Veterinary Pharmacology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which medication is contraindicated in animals with kidney disease due to the risk of electrolyte imbalances?

  • Magnesium hydroxide (correct)
  • Famotidine
  • Misoprostol
  • Cimetidine

    • What is a primary adverse effect associated with maropitant?

  • Drowsiness
  • Anorexia
  • Nausea
  • Pain at the injection site (correct)

    • Which H2 blocker is considered the least effective and is used infrequently?

  • Cimetidine (correct)
  • Misoprostol
  • Famotidine
  • Ranitidine

    • What is the primary action of misoprostol in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Suppresses gastric acid production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about ranitidine is true?

    <p>It has a longer duration of action than cimetidine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of sucralfate in managing gastric ulcers?

    <p>Forms an adherent barrier over the ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly used to prevent gastric ulceration in animals taking NSAIDs?

    <p>Misoprostol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is not an H2 blocker?

    <p>Misoprostol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of metoclopramide in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Blocking dopamine receptors and increasing gastric contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is metoclopramide contraindicated?

    <p>Intestinal obstruction or occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors does maropitant primarily target to exert its antiemetic effects?

    <p>Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional property does maropitant have besides its antiemetic action?

    <p>Analgesic properties for visceral pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT effectively treated by metoclopramide?

    <p>Motion sickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one downside of using metoclopramide in veterinary medicine?

    <p>It can cause abdominal discomfort due to increased GI motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of maropitant being a broad-spectrum antiemetic?

    <p>It blocks input from multiple emetic sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is considered a more recent alternative to metoclopramide for managing vomiting?

    <p>Maropitant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of sucralfate?

    <p>To treat gastric or duodenal ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following side effects is commonly associated with sucralfate?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do proton pump inhibitors function in the stomach?

    <p>They inhibit hydrogen ion transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the optimal time to take proton pump inhibitors for maximum effectiveness?

    <p>30 minutes before a meal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs is known to block the release of acetylcholine?

    <p>Anticholinergics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do protectants and absorbents primarily have on the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Reduce toxin absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is used in situations of poisoning to prevent absorption of toxic substances?

    <p>Activated charcoal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common characteristic of anticholinergics?

    <p>Reduce parasympathetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary use of domperidone in horses related to lactation?

    <p>Stimulates prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does cisapride have on motility in horses?

    <p>Enhances ileo-ceco-colonic junction coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is more effective than metoclopramide for treating gastroesophageal reflux in dogs?

    <p>Cisapride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable side effect of using motility stimulants like metoclopramide in horses?

    <p>Behavioral changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is primarily noted for stimulating the motility of the rumen in cattle?

    <p>Bethanechol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason cisapride is preferred over metoclopramide for treating constipation in cats?

    <p>Effect on colonic smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does domperidone compare to metoclopramide concerning CNS effects in horses?

    <p>Domperidone does not cross the blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of bethanechol regarding its action on the GI system?

    <p>It non-specifically stimulates GI smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Dexpanthenol?

    <p>Post-operative treatment of paralytic ileus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which appetite stimulant can be administered intravenously?

    <p>Diazepam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for Dirlotapide?

    <p>Blocking lipoprotein release in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential side effect of Dirlotapide?

    <p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of colitis is Sulfassalazine used to treat?

    <p>Ulcerative colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of Sulfassalazine can produce keratoconjunctivitis sicca?

    <p>Sulfapyridine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is an immunomodulator that inhibits lymphocyte response?

    <p>Azathioprine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant adverse effect of Sulfassalazine that users should be aware of?

    <p>Allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of D-penicillamine in relation to copper?

    <p>It binds free extracellular copper for excretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does zinc gluconate or acetate help in the management of copper toxicity?

    <p>By inducing metallothionein to bind copper in enterocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the mechanisms of action of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)?

    <p>It suppresses cholesterol synthesis and secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main therapeutic role of colchicine in liver fibrosis?

    <p>To reduce and stop fibrosis by stimulating collagenase activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes to the development of hepatic encephalopathy?

    <p>Reduced ammonia metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is lactulose effective in treating hepatic encephalopathy?

    <p>It produces acids that lower the pH of colonic contents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does metronidazole play in hepatic encephalopathy therapy?

    <p>Inhibiting the growth of urease-producing bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the effects of oxidative damage in the liver is true?

