Support & Movement: Joints and Articulations
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Questions and Answers

What type of joint is classified as immovable and very strong?

  • Synarthrosis (correct)
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Diarthrosis
  • Synovial

Which of the following types of joints allows for slight movement?

  • Hinge
  • Gomphosis
  • Amphiarthrosis (correct)
  • Synostosis

Which type of joint is represented by the intervertebral discs?

  • Suture
  • Syndesmosis
  • Symphysis (correct)
  • Synovial

Which component of synovial joints secretes synovial fluid?

<p>Fibroblasts in the synovial membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of diarthrosis joints?

<p>Highly movable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of movement describes rotating the arm inward?

<p>Pronation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is classified as a ball-and-socket joint?

<p>Shoulder joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the movement of the thumb toward the palm?

<p>Opposition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of articular cartilage in synovial joints?

<p>Prevent bones from touching (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint classification serves as the main support structure for the joint?

<p>Ligaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of motion describes the lateral movement of the body away from the midline?

<p>Abduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint type would restrict movement to mostly gliding?

<p>Plane joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a hinge joint?

<p>Monaxial movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory structure protects tendons from friction in synovial joints?

<p>Bursa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is characterized as diarthrosis and allows for a wide range of motion?

<p>Ball-and-socket joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the annulus fibrosus in intervertebral discs?

<p>Absorbs shock for the vertebrae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament stabilizes the shoulder joint by connecting the acromion to the clavicle?

<p>Acromioclavicular ligament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a synovial joint?

<p>Encapsulated by a fibrous membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is formed between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hipbone?

<p>Ball-and-socket joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by pain and stiffness in the skeletal system?

<p>Rheumatism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament connects the spinous processes of vertebrae?

<p>Supraspinous ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of arthritis do uric acid crystals form within synovial fluid?

<p>Gouty arthritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of aging on the skeletal system?

<p>Deterioration of articular surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint primarily allows movement in one plane, such as the elbow?

<p>Monoaxial joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during a herniated disc condition?

<p>Nucleus pulposus protrudes through the annulus fibrosus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for both flexion and extension, like the knee?

<p>Hinge joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is responsible for connecting the heads of the radius to the ulna?

<p>Annular ligament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint allows for angular motion in a single plane?

<p>Hinge joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint type is characterized by rotation only?

<p>Pivot joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the structure of condylar joints?

<p>An oval articular face within a depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of joint do the articular surfaces generally slide across one another?

<p>Claviculosternal joints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint type is illustrated by the elbow and knee?

<p>Monaxial joints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of saddle joints?

<p>They consist of two concave faces that straddle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint allows for motion in two planes?

<p>Condylar joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The interphalangeal joints are an example of which type of joint?

<p>Monaxial joints (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to joints where bones connect?

<p>Joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the structure of a joint determine?

<p>Direction and range of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Joint strength increases as mobility increases.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of functional classification of joints?

<p>Synovial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of structural classification of joints?

<p>Diarthrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to immovable joints?

<p>Synarthrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of synarthrosis?

<p>Symphysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue connects the bones in a suture joint?

<p>Fibrous connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is responsible for binding teeth to their sockets?

<p>Gomphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue forms a bridge between two bones in a synchondrosis joint?

<p>Cartilaginous</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is formed by the fusion of two bones?

<p>Synostosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for slightly movable joints?

<p>Amphiarthrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of amphiarthrosis joint connects the two bones of the lower leg?

<p>Syndesmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for a joint that connects bones with a pad of fibrocartilage?

<p>Symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for freely movable joints?

<p>Diarthroses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of a synovial joint?

<p>Epiphyseal plate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of articular cartilages in synovial joints?

<p>Pad articulating surfaces and prevent bones from touching</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fluid that lubricates synovial joints?

<p>Synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Synovial fluid is secreted by fibroblasts in the synovial membrane.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key component of synovial fluid?

<p>Hyaluronan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of articular cartilages in synovial joints? (Select all that apply)

<p>Nutrient distribution (A), Shock absorption (B), Lubrication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the C-shaped pieces of fibrocartilage found in some synovial joints?

<p>Menisci</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an accessory structure of a synovial joint?

