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Questions and Answers
What are the anatomical divisions of the central nervous system?
What are the anatomical divisions of the central nervous system?
Which functional division of the peripheral nervous system carries impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle tissue?
Which functional division of the peripheral nervous system carries impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle tissue?
What does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) primarily control?
What does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) primarily control?
What is the fundamental unit of all branches & divisions of the nervous system?
What is the fundamental unit of all branches & divisions of the nervous system?
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What is the transmission of messages through a wave of charge reversal that moves down the fiber?
What is the transmission of messages through a wave of charge reversal that moves down the fiber?
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Which part of the nervous system controls and regulates the autonomic nervous system?
Which part of the nervous system controls and regulates the autonomic nervous system?
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Which nervous system regulates energy-conserving activities and is associated with 'rest and digest' functions?
Which nervous system regulates energy-conserving activities and is associated with 'rest and digest' functions?
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Which receptors are present in all autonomic ganglia and in the adrenal medulla?
Which receptors are present in all autonomic ganglia and in the adrenal medulla?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
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How do cholinergic agents affect receptor sites mediated by acetylcholine?
How do cholinergic agents affect receptor sites mediated by acetylcholine?
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Which direct-acting cholinergic agent is used to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma?
Which direct-acting cholinergic agent is used to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma?
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What is the clinical use of edrophonium (Tensilon)?
What is the clinical use of edrophonium (Tensilon)?
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How do adrenergic agents affect neurotransmitter activity?
How do adrenergic agents affect neurotransmitter activity?
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Which adrenergic blocking agent is primarily used to control blood pressure?
Which adrenergic blocking agent is primarily used to control blood pressure?
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How do drugs affect the autonomic nervous system by interfering with neurotransmitter release?
How do drugs affect the autonomic nervous system by interfering with neurotransmitter release?
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Which of the following is an antidote to organophosphate poisoning?
Which of the following is an antidote to organophosphate poisoning?
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Which adrenergic agent is primarily used for bronchodilation?
Which adrenergic agent is primarily used for bronchodilation?
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What is the primary clinical use of pralidoxime (2-PAM)?
What is the primary clinical use of pralidoxime (2-PAM)?
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Which of the following is an adverse side effect of cholinergic blocking agents?
Which of the following is an adverse side effect of cholinergic blocking agents?
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Which adrenergic agent is primarily used to strengthen the heart during congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Which adrenergic agent is primarily used to strengthen the heart during congestive heart failure (CHF)?
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Which of the following is an adverse side effect of adrenergic blocking agents?
Which of the following is an adverse side effect of adrenergic blocking agents?
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What is the primary clinical use of scopolamine?
What is the primary clinical use of scopolamine?
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Which of the following cholinergic agents is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis?
Which of the following cholinergic agents is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis?
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What is the primary clinical use of phenylephrine?
What is the primary clinical use of phenylephrine?
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Which of the following is an adverse side effect of beta blockers?
Which of the following is an adverse side effect of beta blockers?
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What is the primary clinical use of dobutamine?
What is the primary clinical use of dobutamine?
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Which adrenergic agent is primarily used for short-term treatment of heart failure?
Which adrenergic agent is primarily used for short-term treatment of heart failure?
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Which type of drugs are used to prevent or control seizures?
Which type of drugs are used to prevent or control seizures?
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Which drugs are used for sedation, restraint, and anesthesia?
Which drugs are used for sedation, restraint, and anesthesia?
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Which drugs are used to treat respiratory depression or arrest?
Which drugs are used to treat respiratory depression or arrest?
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Which drugs are used as muscle relaxants and to facilitate intubation?
Which drugs are used as muscle relaxants and to facilitate intubation?
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Which drugs are used for humane euthanasia?
Which drugs are used for humane euthanasia?
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Which drugs are used to control fears and phobias?
Which drugs are used to control fears and phobias?
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Which drugs are used for urine spraying/marking and intermale aggression?
Which drugs are used for urine spraying/marking and intermale aggression?
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Which drugs are used to treat separation anxiety, obsessive disorders, fearful aggression, and hyperactivity?
Which drugs are used to treat separation anxiety, obsessive disorders, fearful aggression, and hyperactivity?
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Which class of drugs is primarily used for sedation, relief of anxiety, and behavioral disorders?
Which class of drugs is primarily used for sedation, relief of anxiety, and behavioral disorders?
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Which drug class is known for its adverse side effects of hypotension, hypothermia, and inducing seizures in epileptic animals?
Which drug class is known for its adverse side effects of hypotension, hypothermia, and inducing seizures in epileptic animals?
