Podcast
Questions and Answers
In the fasting state glucose is ____ mg/dL and fatty acids are ____ µM. In the fed state glucose is ____ mg/dL and fatty acids are ____ µM.
In the fasting state glucose is ____ mg/dL and fatty acids are ____ µM. In the fed state glucose is ____ mg/dL and fatty acids are ____ µM.
<100, 400, 120-140, <400
Pancreatic islet cells comprise ____% of pancreatic physiology
Pancreatic islet cells comprise ____% of pancreatic physiology
1-2
Alpha cells make up ____% of total islet cells and secrete ____ in response to ____.
Alpha cells make up ____% of total islet cells and secrete ____ in response to ____.
15-20, glucagon, hypoglycemia
Beta cells make up ____% of total islet cells and secrete ____.
Beta cells make up ____% of total islet cells and secrete ____.
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Delta cells make up ____% of total islet cells and secrete ____.
Delta cells make up ____% of total islet cells and secrete ____.
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____ can be used to determine if a patient is synthesizing endogenous insulin or if the source is exogenous
____ can be used to determine if a patient is synthesizing endogenous insulin or if the source is exogenous
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The insulin receptor is a ____ composed of alpha/beta subunit dimers
The insulin receptor is a ____ composed of alpha/beta subunit dimers
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Erythrocytes have ~____ insulin receptors per cell while adipocytes and hepatocytes have ~____ insulin receptors per cell
Erythrocytes have ~____ insulin receptors per cell while adipocytes and hepatocytes have ~____ insulin receptors per cell
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The ____ subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine phosphorylation of the ____ subunits of the insulin receptors
The ____ subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine phosphorylation of the ____ subunits of the insulin receptors
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Insulin receptor activation stimulates cell growth, protein synthesis, glycogen synthesis and translocation of ____ enriched vesicles to the cell membrane
Insulin receptor activation stimulates cell growth, protein synthesis, glycogen synthesis and translocation of ____ enriched vesicles to the cell membrane
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Under low glucose conditions, the ____ pumps pancreatic alpha-cells are not as active, SOC are activated to increase intracellular Ca2+ that depolarizes the cell to release glucagon
Under low glucose conditions, the ____ pumps pancreatic alpha-cells are not as active, SOC are activated to increase intracellular Ca2+ that depolarizes the cell to release glucagon
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____ and ____ are GI hormones released after meals and stimulate insulin secretion
____ and ____ are GI hormones released after meals and stimulate insulin secretion
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With T1DM, ____ cell destruction leads to loss of ____ production, further leading to increased HbA1C (glycated Hb), polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria
With T1DM, ____ cell destruction leads to loss of ____ production, further leading to increased HbA1C (glycated Hb), polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria
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In T2DM, insulin may be present but it is not released properly or does not act appropriately, with relative insulin ____
In T2DM, insulin may be present but it is not released properly or does not act appropriately, with relative insulin ____
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Other than the traditional type 1 and type 2 of DM, diabetes can be caused by carbohydrate intolerance associated with genetic syndromes e.g. ____
Other than the traditional type 1 and type 2 of DM, diabetes can be caused by carbohydrate intolerance associated with genetic syndromes e.g. ____
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Hyperlipidemia can occur with DM due to unopposed action of ____ in adipose tissue
Hyperlipidemia can occur with DM due to unopposed action of ____ in adipose tissue
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Diagnostic criteria of diabetes includes any of the following:
-Symptoms of diabetes plus a casual plasma glucose concentration ≥ ____ mg/l (11.1 mM)
-fasting BP ≥ ____mg/dl (7.0 mM)
-2hPG ≥ ____ mg/dl during an OGTT
HbA1c ≥ ____%
Diagnostic criteria of diabetes includes any of the following: -Symptoms of diabetes plus a casual plasma glucose concentration ≥ ____ mg/l (11.1 mM) -fasting BP ≥ ____mg/dl (7.0 mM) -2hPG ≥ ____ mg/dl during an OGTT HbA1c ≥ ____%
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Patients with T1DM have antibodies against ____ and to ____.
Patients with T1DM have antibodies against ____ and to ____.