<p>Epiphyseal cartilages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ligaments in a synovial joint?

<p>Provide support and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tendons in a synovial joint?

<p>Attach muscles to bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of bursae in a synovial joint?

<p>Cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fibula is part of the knee joint.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The knee joint is a stable joint.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two bones articulate in the humeroulnar joint?

<p>Humerus and ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a ligament of the elbow joint?

<p>Cruciate ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the socket that forms part of the hip joint?

<p>Acetabulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue forms the acetabular labrum?

<p>Fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the ligament that connects the femur to the acetabulum?

<p>Ligamentum teres</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the crescent-shaped pads of fibrocartilage in the knee joint?

<p>Menisci</p> Signup and view all the answers

The knee joint is an example of a diarthrosis joint.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common clinical problem affecting joints?

<p>Osteoporosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the inflammation of joints?

<p>Arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of arthritis?

<p>Nutritional deficiencies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a condition characterized by pain in one or more joints?

<p>Arthralgia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a non-specific condition characterized by pain and stiffness in the skeletal and muscular systems?

<p>Rheumatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osteoarthritis is an inflammatory condition.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osteoarthritis is more common in younger individuals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pathology that causes osteoarthritis?

<p>Breakdown of the joint's cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osteoarthritis primarily affects joints that are not weight-bearing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can affect bone strength? (Select all that apply)

<p>Dietary intake (A), Hormone levels (B), Physical stress (C), Age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of aging on the skeletal system? (Select all that apply)

<p>Increased risk of fracture (B), Degeneration of articular surfaces (C), Decreased bone mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The skeletal system is only involved in support and protection.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a disorder that can affect the skeletal system?

<p>Diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Synarthrosis

Immovable joints, very strong.

Synarthrosis: Suture

Interlocked bones connected by fibrous tissue, only in the skull.

Synarthrosis: Gomphosis

Fibrous connection that binds teeth to their sockets.

Synarthrosis: Synchondrosis

Rigid cartilaginous bridge between bones, found in growing long bones and rib attachments.

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Synarthrosis: Synostosis

Fused bones, like the adult skull's frontal bone.

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Amphiarthrosis

Slightly movable joints.

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Diarthroses

Freely movable joints, found at the ends of long bones.

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Articular Cartilages

Pad articulating surfaces to prevent bone-to-bone contact, allowing smooth movement.

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Synovial fluid

Lubricates joint surfaces, reducing friction and providing nutrients.

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Synovial Joints: Accessory Structures

Additional components supporting and cushioning the joint (e.g., ligaments, bursae, menisci).

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Flexion

Decreasing angle between bones.

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Extension

Increasing angle between bones.

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Gliding Joints

Flattened surfaces allowing limited gliding movement.

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Hinge Joints

Move in one plane (flexion/extension).

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Pivot Joint

Allows only rotational motion.

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Ellipsoidal/Condylar Joint

Allows angular motion in two planes, with an oval articular surface.

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Saddle Joint

Allows angular motion in two planes, with two concave surfaces.

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Monaxial

Allowing movement in one axis.

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Biaxial

Allowing movement in two axes.

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Angular Motion

Motion that changes the angle between two body parts.

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Rotation

Movement around a central axis.

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Ball-and-Socket Joint

A freely movable joint where a round bone head fits into a cup-like socket, allowing movement in multiple directions (angular, circumduction, rotation).

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Biaxial Joint

A joint allowing movement in two planes (concave in one axis, convex in the other).

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Intervertebral Discs

Pads of fibrocartilage between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers, providing flexibility and cushioning the spinal column.

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Intervertebral Ligaments

Six ligaments connecting adjacent vertebrae, stabilizing and binding the vertebral column.

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Slipped Disc

A bulge in the intervertebral disc's anulus fibrosus, potentially invading the vertebral canal.

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Herniated Disc

The nucleus pulposus breaks through the anulus fibrosus, pressing on nerves or the spinal cord.

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Shoulder Joint

A highly mobile ball-and-socket joint connecting the humerus to the scapula, providing great range of motion but also prone to instability.

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Glenoid Labrum

A fibrocartilage rim lining the glenoid cavity, deepening the socket and providing stability to the shoulder joint.

