?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the formation of excess phospholipids and cholesterol in the liver in diabetic patients?

    <p>Increased glucagon levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs when there is a reduction in glucose intake in the body?

    <p>Ketone bodies synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of pancreatic somatostatin?

    <p>Inhibition of all Islet of Langerhans cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of low glucose levels on ATP levels within cells?

    <p>Decreased ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of amylin, or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP), produced by beta cells?

    <p>Promoting satiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does glucotoxicity lead to due to chronic exposure to high glucose levels?

    <p>Reversible damage in insulin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion influx is the primary trigger for the exocytosis of glucagon?

    <p>Calcium (Ca2+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary trigger for the synthesis and secretion of glucagon?

    <p>Increased glucose concentration in the blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion influx is the primary trigger for the exocytosis of glucagon?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of amylin, or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP), produced by beta cells?

    <p>Regulating appetite and food intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net effect on glucose metabolism due to glucagon action?

    <p>Stimulation of glycogen breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs when there is a reduction in glucose intake in the body?

    <p>Suppressed glucagon release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of insulin deficiency in diabetic dogs?

    <p>Leads to higher blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is activated by cAMP in the physiological actions of glucagon?

    <p>Protein Kinase A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process does glucagon primarily promote in the liver?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released in response to excess glucose in the blood and promotes storage of glycogen and fat?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main energy source for all cells when glucose levels are above 110 mg/dL?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metabolism is favored in cells when glucose levels are below 60 mg/dL?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In response to reduced glucose intake, what becomes the primary source of energy for most cells except the brain?

    <p>Fatty Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Auto-immune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source for cells in the absence of glucose due to insulin deficiency?

    <p>Ketone bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for the hydrolysis of stored triglycerides in diabetic patients?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the formation of excess phospholipids and cholesterol in the liver in diabetic patients?

    <p>Hydrolysis of stored triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does amyloid deposition within pancreatic islets lead to in diabetic patients?

    <p>Altered osmotic relationship in the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes microvascular abnormalities in diabetic patients?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

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