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Which drug class is characterized by depressing thalamic and hypothalamic areas of the brain?
Which drug class is characterized by depressing thalamic and hypothalamic areas of the brain?
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Which drug class is associated with clinical uses such as sedation, analgesia, and short-term anesthesia in horses?
Which drug class is associated with clinical uses such as sedation, analgesia, and short-term anesthesia in horses?
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Which drug class is known for its adverse side effects of bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression, and increased sensitivity to epinephrine?
Which drug class is known for its adverse side effects of bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression, and increased sensitivity to epinephrine?
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Which drug class is primarily used for sedation, restraint, and anesthesia, and is associated with adverse side effects such as spastic jerking movement and convulsions?
Which drug class is primarily used for sedation, restraint, and anesthesia, and is associated with adverse side effects such as spastic jerking movement and convulsions?
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Which receptor class contributes to analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, physical dependence, and hypothermic actions?
Which receptor class contributes to analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, physical dependence, and hypothermic actions?
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Which receptor class contributes to analgesia, sedation, and miosis, and is found in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord?
Which receptor class contributes to analgesia, sedation, and miosis, and is found in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord?
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Which receptor class may be responsible for struggling, whining, hallucinations, and mydriatic effects?
Which receptor class may be responsible for struggling, whining, hallucinations, and mydriatic effects?
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Which receptor class modifies mu receptor activity?
Which receptor class modifies mu receptor activity?
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Which drug class is primarily used as pre-anesthetics or post-anesthetics for sedation and analgesia, and is associated with adverse side effects of respiratory depression?
Which drug class is primarily used as pre-anesthetics or post-anesthetics for sedation and analgesia, and is associated with adverse side effects of respiratory depression?
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Which drug class is known for its adverse side effects of potent depressing effects on the cardiac and pulmonary systems, especially in cats?
Which drug class is known for its adverse side effects of potent depressing effects on the cardiac and pulmonary systems, especially in cats?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology in Veterinary Medicine
- Opioid agonists include naturally occurring narcotics such as opium and paregoric, as well as synthetic narcotics like meperidine, butorphanol tartrate, and fentanyl
- Opioid antagonists, like naloxone and diprenorphine, are used to block the effects of opioid agonists by binding with opiate receptors
- Neuroleptanalgesics, a combination of an opioid and tranquilizer, are used for sedation, restraint, and anesthesia, with agents including fentanyl & droperidol, acepromazine & morphine, and xylazine & butorphanol
- Drugs to prevent or control seizures include diazepam, phenobarbital, primidone, phenytoin sodium, potassium bromide, and clorazepate, but may have adverse side effects such as drowsiness and CNS depression
- Inhalants, like isoflurane, are converted from liquid to gas by an anesthetic vaporizer and delivered to the lungs to produce unconsciousness, analgesia, and muscle relaxation
- CNS stimulants, such as doxapram, are used to treat respiratory depression or arrest and may have adverse side effects like hypertension, seizures, and hyperventilation
- Neuromuscular blocking drugs, including succinylcholine chloride and nondepolarizing agents like tubocurarine and pancuronium, are muscle relaxants used as an adjunct to general anesthesia and to facilitate intubation
- Behavioral pharmacotherapy addresses separation anxiety, fears, phobias, unruliness, hyperactivity, compulsive disorders, cognitive dysfunction, and inappropriate elimination in animals
- Antianxiety medications like benzodiazepines (diazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam) and azapirones (buspirone) are used to control fears and phobias, separation anxiety, aggression, and anxiety-induced stereotypes
- Antidepressants, including tricyclics like amitriptyline and serotonin reuptake inhibitors like fluoxetine, are used to treat separation anxiety, obsessive disorders, fearful aggression, and hyperactivity, but may have adverse effects such as sedation and anorexia
- Miscellaneous behavior modifiers, like synthetic progestins megestrol acetate and medroxyprogesterone, are used for urine spraying/marking, intermale aggression, and dominance aggression, but may cause adverse side effects such as transient diabetes mellitus
- Euthanasia agents like pentobarbital sodium and T-61 are used for humane euthanasia, but may lead to adverse side effects like muscle twitching and agonal breathing
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Description
Test your knowledge of pharmacology in veterinary medicine with this quiz. Explore topics such as opioid agonists and antagonists, neuroleptanalgesics, drugs for seizures, inhalants, CNS stimulants, neuromuscular blocking drugs, behavioral pharmacotherapy, antianxiety medications, antidepressants, and euthanasia agents used in veterinary practice.