    <p>It can lead to activation of hepatic stellate cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacology of the Digestive System

    • This presentation covers the pharmacology of the digestive system in veterinary medicine.
    • Key topics include:
      • Quick revision of digestive system anatomy and physiology.
      • Antibiotic therapy for digestive system issues.
      • Anti-inflammatory and analgesic therapy for the digestive system.
      • Medications for mouth, vomit, anti-ulcer, anti-acid, anti-diarrheal treatments.
      • Laxatives and prokinetics for constipation/obtipation treatment.
      • Appetite stimulants and antiobesity drugs.

    Bibliography

    • Contains listings for veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics books (Principal).
    • Includes a handbook of veterinary pharmacology (Secondary).

    Table of Contents

    • Covers topics like:
      • Digestive system anatomy and physiology (quick revision)
      • Antibiotic therapies
      • Anti-inflammatory and pain relief therapies
      • Medications for mouth and teeth issues, emetics, anti-ulcer and anti-acid medication.
      • Anti-diarrheal medications, laxatives, and prokinetics.
      • Appetite stimulants
      • Antiobesity drugs
      • Hepatic drugs
      • Pancreatic drugs
      • IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) therapy.

    Anatomy

    • Diagrams depict the monogastric gastrointestinal system and ruminant forestomach.
    • Includes labels for key anatomical structures.
    • Labels for the large intestine of a horse.

    Physiology

    • Explains extrinsic neural control (parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves) and intrinsic neural control (syncytial non-neural pacemaker systems in gut wall - ICCs and PDGFFR cells, longitudinal muscle, circular muscle, submucosa, mucosa, gut lumen, submucosal plexus, myenteric plexus) of the digestive system.

    Antibiotics

    • Provides indications for antibiotic use in gastrointestinal diseases.
    • Lists conditions like severe mucosal injury, bacterial infections, and inflammatory bowel disease.
    • Details antibiotic choices and dosages (including examples of specific drugs).

    Anti-inflammatories + Analgesia

    • Discusses glucocorticoid therapy and NSAIDs for chronic inflammatory conditions.
    • Includes specific uses of flunixin meglumine, or phenylbutazone in horses and butorphanol, morphine in animals
    • Important note on careful opioid use and potential to provoke ileus.

    Mouth

    • Focuses on anti-sialogens which reduce saliva, key to specific surgical procedures like endotracheal intubation.
    • Lists Glycopyrrolate and Atropine as examples.

    Teeth

    • Covers dental cleaning procedures and products.
    • Includes Fluoride supplementation (e.g., Fluoride Gel) and treatment for mouth and dental infections.
    • Lists specific drugs (e.g., Clindamycin, Doxycycline, Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid).

    Vomit

    • Presents the anatomy and physiology of the vomiting reflex.
    • Lists neurotransmitters important in vomiting.
    • Differentiates between emetic and antiemetic drugs.

    Emetic Drugs (Central)

    • Describes Apomorphine as a dopamine agonist used to stimulate vomiting, as well as Xylazine (considered an adverse effect).
    • The importance of its use is less in cats compared to dogs.
    • Provides details on administration routes (oral, subcutaneous, intravenous, topical) and timing of effects.

    Emetic Drugs (Peripheral)

    • Describes Hydrogen Peroxide as a peripheral emetic.
    • Outlines its mechanism and considerations for use.

    Anti-emetic Drugs

    • Describes Phenothiazine, antihistamines, antimuscarinic, serotonin antagonists, metoclopramide, and maropitant as common examples of anti-emetic drugs.

    Phenothiazine Derivatives

    • Provides details on the mechanism of action.
    • Mentions Acepromazine and Promethazine as common choices, with side-effects.

    Antimuscarinic Drugs

    • Detail the mechanism of action, uses, and side effects (xerostomia, decreased stomach emptying etc) of anticholinergic drugs like Atropine, Scopolamine, Aminopentamide, and Isopropamide. Important note for use in certain conditions (e.g., glaucoma).

    Serotonin Antagonists

    • Details that these drugs block serotonin receptors, often used to treat chemotherapy-induced vomiting.
    • Mentions Ondansetron, Dolasetron, and Granisetron as examples.

    Metoclopramide

    • Describes this drug as a procainamide derivative, with details about its central and peripheral mechanisms of action and effects on gastrointestinal motility.
    • Its use in small and large animals are detailed.