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The major susceptibility gene for T1DM is located in the ____ on chromosome 6, with polymorphisms accounting for ____% of the genetic risk of developing type 1
The major susceptibility gene for T1DM is located in the ____ on chromosome 6, with polymorphisms accounting for ____% of the genetic risk of developing type 1
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The HLA complex contains genes that encode the ____, which present antigen to helper T cells and thus are involved in initiating the immune response
The HLA complex contains genes that encode the ____, which present antigen to helper T cells and thus are involved in initiating the immune response
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T2DM has a strong genetic component with over ____ genetic loci identified
T2DM has a strong genetic component with over ____ genetic loci identified
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T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance in which ____, ____, and ____ are refractory to the action of insulin to maintain glucose levels within the normal range
T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance in which ____, ____, and ____ are refractory to the action of insulin to maintain glucose levels within the normal range
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Thiazolidinediones act on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), particularly PPAR-gamma, which is involved in lipid metabolism and glucose ______
Thiazolidinediones act on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), particularly PPAR-gamma, which is involved in lipid metabolism and glucose ______
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____ slow the inactivation of incretin hormones, such as GLP-1 and GIP, which stimulate insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon secretion
____ slow the inactivation of incretin hormones, such as GLP-1 and GIP, which stimulate insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon secretion
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____ decrease the reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubules of the kidneys, leading to increased urinary glucose excretion.
____ decrease the reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubules of the kidneys, leading to increased urinary glucose excretion.
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Thiazolidinediones have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and heart ______
Thiazolidinediones have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and heart ______
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SGLT-2 inhibitors have been associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infections and diabetic ______
SGLT-2 inhibitors have been associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infections and diabetic ______
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Biguanides improve insulin sensitivity, reduce hepatic glucose production, and increase insulin secretion. The primary example of biguanides is ________.
Biguanides improve insulin sensitivity, reduce hepatic glucose production, and increase insulin secretion. The primary example of biguanides is ________.
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_____ stimulate insulin release from the pancreas.
_____ stimulate insulin release from the pancreas.
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Adverse effects of metformin include nausea, vomiting, and ________, which typically resolve within a few weeks.
Adverse effects of metformin include nausea, vomiting, and ________, which typically resolve within a few weeks.
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Common side effects of sulfonylureas include hypoglycemia, weight gain, and ________.
Common side effects of sulfonylureas include hypoglycemia, weight gain, and ________.
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Oral ____ agents are medications used to manage blood sugar levels in people with T2DM.
Oral ____ agents are medications used to manage blood sugar levels in people with T2DM.
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Parenteral ______ are typically administered using an injection pen, which allows for easy and convenient self-injection. These pens come in a variety of sizes and colors, and many have features like a visual guide to ensure proper injection depth and a built-in needle guard.
Parenteral ______ are typically administered using an injection pen, which allows for easy and convenient self-injection. These pens come in a variety of sizes and colors, and many have features like a visual guide to ensure proper injection depth and a built-in needle guard.
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Amylin ______, such as pramlintide, are injectable medications that help improve glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. These medications work by mimicking the action of amylin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels after meals. Pramlintide is typically injected before meals and has been shown to reduce post-meal blood sugar levels and improve glycemic control.
Amylin ______, such as pramlintide, are injectable medications that help improve glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. These medications work by mimicking the action of amylin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels after meals. Pramlintide is typically injected before meals and has been shown to reduce post-meal blood sugar levels and improve glycemic control.
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Some forms of neonatal diabetes are caused by mutations in ____ channel on beta-cells or mutations in the insulin gene
Some forms of neonatal diabetes are caused by mutations in ____ channel on beta-cells or mutations in the insulin gene
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Most patients with MODY are treated with ____.
Most patients with MODY are treated with ____.
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Chronic diseases of the pancreas (pancreatitis), _____, or endocrinopathies (acromegaly and Cushings disease) can cause diabetes
Chronic diseases of the pancreas (pancreatitis), _____, or endocrinopathies (acromegaly and Cushings disease) can cause diabetes
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gestational DM affects between ____% of all pregnancies
gestational DM affects between ____% of all pregnancies
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