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Rotator Cuff

Four muscles and their tendons surrounding the shoulder joint, providing stability and allowing rotation.

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Elbow Joint

A stable hinge joint allowing movement in one plane (flexion/extension) between the humerus, radius, and ulna.

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Hip (Coxal) Joint

A strong ball-and-socket joint connecting the femur to the hipbone, providing a wide range of motion and stability.

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Knee Joint

A complex hinge joint transferring weight from the femur to the tibia, allowing flexion and extension, but susceptible to injuries due to its complexity.

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Menisci of the Knee Joint

Fibrocartilage pads within the knee joint that cushion and stabilize the femur-tibia articulations.

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Osteoarthritis

A non-inflammatory, degenerative joint disease affecting weight-bearing joints, causing cartilage erosion and bone-on-bone friction leading to pain and stiffness.

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Effect of Aging on Skeletal System

As we age, bone mass decreases, bones become weaker, increasing the risk of fracture and dislocation. Articular surfaces also degenerate, affecting joint mobility.

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Dislocation (luxation)

When the articulating surfaces of a joint are forced out of position, damaging cartilage, ligaments, and the joint capsule.

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Joint (Articulation)

A point where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement.

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Suture

A type of fibrous joint found only in the skull, where bones are interlocked.

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Gomphosis

A type of fibrous joint that secures teeth to their sockets.

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Synchondrosis

A type of cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by a rigid cartilage bridge.

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Synostosis

A type of bony joint where bones are completely fused together.

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Syndesmosis

A type of fibrous joint where bones are connected by ligaments, allowing slight movement.

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Symphysis

A type of cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by fibrocartilage, allowing some movement.

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Synovial Joint

A type of freely movable joint containing synovial fluid for lubrication and cushioning.

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Joint Capsule

A fibrous sac that encloses a synovial joint, providing support and holding the joint together.

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Meniscus

A c-shaped fibrocartilage pad found in the knee joint, providing cushioning and stability.

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Ligament

A strong band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones, providing stability and support.

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Tendon

A strong band of fibrous tissue that connects muscles to bones, allowing for movement.

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Bursa

A small, fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between moving parts, like tendons or bones.

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Hyperextension

A movement that extends a joint beyond its normal range of motion.

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Abduction

A movement that moves a body part away from the midline of the body.

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Adduction

A movement that moves a body part toward the midline of the body.

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Circumduction

A movement that creates a circular motion by combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

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Opposition

A movement specific to the thumb, where it is brought towards the palm or fingers, allowing grasping.

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Study Notes

Support & Movement

  • Body movement occurs at joints where two bones connect
  • Joint structure dictates the direction and range of motion
  • Joint strength decreases with increased mobility

Articulations (Joints)

  • Joints are where bones connect
  • Movement occurs at joints
  • Joint structure affects the range of movement

Classification of Joints

  • Functional Classification:

    • Synarthrosis: No movement
    • Amphiarthrosis: Little movement
    • Diarthrosis: More movement

  • Structural Classification:

    • Bony
    • Fibrous
    • Cartilaginous
    • Synovial

Synarthrosis

  • Immovable joints
  • Very strong
  • Bone edges may touch or interlock

    • Suture (fibrous): Bones interlocked by dense fibrous connective tissue, found only in the skull (e.g., sutures between skull bones)

    • Gomphosis (fibrous): Fibrous connection, binds teeth to sockets (e.g., teeth in sockets)

    • Synchondrosis (cartilaginous): Rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones, found in epiphyseal cartilage of growing long bones and between ribs and sternum (costochondral junctions)

    • Synostosis (bony): Fused bones, like the metopic suture of the frontal bone in an adult skull or epiphyseal lines of non-growing adults long bones

Amphiarthrosis

  • Slightly movable joints
    • Syndemosis: E.g., superior and inferior tibiofibular joints
    • Symphysis: E.g., intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis

Diarthroses (Synovial Joints)

  • Movable joints
  • At ends of long bones
    • Components:
      • Joint capsule
      • Synovial membrane
      • Articular cartilages
      • Joint cavity containing synovial fluid

Articular Cartilages

  • Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules
    • Prevent bones from touching
  • Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid
  • Secretion from fibroblasts in synovial membrane
  • Contains hyaluronan & slippery proteoglycans
  • Functions: reduce friction, distribute nutrients, absorb shock
  • Located within articular capsules.