    Maropitant

    • Details its mechanism as a NK-1 (neurokinin-1) receptor blocker, a broad spectrum antiemetic and analgesic
    • Its advantages in chronic conditions (like IBD).

    Anti-ulcer and Anti-acid Drugs.

    • Outlines various antiulcer mechanisms of action (e.g., neutralizing stomach acid, suppressing secretions) by different types of drugs.

    Anti-acids

    • Specifically discusses Magnesium Hydroxide as an anti-acid, noting its use to increase rumen pH and as an osmotic laxative in ruminants.
    • Important note for use in kidney disease.
    • Details of combinations of Magnesium Hydroxide with Aluminum Hydroxide.

    H2 Blockers.

    • Provides details on Cimetidine and Ranitidine's use as histamine-2 (H2) blockers for managing gastric issues.
    • Note their comparative potencies and durations of action.
    • Details Famotidine as another H2 blocker, and it's characteristics.
    • Side effects of H2 blockers are noted (headaches, rare side effects).

    Prostaglandin Analogs

    • Describes Misoprostol as a prostaglandin analogue that reduces gastric acid production, increases mucus production to help prevent gastric ulcers.
    • Note that pregnant animals should not receive this medicine, and precautions for use in people.

    Mucosal Protective Drugs.

    • Provides information on Sucralfate's use as a mucosal protective barrier.
    • Details its mechanism of action as a biological bandage to protect ulcers.

    Proton Pump Inhibitors

    • Focuses on the irreversible binding of drugs like Omeprazole/Lansoprazole/esomeprazole to the proton pump in the stomach inhibiting HCl production and promoting gastric healing.

    Anti-diarrheal Drugs

    • Lists major categories of anti-diarrheal therapy (e.g., anticholinergics, protectants/absorbents, prebiotics/probiotics, motility reducers/opiates).

    Anticholinergics (for diarrhea)

    • States these drugs are commonly known to treat saliva and are rarely used for diarrhea; details mechanisms and side effects.

    Protectants and Absorbents (for diarrhea)

    • Outlines bismuth salicylate and its characteristics; describes Kaolin/pectin and its use for diarrhea, and activated charcoal for poisoning.

    Prebiotics and Probiotics (for diarrhea)

    • Details prebiotics and probiotics and their beneficial effects on GI health and their role in managing imbalances in the gut due to prolonged diarrhea or antibiotic treatments.

    Motility Reducers (Opiates)

    • Details the mechanism of action of opiates, like Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) and Loperamide (Imodium) and cautions regarding use in cats and horses.

    Laxatives

    • Classes of laxatives are contrasted: hyperosmotic/osmotics, faecal mass expanders and stimulants (or irritants), emollients.

    Hyperosmotic/Osmotics (as laxatives)

    • Provides detail on these types of laxatives; mentions salts, lactulose, glycerine/glycerol, honey, and their mechanisms as well as cautions related to electrolyte balancing.

    Faecal Mass Expander

    • Details their use and mechanisms of action in increasing fecal bulk and stimulate peristalsis to help with constipation.

    Stimulants/Irritants (as laxatives)

    • Explores use and mechanisms of action of stimulant laxatives, with note on bisacodyl/Dulcolax.

    Emollients/Lubricants (as laxatives)

    • Discusses the mechanism of action of emollients and their use in conditions like preventing straining after surgery.
    • Mentions docusate sodium and petroleum (mineral oil).

    Prokinetics

    Dopaminergic Antagonists (for prokinetics)

    Serotoninergic Drugs (for prokinetics)

    Cholinergic Drugs (for prokinetics)

    Appetite Stimulants

    • Briefly describes these drugs used to stimulate appetite in animals.
    • Lists examples of these classes of drugs.

    Antiobesity Drugs

    • Discusses dirlotapide as a selective microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibitor.
    • It acts differently than other appetite suppressants, acting in the gut to affect appetite and fat absorption.

    Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Therapy

    • Includes Sulfasalazine, Immunomodulators (e.g., glucocorticoids, azathioprine, and cyclosporine).
    • Details treatment approaches, mechanisms and potential side effects when used in IBD treatment protocols.

    Hepatic Drugs

    • Covers treatment for diseases related to the liver including use of glucocorticoids, antioxidants, anti-copper agents, Ursodeoxycholic acid, and antifibrotic agents.

    Exocrine Pancreas Supplement

    Acute Pancreatitis

    • Details uses for dogs, with precautions of contraindications.

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