Synovial Joints: Accessory Structures

  • Cartilages (menisci): Cushion the joint
  • Fat pads: Superficial to the joint capsule
  • Ligaments: Support and reinforce joint structures
  • Tendons: Attach to muscles around the joint
  • Bursae: Pockets of synovial fluid cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub

Dynamic Movements of the Skeleton

  • Linear motion (gliding), angular motion, circumduction, rotation
  • Terms of movements describe plane or direction of motion, or relationship between structures.

Specific Movements

  • Flexion and Extension: movements that decrease or increase the angle between bones
  • Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion: ankle movements
  • Abduction and Adduction: Movements away or towards the midline of the body
  • Circumduction: a circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
  • Rotation: Turning a bone around its own axis
  • Inversion and Eversion: turning the sole of the foot inward or outward
  • Protraction and Retraction: pulling a body part forward or backward
  • Depression and Elevation: lowering or raising a body part (e.g., mandible)
  • Opposition: Thumb movement toward fingers, used in grasping

Classification of Synovial Joints

  • Plane (Non-axial): Gliding motion (e.g., intercarpal joints)
  • Monaxial: Hinge (e.g., elbow), Pivot (e.g., atlantoaxial)
  • Biaxial: Condylar (e.g., radiocarpal), Saddle (e.g., carpometacarpal of thumb)
  • Multiaxial: Ball-and-socket (e.g., shoulder, hip)

Intervertebral Articulations

  • Câ‚‚ to Lâ‚… spinal vertebrae articulate:
  • At superior and inferior articular processes (diarthrosis, gliding synovial joints)
  • Between adjacent vertebral bodies (amphiarthrosis, symphysis joints)

Intervertebral Discs

  • Pads of fibrocartilage, separating vertebrae • Structure:
    • Annulus fibrosus: Tough outer layer, attaches disc to vertebrae -Nucleus pulposus: Elastic, gelatinous core, absorbs shock

Damage to Intervertebral Discs

  • Slipped disc: Bulge in annulus fibrosus, may invade vertebral canal
  • Herniated disc: Nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosus, pressing on spinal cord or nerves

Intervertebral Ligaments

  • Bind vertebrae together
  • Stabilize the vertebral column

Specific Examples:

  • Anterior longitudinal ligament
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament
  • Ligamentum flavum
  • Interspinous ligament
  • Supraspinous ligament
  • Ligamentum nuchae

Shoulder Joint

  • Diarthrosis, multiaxial ball-and-socket synovial joint
  • Between humerus head and glenoid cavity of scapula
  • Highest mobility, least stable

Elbow Joint

  • Diarthrosis, monoaxial hinge synovial joint
  • Between humerus, radius, and ulna
  • Stable joint

Hip Joint

  • Diarthrosis, multiaxial ball-and-socket synovial joint
  • Between head of femur and acetabulum of hipbone.
  • Strong joint with wide range of motion

Knee Joint

  • Diarthrosis, monoaxial hinge synovial joint
  • Complicated joint that transfers weight
  • Articulations:
    • 2 femur-tibia articulations (medial and lateral condyles)
    • 1 between patella and patellar surface of femur
  • Structures
  • Medial and lateral menisci (fibrocartilage pads cushion and stabilize)
  • Ligaments (stabilize) Specific examples include collateral ligaments and cruciate ligaments.

Common Clinical Problems

  • Joint injuries (dislocations, subluxations)
  • Arthritis:
    • Rheumatoid arthritis: Autoimmune disease
    • Gouty arthritis: Metabolic disorder of uric acid
    • Osteoarthritis: Degenerative joint disease
  • Arthralgia: Joint pain

Factors Affecting Bone Strength

  • Age
  • Physical stress
  • Hormone levels
  • Calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion
  • Genetic and environmental factors

Effect of Aging on Skeletal System

  • Decreased bone mass
  • Decreased bone strength
  • Increased risk of fracture, dislocation
  • Degeneration of articular surfaces

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of joints and articulations in the human body. This quiz covers the functional and structural classifications of joints, as well as the types of joint movements. Test your knowledge on how joint structure affects movement and stability.

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